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Fig. 6 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 6. Crassatellid bivalves from the late Eocene of south-central Peru. A−F, H. Crassatella neorhynchus (Olsson, 1931), Paracas depositional sequence. A. UWBM 101826, exterior of left valve. B. MUSM INV 203, left hinge plate. C. MUSM INV 208, dorsal margin, anterior at right. D. MUSM INV 206, dorsal margin, anterior at right. E. UWBM 101828, exterior of left valve. F. UWBM 101823, interior of right valve. H. MUSM INV 212, exterior of left valve, juvenile. G. Crassatella pedroi sp. nov., UWBM 101833, holotype, Otuma depositional sequence; exterior of left (G1) and right (G2) valves, dorsal view of paired valves (G3), anterior at right. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 2. Hinge characters and other features of crassatellines. A, B. Crassatella vadosa Morton, 1834, Cretaceous. A. USNM 450460, Mississippi, USA. B. USNM 451089, Alabama, USA. C. Eucrassatella kingicola (Lamarck, 1805), UWBM 101886, Recent, Victoria, Australia. D. Hybolophus gibbosus Sowerby, 1832), SBMNH 213002, Recent, Gulf of California, Mexico. E. Hybolophus fluctuatus (Carpenter, 1864), SBMNH 137784, Recent, Santa Catalina Island, California. Left valves (A, C1, D1, E), right valves (B, C2, D2), valve in dorsal view (D3). Abbreviation: vmHP, ventral margin of the hinge plate.

Fig. 3. Crassatelline bivalves from Central and South America. A, B in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 3. Crassatelline bivalves from Central and South America. A, B. Kalolophus antillarum (Reeve, 1842). A. UWBM 101885, Recent, Pacific coast of Panama; exterior (A1) and interior (A2) of left valve. B. UWBM 101884, Recent, Venezuela; dorsal view of paired valves, anterior at right. C. Hybolophus berryi (Spieker, 1922), USNM 562399, early Miocene, lower Zorritos Formation, Zorritos, Peru; exterior of left valve (C1), dorsal view of paired valves C2), anterior at right. D. Hybolophus elassa Woodring, 1982, USNM 647424, late Miocene, Gatun Formation, Panama; exterior of left valve. E. Kalolophus mediamaricanus (Brown and Pilsbry, 1913), USNM 647421, early Miocene, La Boca Formation, Panama; exterior of right valve. F. Kalolophus sp., USNM 647423, late Miocene, middle Gatun Formation, Panama; exterior (F1) and interior (F2) of left valve. G. Kalolophus jamaicensis (Dall, 1903), USNM 135683, Pliocene, Bowden Formation, Jamaica; interior of left valve. H. Kalolophus speciosus (Adams, 1854), SBMNH 140817, Recent, Panama City, Florida; exterior (H1) and interior (H2) of left valve; dorsal view of paired valves (H3), anterior at right. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4. Crassatelline bivalves from Florida. A−D in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 4. Crassatelline bivalves from Florida. A−D. Crassatella portelli sp. nov., early Oligocene, Suwannee limestone. A. UF 26990a, holotype, exterior A1) and interior (A2), and dorsal margin (A3) of left valve. B. UF 32046b, paratype, dorsal margin of right valve. C. UF 27019, paratype, exterior (C1) and interior (C2) of right valve. D. UF 26990b, paratype, interior of left valve. E−H. Kalolophus chipolanus (Dall, 1903), early Miocene, Chipola Formation. E. USNM 114713c, exterior of left valve (E1), interior (E2). F. UF 85322l, interior of left valve. G. USNM 114713a, holotype, exterior (G1), interior (G2), and dorsal margin (G3) of right valve. H. UF 85322f, exterior of left valve. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 18 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 18. Geological ranges of Thyasiridae and the discussed thyasirid genera at seeps and non-seep environments.

Fig. 16. Thyasirid bivalve Thyasira becca Kauffman, 1967, from a in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 16. Thyasirid bivalve Thyasira becca Kauffman, 1967, from a Campanian seep carbonate at Warbonnet Battlefield Monument, Montrose, Nebraska, USA. A. ZPAL L.16/18, a partial internal mold in left (A1) and right (A2) lateral views, with fragments of the shell preserved and weak radial striation on the surface of the mold; dorsal view (A3) shows broad posterior sulcus; anterior view (A4) shows poorly preserved anterior adductor muscle scar. B. ZPAL L.16/19, a partial internal mold in left lateral view, showing broad posterior sulcus and posterior part of the posterior adductor muscle scar. C. ZPAL L.16/20, of a complete internal mold in right lateral view showing the shell outline.

Fig. 17 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 17. Thyasiridae gen. et sp. indet A and B, respectively. A. ZPAL L.16/21 from middle to upper Eocene cold seep carbonates of West Fork of Grays River, "Siltstone of Unit B", western Washington State, USA; a poorly preserved specimen in left lateral view with partially preserved shell. B. ZPAL L.16/22 from an upper Oligocene, SR4 seep carbonate, Satsop River area, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington State, USA; a specimen in left left lateral view showing shell outline, external ornament, and secondary ridge running amidst posterior fold (asterisk).

Fig. 15 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 15. Thyasirid bivalve Thyasira tanabei Kiel, Amano, and Jenkins, 2008, from Santonian seep carbonates from the Himenoura Group, Maeshima, Goshoura Island, Kumamoto Prefecture, southern Kyushu, Japan. A. ZPAL L.16/14, a partial internal mold in oblique right lateral view (A1); detail with indicated radial striae and anterior adductor muscle scar (A2, A3). B. ZPAL L.16/15, a partial internal mold in oblique right lateral view (B1); probably anterior pedal retractor muscle scar (B2). C. ZPAL L.16/16, a specimen in oblique dorsal view (C1); a very weak posterior sulcus and posterior fold, with minute auricle visible (C2). D. ZPAL L.16/17, a specimen in oblique posterodorsal view (D1); posterodorsal shell margin with posterior sulcus, posterior fold, submarginal sulcus and auricles indicated (D2).

Fig. 14 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 14. Thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas? sp. from upper Eocene cold seep carbonates in the "Siltstone of Cliff Point", Bear River, western Washington State, USA. ZPAL L.16/13, a poorly preserved specimen in left (A), right (B) lateral, and dorsal (C) views.

Fig. 13 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 13. Thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas folgeri (Wagner and Schilling, 1923) from Oligocene strata of the San Emigdio Formation, Devil's Kitchen, California, USA. UCMP 11434, holotype in right (A), left (B) lateral, and dorsal (C) views.

Fig. 12 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 12. Thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas humptulipsensis sp. nov. from a middle Eocene seep carbonate of the Humptulips Formation, LACMIP loc. 12385, Washington State, USA. A. ZPAL L.16/10, holotype in right (A1) and left (A2) lateral views; anterior view (A3), showing two ridges running from umbo towards the anterioventral angle (asterisks), bounding weak lunule (×). B. NRM Mo 182388, a partially preserved specimen in right (B1) and left (B2) lateral views; the shape similar to that of the specimen shown in A, although the dorsal margin is more convex; the anterior view (B3) shows inflated shell with incurved umbo; dorsal view (B4) shows weak posterior sulcus. C. ZPAL L.16/11, a partially preserved internal mold in anterior view (C1); the interpretative drawing (C2) shows the position of anterior adductor and anterior pedal retractor muscle scars. D. ZPAL L.16/12, specimen in oblique posterior view (D1), the interpretative drawing (D2) shows the posterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 11 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 11. Schematic illustration of the thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas humptulipsensis sp. nov., highlighting its main morphological features. A. Outer surface of the right valve in lateral view. B. Internal surface of the right valve in lateral view. C. Outer surface of the right valve in dorsal view and internal mold of the left valve view. D. Outer surface of the right valve in anterior view and internal mold of the left valve view.

Fig. 10 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 10. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele cf. bathyaulax Hickman, 2015. A. ZPAL L.16/7 from an upper Oligocene seep carbonate of the Pysht Formation, East Twin River, northwestern Washington State, USA; an articulated specimen in left (A1) and right (A2) views, showing characteristic rhomboidal shape with roughly parallel, convex dorsal and ventral margins, and roughly parallel anterior and posterior margins, asterisk shows a lateral aspect of a secondary ridge (A1); anterior view (A3), showing anterior pedal and adductor muscle scars, weakly incurved umbones and inflated shells, asterisk shows a frontal aspect of a secondary ridge shown in A1; dorsal view (A4), shows moderately deep posterior sulcus. B. ZPAL L.16/8 from an upper Eocene–lower Oligocene of the Canyon River, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington State, USA; a medium-sized specimen in left lateral view, showing incurved umbo. C. ZPAL L.16/9 from an upper Oligocene of the Pysht Formation, East Twin River, northwestern Washington State, USA; a large specimen in left (C1) and right (C2) lateral views with umbo more protruding than ZPAL L.16/7, 8 (A, B), asterisk shows a lateral aspect of a secondary ridge shown in C3; anterior view (C3) showing weak secondary ridge running from umbo towards the anteroventral angle (asterisked).

Fig. 9 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 9. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele kiritachiensis sp. nov. from an upper Eocene seep carbonate of the Sakasagawa Formation, Kiritachi, Hokkaido, Japan. A. JUE 16036, holotype in right (A1) and left lateral (A2) views; dorsal view (A3) showing anterior flat area demarcated by rude ridge and a posterior fold. B. JUE 16037-3, paratype, young shell in right (B1) and left (B2) lateral and dorsal (B3) views. C. JUE 16037-2, paratype in right lateral view. D. JUE 16037-4, paratype in dorsal view, showing distinct anterior flat area demarcated by rude ridge and a distinct posterior sulcus. E. JUE 16037-7, inner side of paratype in left lateral view, showing both anterior and posterior adductor muscle scar. F. JUE 16037-6, paratype in left lateral view, the largest specimen of this species, having a pointed umbo and a wide posterior fold. G. JUE 16037-1, paratype, large specimen in left lateral view, showing a pointed umbo and a wide posterior fold. H. JUE 16037-5, paratype in right (H1) and left (H2) lateral views, showing narrow apical angle, instead posterior fold partly broken.

Fig. 8 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 8. Schematic illustration of the external shell of the thyasirid bivalve Conchocele kiritachiensis sp. nov. highlighting its main morphological features.

Fig. 6 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of the thyasirid bivalve Conchocele taylori Hickman, 2015, highlighting its main morphological features. A. Based on JUE 16038, a larger, presumably adult shell, exterior of the right valve. B. Based on ZPAL L.16/6, a small, presumably juvenile shell, exterior of the left valve. C. Based on ZPAL L.16/6, an internal mold of a larger presumably adult specimen, left valve. Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 5. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele conradii (Rosenkrantz, 1942) from Paleocene strata of the Basilika Formation, Colesbukta, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. NRM PZ Mo 182204; a medium sized internal mold in left lateral view with no clear outline of an anterior adductor muscle scar visible. B. ZPAL L.16/1; an internal mold in right (B1) and left (B2) views with fragments of the shell adhering (no clear anterior adductor muscle scar visible); in dorsal view (B3) showing fragments of a posterior sulcus; anterior fragments of the shell (B4) showing flat anterior margin without ridges.

Fig. 3 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 3. Schematic drawing of a model thyasirid bivalve with explanations of the main morphological terms used herein.

Fig. 1. A in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 1. A. Map showing some of the fossil seep localities bearing thyasirids examined in this study. Detailed maps of Amakusa area, Kyushu, Japan (B, C), Washington State, USA (D). 1, Colesbukta area, Spitsbergen, Svalbard; 2, Maeshima, Amakusa area, Kyushu, Japan; 3, Tanami, Honshu, Japan; 4, Hokkaido, Japan; 5, Washington State, USA; 6, Montrose, Nebraska, USA; 7, James Ross Basin, Seymour Island, Antarctica. After Campbell 2006 (A) and Goedert and Benham 1999 (D). For detailed list of localities discussed, the reader is refered the Material section, and references therein.