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Figure 9 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 9. Digital reconstructions from CT scan data of the skulls of Taurotragus oryx (A–B; YPM 10471), Aepyceros melampus (C–D; YPM 9597), Oreotragus oreotragus (E–F; AMNH 27827), and Pantholops hodgsonii (G–H; AMNH 55819), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered in A and B, and they are truncated in C–H. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 1 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 1. Phylogeny of Bovidae based on a supertree published by Fernández & Vrba (2005). Taxa with frontal sinuses are in black; taxa without sinuses are in white. States between nodes were inferred using ancestral parsimony state reconstruction. *Taxa that engage in ramming behaviour (data from Caro et al., 2003).

Figure 8 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 8. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Hippotragus niger (A–B; AMNH 83606) and Kobus ellipsyprymnus (C–D; YPM 9101), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered on A and B, and the horns were truncated on all images. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 7 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 7. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Capra sibirica (A–B; AMNH 54906), Ovis canadensis (C–D; YPM 7376), Naemorhedus goral (E–F; AMNH 43033), and Oreamnos americanus (G–H; AMNH 128105), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered in A–D and G–H. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 2 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 2. Phylogeny of Bovidae based on a composite supertree constructed as indicated in the text. Taxa with frontal sinuses are in black; taxa without sinuses are in white. States between nodes were inferred using ancestral parsimony state reconstruction. *Taxa that engage in ramming behaviour (data from Caro et al., 2003).

Figure 4 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 4. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Damaliscus lunatus (A–B; YPM 9586) and Antidorcas marsupialis (C–D; AMNH 233055), illustrating the frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horns have been truncated in C and D. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 1 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)

Figure 1. Common hippo hind limb in lateral view. Asterisk (*) indicates the location of the patella deep to the fibres of the tensor fasciae latae.

Figure 8 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)

Figure 8. Lateral view of hind foot skeleton in the ox, common hippo and pig. The hippo has four weight-bearing digits, whereas pigs and ruminants have reduced lateral digits.

Figure 4 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)

Figure 4. Muscle maps for the common hippo tibia and fibula: A, cranial; B, lateral; C, caudal; D, medial.

Figure 2 in Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)

Figure 2. Common hippo hind limb in medial view with the fascia lata removed: dark grey indicates muscles dissected in specimen no. 25308, and light grey indicates muscle origins described by Gratiolet (1867) and Windle & Parsons (1903). As a result of necropsy damage, origins were not preserved in specimen no. 25308, but this information was available in the existing literature. Asterisk (*) indicates the location of the patella deep to the fibres of the tensor fasciae latae.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of its paleoenvironment

FIGURE 5. Antlers of Euprox grandis sp. nov. (V 20081.1-2) a, V 20081.1, left antler, anterior view; b, V 20081.2, right antler, posterior view; scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of its paleoenvironment

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships of Euprox within Muntiacinae and relevant taxa (Lucentia excluded). Most parsimony tree (L = 47; CI = 0.787; RI = 0.767) with nodes numbers. Bootstrap value figure in brackets under the clade.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of its paleoenvironment

FIGURE 2. Skull of Euprox grandis sp. nov. (V 20080.1, holotype). a, dorsal view; b, lateral view; c, ventral view; scale bar equals 5 cm; the dash line shows the orientation of the pedicle ridge.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of its paleoenvironment

FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic relationships of Euprox within Muntiacinae and relevant taxa. a, b, synapomorphies for most parsimony tree 0 and tree 1; c, strict consensus tree (L = 54; CI = 0.722; RI = 0.700) with nodes numbered. Bootstrap value figure in brackets under the clade.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of its paleoenvironment

FIGURE 3. Occipital view of the skull of Euprox grandis sp. nov. (V 20080.1, holotype). Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of its paleoenvironment

FIGURE 4. Antlers of Euprox grandis sp. nov. (V 20080.2-3, holotype) a, V 20080.2, left antler, anterior view; b, V 20080.2, left antler, medial view; c, V 20080.3, right antler, posterior view; scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 6 in Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species

FIGURE 6. Postcranial elements of Hoplitomeryx. A, left tibia (RGM 335.882+425.328; San Giovannino): medial view; B, right tibia (RGM 425.144; Chiro D1): anterior view. Astragals of different size in anterior (dorsal) view: C, left astragal (RGM 425.385; Falcone 2B); D, left astragal (RGM 260.863; San Giovannino); E, right astragal (RGM 425.421; Fina N). F, left astragal (RGM 263.951; Gargano, unknown fissure): lateral view; G, left calcaneum (RGM 260.901; San Giovannino): anterior view; H, same specimen: posterior view; I, same specimen: medial view; J,; K, detail of distal right metatarsal (RGM 178.518; San Giovannino) showing the proximal extension of the dorsal gully into the (fused) cubonavicular.

FIGURE 7 in Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species

FIGURE 7. Holotypes of three new Hoplitomeryx species from Gargano, South Italy (Late Miocene; Middle or Late Turolian, MN12-13). A–E Hoplitomeryx devosi sp. n., left metacarpal RGM 178.517; F–I Hoplitomeryx macpheei sp. n., left metacarpal RGM 260.918; J–M Hoplitomeryx kriegsmani sp. n., left metacarpal RGM 178.516. A, F, J proximal view. B, G, K dorsal view. C, H, L palmar view. D, I, M medial view. E distal view. Note that the sideward and backward bending of RGM 178.516 is a post-mortem defect.

FIGURE 4 in Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species

FIGURE 4. Postcranial elements of Hoplitomeryx. A, right distal humerus (RGM 178.487; Chiro 20E) showing conical aspect of the trochlea: anterior view; B, distal left humerus (RGM 425.409; Fina N) without a supracondylar foramen: posterior view; C, distal right humerus (RGM 178.483; Chiro 20A) with a small foramen: posterior view; D, right radius-ulna (RGM 260.916; San Giovannino) with high degree of synostotic fusion: lateral view; E, right radius-ulna (RGM 425.282; San Giovannino) with no fusion: medial view. Variations observed in the distal (left) radius: F, typical cervid pattern with the radial facet extending further than the intermedial facet; both facets are elongated (after Heintz 1970); G, both facets are tear-shaped and equally developed (after Zeder & Lapham 2010); H, the intermedial facet is much smaller than the radial facet and is almost round (after Heintz 1970). I, left metacarpal (RGM 425.350; Gervasio): anterior (dorsal) view; J, right metacarpal (RGM 425.351; Gervasio): posterior (palmar) view; K, right metacarpal (RGM 425.300; San Giovannino): anterior (dorsal) view; L, right metacarpal (RGM 425.300; San Giovannino): posterior (palmar) view. Schematic drawings of metacarpals showing the variation in morphology of the proximal articulation in proximal view: M, pattern seen in RGM 260.919 (San Giovannino), the typically cervid pattern; N, pattern seen in RGM 425.322 (San Giovannino); O, pattern seen in RGM 262.000 (Gargano, unknown fissure); P, pattern seen in RGM 425.350 (Gervasio).

FIGURE 5 in Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species

FIGURE 5. Postcranial elements of Hoplitomeryx. A, first posterior phalanx (RGM 425.269; San Giovannino) showing a deerlike morphology: abaxial view; B, same specimen, showing triangular sesamoid facets but no ligament attachment areas: volar view; C, first anterior phalanx (RGM 178.503; San Giovannino): abaxial view; D, same specimen, showing pronounced ligament attachments in the form of ridges but no sesamoid facet: volar view; E, posterior second phalanx (RGM 261.251; San Giovannino): abaxial view; F, anterior second phalanx (RGM 260.937; San Giovannino): axial view; G, third phalanx (RGM 178.683; Trefossi 2A): abaxial view; H, third phalanx (RGM 260.877; San Giovannino): axial view; I, third phalanx (RGM 261.531; Nazario 4): abaxial view; J, third phalanx (RGM 425.386; Falcone 2B); K, right femur (RGM 425.314; San Giovannino): anterior view; L, left femur (RGM 425.207; Nazario 4): anterior view; M, right femur (RGM 425.245; San Giovannino): anterior view; N, left patella (RGM 425.246; San Giovannino): anterior (dorsal) view; O, same specimen: lateral view; P, same specimen, showing the hook-like extension at the medial side: inner view.