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Figure 3 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 3. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K337 (holotype). A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. Even grey tone represents matrix and/or plaster infill. Abbreviations: Ar, articular; Bo, basioccipital; bpt, 'footplate' of basipterygoid; Bs, basisphenoid; bsf, basisphenoid flanges; bst, basisphenoid tubers; D, dentary; imf, internal mandibular foramen; jb, jugal boss; Mx, maxilla; N, nasal; nsul, internasal sulcus; Pa, parietal; Pd, predentary; Pf, prefrontal; Pmx, premaxilla; Po, postorbital; Ppb, palpebral; Pt, pterygoid; pft, pterygoid flange; pocc, paroccipital; Q, quadrate; Qj, quadratojugal; Sa, surangular; Sp, splenial; Sq, squamosal.

Figure 41. The single most parsimonious tree from Figure 40 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 41. The single most parsimonious tree from Figure 40, subjected to minor branch swapping (using Mac- Clade) within the clade Cerapoda [Hypsilophodon, Ankylopollexia, Pachycephalosauridae, and Psittacosauridae]; this part of the tree is not the principal focus of the formal analysis. Tree length: 310 steps. N.B. 'BMNH A100' has recently been formally renumbered NHMUK RU A100.

Figure 8 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 8. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. A. Skull reconstruction in left lateral view. B. Annotated outline. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; An, angular; Ar, articular; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Co, coronoid; D, dentary; F, frontal; J, jugal; jb, jugal boss; jp, ventrolateral jugal process; La, lacrimal; Ls, laterosphenoid; Mx, maxilla; N, nasal; nf, narial fossa; Pa, parietal; paf, posterior antorbital fenestra; Pd, predentary; Pf, prefrontal; Pmx, premaxilla; Po, postorbital; Ppb, palpebral; Pro/Os, prootic-opisthotic; Psp, parasphenoid; ptq, pterygoid wing of the quadrate; Q, quadrate; qf, quadrate (paraquadratic) foramen; Qj, quadratojugal; qpt, quadrate wing of the pterygoid; Sa, surangular; Sq, squamosal.

Figure 7 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 7. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. Occipital views. A, SAM-PK-K337 (holotype). B, SAM- PK-K1332 (referred specimen). Sheared surfaces that cut obliquely across the posterior left portion of the holotype skull – SAM-PK-K337 – are indicated by even grey tone, as is the foramen magnum, which is partially plugged with matrix. Abbreviations: Bo, basioccipital (condyle visible in B); bpt, basipterygoid process; bst, basisphenoid tuber; Ex, exoccipital; jb, jugal boss; lbpt, left basipterygoid process; nc, nuchal crest; Op, wing of opisthotic (A, left opisthotic sheared off at its base against the remainder of the braincase); ovc, occipital vascular canal; Pa, parietal;?pn, possible pneumatic opening in quadrate; Po, postorbital; pof, post-temporal fenestra; pocc, paroccipital process; ptf, pterygoid flange; Q, quadrate; qf, quadrate (paraquadratic) foramen; Qj, quadratojugal; rPt, right pterygoid; S, supraoccipital; Sq, squamosal.

Figure 33 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 33. Heterodontosaurus tucki. SAM-PK-K1334 (referred specimen). Isolated teeth, extracted from the original computed tomography image. A, medial/lingual aspect to show the long hollow roots to the fully erupted crowns and the position of the replacement crowns on the medial side of the roots of functional teeth. B, oblique view of the same to show the curvature of the roots and crowns, the angulation of the wear facets and the relative positions of the replacement crowns. For full list of abbreviations see end of paper.

Figure 23 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 23. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K1332 (referred specimen). A, photograph of the left maxillary dentition as preserved in lateral view. B, photograph of the right maxillary dentition in lateral view.

Figure 28 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 28. Heterodontosaurus tucki. SAM-PK-K10487 (referred specimen). Partial skull of a juvenile heterodontosaur as preserved in: A, left lateral aspect; B, right lateral aspect. For full list of abbreviations see end of paper. (See also Butler et al., 2008b.)

Figure 32 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 32. Heterodontosaurus tucki. SAM-PK-K1334 (referred specimen). Medial view of the alveolar wall and adjacent bone and crowns. A, line drawing of the dentition showing the details of the groove (gr) that connects 'special foramina' ('pit') above the alveolar margin, the apical tip of replacement crown 'M.5' and the revealed crown of 'M.2'; the anterior half of this area is quite badly eroded so bone surface details are unclear. B, magnified detail of the replacement crown above 'M.2'. For full list of abbreviations see end of paper.

Figure 25 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 25. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K1332 (referred specimen). Dentary dentition. A, right dentition in lateral view (top) and medial view (bottom). B, left dentition in lateral view (top) and medial view (bottom).

Figure 22 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 22. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K337 (holotype). Anterior maxillary teeth (M.1–M.4) of the right maxilla, as preserved. The presence of M.1 is inferred from the ghost-like impression preserved in the matrix. For full list of abbreviations see end of paper.

Figure 26 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 26. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K1332 (referred specimen). Line drawings of the right dental battery (De.2–De.11). A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, occlusal view of De.2–De.4.

Figure 29 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 29. Heterodontosaurus tucki. SAM-PK-K10487 (referred specimen). Partial skull of a juvenile heterodontosaur as preserved in: A, oblique left lateral aspect to show details of the maxillary dentition; B, ventral view. For full list of abbreviations see end of paper.

Figure 3 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 3. Digital reconstructions and computed tomography (CT) slices of bovid skulls, illustrating the frontal sinuses and related anatomy, in Nanger granti (A–C; YPM 11526), Cephalophus leucogaster (D, F; AMNH 52802), and Raphicerus campestris (E, G; YPM 10276). In C, note the distinct frontal sinus that invades the trabecular bone, is bounded by cortical bone on all sides, and is distinctly separated from the olfactory turbinals below. This contrasts with the condition in E, in which a distinct recess above the olfactory turbinals is pressed into the frontal bone, but does not actually invade the trabecular bone. In D, no recess exists at all, and the space beneath the frontals is entirely occupied by turbinals. The dashed lines in A, F, and G indicate the approximate positions of the coronal CT slices in C, D, and E, respectively. The boxed areas in A and B indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 6 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 6. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Bubalus depressicornis (A–B; AMNH 152684), Bison bison (C–D; YPM 9023), and Budorcas taxicolor (E–F; AMNH 110476), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (B, C, E) and dorsal (A, D, F) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horns have been truncated in C–F. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 9 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 9. Digital reconstructions from CT scan data of the skulls of Taurotragus oryx (A–B; YPM 10471), Aepyceros melampus (C–D; YPM 9597), Oreotragus oreotragus (E–F; AMNH 27827), and Pantholops hodgsonii (G–H; AMNH 55819), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered in A and B, and they are truncated in C–H. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 1 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 1. Phylogeny of Bovidae based on a supertree published by Fernández & Vrba (2005). Taxa with frontal sinuses are in black; taxa without sinuses are in white. States between nodes were inferred using ancestral parsimony state reconstruction. *Taxa that engage in ramming behaviour (data from Caro et al., 2003).

Figure 8 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 8. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Hippotragus niger (A–B; AMNH 83606) and Kobus ellipsyprymnus (C–D; YPM 9101), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered on A and B, and the horns were truncated on all images. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 7 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 7. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Capra sibirica (A–B; AMNH 54906), Ovis canadensis (C–D; YPM 7376), Naemorhedus goral (E–F; AMNH 43033), and Oreamnos americanus (G–H; AMNH 128105), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered in A–D and G–H. Scale bars: 5 cm.

Figure 2 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 2. Phylogeny of Bovidae based on a composite supertree constructed as indicated in the text. Taxa with frontal sinuses are in black; taxa without sinuses are in white. States between nodes were inferred using ancestral parsimony state reconstruction. *Taxa that engage in ramming behaviour (data from Caro et al., 2003).

Figure 4 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity

Figure 4. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Damaliscus lunatus (A–B; YPM 9586) and Antidorcas marsupialis (C–D; AMNH 233055), illustrating the frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horns have been truncated in C and D. Scale bars: 5 cm.