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FIGURE 18 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 18. Parmotrema cf. deflectens. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Ciliate sorediate lobes with marginal, linear interrupted to somewhat labriform soralia (Krog RE34/2 & Timdal); D: small marginal soralia tinged orange by skyrin, and fragile cortex cracking (Krog RE34/2 & Timdal). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 1 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 10. Comparison of the mean lengths (± SE) of the marginal cilia of 4 species of the P. subarnoldii group: P. subarnoldii (lectotype from Madagascar, 1 specimen from Rwanda), P. eleonomum (7 specimens from Réunion), P. brachyblepharum (8 specimens from Réunion), and P. udisilvestre (14 specimens from Réunion, 1 from Madagascar). Soralia of type A: marginal, linear or ± subcapitate or labriform; soralia of type B: submarginal, arising from pustule-like swellings, or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex.

FIGURE 6 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 6. Thin layer chromatograms in solvents A, B and C for eight undetermined ciliary pigments found in Parmotrema species. 1: Pink-violet pigment (= PV); 2: Pink pigment (= P1); 3: Pink pigment (= P2); 4: Blue-grey pigment (= BG); 5: Orange pigment (= O1); 6: Orange pigment (= O2); 7: Red pigment (= R1); 8: Red pigment (= R2). Control substances: atranorin (a) and norstictic acid (n).

FIGURE 3 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 3. Phylogeny of the Parmotrema species studied. Best ML tree resulted from a RaxML analysis of three loci (EF1-α, ITS, mtSSU) and 102 specimens. Punctelia toxodes was selected as the outgroup. Bootstrap values are represented above the branches, and thick branches have bootstrap support value ≥ 70. Results of the species delimitation analyses are summarized to the right of the terminal labels of the tree. The first column corresponds to the results of the Stacey analysis, while the second column corresponds to the results of the bPP analysis. Specimens attributed the same colour were reconstructed as part of the same putative species by the species delimitation analysis. Major medullary extrolites are also shown for each specimen.

FIGURE 26. Parmotrema mirum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 26. Parmotrema mirum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Two mature apothecia with well-developed and ciliate isidioid protuberances on the surface of the thalline exciple (Masson 974.4275); D: Isidia cylindrical to navicular, terete to ± flattened, mostly simple (Masson 974.4274); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 20. Parmotrema eleonomum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 20. Parmotrema eleonomum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cell = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cell with a cross = specimen without molecular data; B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C & D: Sorediate lobes with conspicuous long cilia, and soralia terminal ± subcapitate on marginal teeth or very short laciniae, or linear discontinuous on lobe margins (C: holotype, D: Masson 974.4997); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 1 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 14. Parmotrema crinitum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 14. Parmotrema crinitum. A: P. crinitum s. str.: distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cells = specimens with molecular data, pale yellow cells with a cross = specimens without molecular data but with mature apothecia; B: P. cf. crinitum: distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), specimens without apothecia and molecular data; C: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18), hatched: P. crinitum s. str., dotted: only P. cf. crinitum; D: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3889); E: Isidiate lobes with coralloid and ciliate isidia (Masson 974.3889); F: Apothecia with ciliate isidia on margin and amphithecium (Masson 974.4477). Scale bars: A, B = 10 km; D = 10 mm; E = 4 mm; F = 4 mm.

FIGURE 17. Parmotrema crossotum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 17. Parmotrema crossotum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C & D: Isidiate lobes with irregularly cylindrical or ± flattened, simple to ± branched, highly ciliate isidia (C: holotype, D: Masson 974.4130); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C, D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the two new species Parmotrema orarium and P. intonsum among selected representatives of parmelioid taxa, resulted from a RaxML analysis on three loci (ITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) and 71 specimens. Bootstrap values are represented near the branches when ≥ 70.

FIGURE 19. Parmotrema dilatatum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 19. Parmotrema dilatatum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection site (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4112); D: Eciliate sorediate lobes, with young linear interrupted to somewhat labriform soralia, and older, ± subcapitate soralia on short ascending laciniae, finally ± coalescing on arbuscular rising structures (Masson 974.4112). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm.

FIGURE 1. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 1. A: Shade relief map of Réunion Island showing the location of the two volcanic massifs as well as the delimitation of the windward and leeward zones (adapted from Strasberg et al. 2005); B: Distribution of collection sites for the Parmotrema species studied (UTM 2×2 km grid system). Scale bar: 10 km.

FIGURE 8. Parmotrema austrosinense. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 8. Parmotrema austrosinense. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Krog RE33/6 & Timdal); D: Sorediate lobes with marginal linear soralia, and lower surface with erhizinate whitish marginal zone (van den Boom 40807). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 4. Global tree (best scoring maximum likelihood tree) of Parmotrema based on the fungal ITS barcoding marker. Figure can be enlarged for a better reading of labels. Accessions in black are those retrieved from GenBank on June 2023. Those in red are those produced by the authors for this study. Bootstrap support is indicated on branch when ≥ 70%.

FIGURE 16. Parmotrema cristiferum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 16. Parmotrema cristiferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4243); D: Sparingly ciliate sorediate lobes with marginal linear and submarginal ± capitate soralia (Masson 974.4631). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 4 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 12. Parmotrema cf. clavuliferum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4027); D: Sorediate lobes with soralia mainly capitate at the apex of laciniae, and lower surface with ivory-white marginal zone (Masson 974.4027). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 5 mm.

FIGURE 22. Parmotrema mascarenense. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 22. Parmotrema mascarenense. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Part of thallus with laminal, ± coralloid and poorly ciliate isidia (holotype); D: Marginal cilia unevenly distributed, ± in clumps in lobe axils (Masson 974.3865); E: Gross morphology of thallus (holotype). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 5 mm; D = 4 mm; E = 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Unveiling the Diversity: A Novel Species of Dicephalospora (Helotiaceae, Helotiales) Discovered in China

FIGURE 2. Dicephalospora xishuangbannaensis (HKAS 131164, holotype). a Fresh specimen growing on a dead wood; b Cross section of the apothecium; c–e Close-up of the ectal excipulum and medullary excipulum cells; f–g Paraphyses; h–l Immature to mature asci (l treated with Melzer's reagent); m, n Apices of asci treated with Melzer's reagent; o–t Ascospores. Scale bars: b = 200 µm; c = 100 µm; d, f–l = 50 µm; e, m–n = 20 µm; o–t = 10 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Unveiling the Diversity: A Novel Species of Dicephalospora (Helotiaceae, Helotiales) Discovered in China

FIGURE 1. Phylogram of RAxML analysis based on the combined LSU and ITS sequence dataset. Bootstrap support values for maximum likelihood equal to or greater than 50%, and Bayesian posterior probability equal to or greater than 0.95 BYPP are indicated at the nodes as ML/BYPP. The generic names were denoted in the right side of tree. Type strains are in bold. The newly generated isolates are in red.

FIGURE 6 in Diversity and conservation of native Argentine species of Gratioleae (Plantaginaceae)

FIGURE 6. Map showing the geographical distribution of threatened Argentinean Gratioleae in relation to the existing protected areas in the country. Abreviations: NPIB=National Park Iberá, NPIG= National Park Iguazú, NPM= National Parks Mburucuyá, HCR= Ramsar Site Network.

FIGURE 4 in Diversity and conservation of native Argentine species of Gratioleae (Plantaginaceae)

FIGURE 4. Pie chart showing threat assessments for Argentinean species of Gratioleae based on IUCN red list categories. Number of taxa under each category (top), total proportion of taxa under each category (bottom). Abbreviations: (CR) Critically endangered, (EN) Endangered, (LC) Least concern, (NT) near threatened, (VU) Vulnerable.