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829 results for “Evolvability”
Condition-dependence of phenotypic integration and the evolvability of genitalic traits in a neriid fly
<p>The spectacular diversity of insect male genitalia, and their relative insensitivity to the environment, have long puzzled evolutionary biologists and taxonomists. We asked whether the unusual evolvability of male genitalia could be associated with low morphological integration of genitalic traits, by comparison with male somatic traits and female traits. We also asked whether this pattern was robust to variation in resource availability during development, which affects adult condition. To address these questions, we manipulated larval diet quality in a split-brood design and compared levels of integration of male and female genitalic and somatic traits in the neriid fly, <i>Telostylinus angusticollis</i>. We found that male genitalic traits were substantially less integrated than male somatic traits, and less integrated than female genitalic traits. Female genitalic traits were also less integrated than female somatic traits, but the difference was less pronounced than in males. However, integration of male genitalic traits was negatively condition-dependent, with high-condition males exhibiting lower trait integration than low-condition males. Finally, genitalic traits exhibited lower larval diet family interactions than somatic traits. These results could help explain the unusually high evolvability of male genitalic traits in insects.</p>
Long-read genome sequencing accelerated the cloning of Pm69 by resolving the complexity of a rapidly evolving resistance gene cluster in wheat
<p>Oxford Nanopore assembly of <em>Triticum turgidum</em> ssp. <em>dicoccoides, </em>cv. G305-3M.</p>
Data for: Sex, amitosis, and evolvability in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>Understanding the mechanisms that generate genetic variation, and thus contribute to the process of adaptation, is a major goal of evolutionary biology. </span><span>Mutation and genetic exchange have been well studied as mechanisms to generate genetic variation. However, there are additional factors, such as genome architecture, that may also impact the amount of genetic variation in some populations, and <span>the extent to which these variation generating mechanisms are themselves shaped by natural selection is still an open question. To test the effect of genome architecture on the generation of genetic variation, and hence evolvability, we studied <em>Tetrahymena thermophila</em>, a ciliate with an unusual genome structure and mechanism of nuclear division, called amitosis, whereby homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed to daughter cells. Amitosis leads to genetic variation among the asexual descendants of a newly produced sexual progeny because different progeny cells will contain different combinations of parental alleles. We hypothesize that amitosis thus increases the evolvability of newly produced sexual progeny relative to their unmated parents and species that undergo mitosis. To test this hypothesis, we used experimental evolution and simulations to compare the rate of adaptation in <em>T. thermophila</em> populations founded by a single sexual progeny to parental populations that had not had sex in many generations. The populations founded by a sexual progeny adapted more quickly than parental populations in both laboratory populations and simulated populations. This suggests that the additional genetic variation generated by amitosis of a heterozygote can increase the rate of adaptation following sex and may help explain the evolutionary success of the unusual genetic architecture of <em>Tetrahymena </em>and ciliates more generally.</span></span></span></p>
Selection-driven trait loss in independently evolved cavefish populations
<p>Laboratory studies have demonstrated that a single phenotype can be produced by many different genotypes; however, in natural systems, it is frequently found that phenotypic convergence is due to parallel genetic changes. This suggests a substantial role for constraint and determinism in evolution and indicates that certain mutations are more likely to contribute to phenotypic evolution. Here we use whole-genome resequencing in the Mexican tetra, <em>Astyanax</em> <em>mexicanus</em>, to investigate how selection has shaped the repeated evolution of both trait loss and enhancement across independent cavefish lineages. We show that selection on standing genetic variation and de novo mutations both contribute substantially to repeated adaptation. Our findings provide empirical support for the hypothesis that genes with larger mutational targets are more likely to be the substrate of repeated evolution and indicate that features of the cave environment may impact the rate at which mutations occur.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Evolving longer for a mate: A new scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpoidea: Panorpidae) with exaggeratedly elongated male abdominal segments
FIGURE 3. Fossil (drawings showing only A6–A9) and extant (color habitus) scorpionfly species with exaggeratedly elongated abdominal segments (EEAS) on a time scale (males). Putative origins of the male EEAS are marked by circled numerals 1–7. All the species are at the same scale. Scale bars: 5.0 mm. Ma: million years ago.
FIGURE 2 in Evolving longer for a mate: A new scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpoidea: Panorpidae) with exaggeratedly elongated male abdominal segments
FIGURE 2. Neopanorpa exaggerata sp. n. A. Holotype (CN22Pa00800); B, M, N. Paratype (CN22Pa00803); C–L. Paratype (CN22Pa00801). Abdominal segments are marked by Roman Numerals. A. Male, dorsal view; B. Female, dorsal view; red arrows indicate wing membrane breakages relating to possible traumatic mating behavior; C. Terminal portion of left hindleg, ventral view; red arrow denotes the enlarged second preapical tooth of pretarsal claw; D & E. A3 and A4, dorsal and lateral views, respectively; F–H. A9–A11, dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively; I. Left gonostylus, ventral view; J. Terminal portion of A9 with gonopods removed, lateral view; K, L. Aedeagal complex, ventral and dorsal views, respectively; M. Subgenital plate, ventral view; N. Medigynium, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, apodeme; ax, axis; bp, basal process; bs, basal stalk; ce, cercus; dbr, dorsal bridge; dv, dorsal valve; ep, epandrium; epl, epandrial lobe; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalve; lpp, lateral process of piston; lpr, lateral process of aedeagus; mt, median tooth; no, notal organ; pa, posterior arm; pm, paramere; pno, postnotal organ; pst, piston of sperm pump; vv, ventral valve.
FIGURE 1 in Evolving longer for a mate: A new scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpoidea: Panorpidae) with exaggeratedly elongated male abdominal segments
FIGURE 1. Habitat and habitus of Neopanorpa exaggerata sp. n. A. A distant view of the type locality; B. A closer view of the type locality; red arrow denotes the spot where the specimens were caught; C. Male adult of Neopanorpa exaggerata sp. n. (not in the type series) resting on a piece of leaf; red arrows indicate melanized wounds relating to possible intra-sexual disputes.
FIGURE 4 in Evolving longer for a mate: A new scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpoidea: Panorpidae) with exaggeratedly elongated male abdominal segments
FIGURE 4. Distributional map of fossil and extant scorpionfly species with EEAS. Localities are indicated by gray (fossil species) and yellow dots (extant species), and a red star (new species described herein).
Metaverse Chronicles: A Bibliometric Analysis of its Evolving Landscape
<p>928 journal articles from the Web of Science database.</p>
Extended Data Fig. 9 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 9 | Additional results of the morphological disparity analyses. Bivariate plots using: a, Whole skeleton;b, Skull;c, Rostrum; d, Forelimb; e, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium; f, Hindlimb.Sum of variances:g, Whole skeleton;h, Skull;i, Rostrum;j, Forelimb; k, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium;l, Hindlimb. In the Sum of Variances the dots are means and the 95% confidence intervals were generated using the two tails of values recovered from 9,999 bootstrap technical replicates of a dataset composed of n = 5 (Whole skeleton,Skull),n = 4 (Rostrum,Forelimb), n = 3 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 9 (Hindlimb) species of Lagerpetidae, n = 5 (Whole skeleton),n = 6 (Skull,Forelimb),n = 7 (Rostrum, Hindlimb) and n = 3 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) species of Silesauridae,n = 18 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum), n = 16 (Forelimb),n = 14 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 19 (Hindlimb) species of Dinosauria,and n = 10 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum),n = 7 (Forelimb, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 6 (Hindlimb) species of Pterosauria. The pterosauromorph silhouette has been adapted from Kellner et al.10 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The silesaurid silhouette has been adapted from Müller & Garcia43 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
i, Heterodontosaurus tucKi. j, Stegosaurus stenops. k, Protoceratops andrewsi. l, Iguanodon bernissartensis. m, Limusaurus inextricabilis. n, Deinocheirus mirificus. o, ErliKosaurus andrewsi. p, Citipati osmolsKae. q, Gobipteryx minuta. r in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
i, Heterodontosaurus tucKi. j, Stegosaurus stenops. k, Protoceratops andrewsi. l, Iguanodon bernissartensis. m, Limusaurus inextricabilis. n, Deinocheirus mirificus. o, ErliKosaurus andrewsi. p, Citipati osmolsKae. q, Gobipteryx minuta. r, Gallus gallus.
Extended Data Fig. 7 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 7 | Ancestral geographic areas reconstructed by the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model in the eucrocopodan region of the tree. Abbreviations:AR, Argentina;BR, Brazil,Uruguay,Namibia;CH, China, Thailand,Kyrgyzstan;eNA, eastern USA, Eastern Canada,Morocco and Algeria; EU, Europe, Russia and Greenland;INT, India,Tanzania, Zambia,Madagascar, Israel and Saudi Arabia; sAF, South Africa,Lesotho,Zimbabwe; wNA, western USA, British Columbia, Mexico and Venezuela. Life reconstruction of Venetoraptor gassenae gen.et sp.nov.by Caio Fantini.
Extended Data Fig. 6 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 6 | Majority rule tree recovered from the unconstrained Bayesian phylogenetic analysis depicting the position of Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp. nov. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities and dotted red vertical lines indicate the boundaries between the Permian and Triassic,Triassic and Jurassic,and Cretaceus and Paleogene geological periods. Life reconstruction of Venetoraptor gassenae gen.et sp.nov.by Caio Fantini.
Extended Data Fig. 10 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 10 | Evolutionary tree of archosauromorphs (above) and dinosaurs (below) depicting distinct episodes of edentulism. a, Langobadisaurus pandolfii. b, Trilophosaurus buettneri. c, Teyumbaita sulcognathus.d, Aetosauroides scagliai. e, Effigia oKeeffeae. f, Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp.nov. g, Seazzadactylus venieri. h, Asilisaurus Kongwe.
Extended Data Fig. 8 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 8 | Results of the morphological disparity analyses. Bivariate plots using: a, Whole skeleton;b, Skull;c, Rostrum; d, Forelimb; e, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium;f, Hindlimb.Sum of variances: g, Whole skeleton;h, Skull;i, Rostrum;j, Forelimb;k, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium;l, Hindlimb.In the Sum of Variances the dots are means and the 95% confidence intervals were generated using the two tails of values recovered from 9,999 bootstrap technical replicates of a dataset composed of n = 11 (Whole skeleton,Forelimb),n = 12 (Skull,Rostrum),n = 7 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 17 (Hindlimb) species of Ornithodiran precursors,n = 18 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum),n = 16 (Forelimb),n = 14 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 19 (Hindlimb) species of Dinosauria,and n = 10 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum), n = 7 (Forelimb, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 6 (Hindlimb) species of Pterosauria.The pterosauromorph silhouette has been adapted from Kellner et al.10 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Extended Data Fig. 4 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 4 | Additional bone elements of Venetoraptor gassenae (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, Right manus in lateral view. Proximal portion of the right fibula in (b) lateral,(c) anterior,and (d) proximal views. e, Right metatarsal IV in anterior view. f, Right metatarsal III in anterior view. g, Digit III of the right pes in medial view. ef,extensor fossa;mc, metacarpal;ph, phalanx;uph, ungual phalanx.Scale bars: 1 cm.
Extended Data Fig. 5 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 5 | Reduced strict consensus tree depicting the phylogenetic position of Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp. nov. Absolute (left) and GC (group present/contradicted) (right) bootstrap frequencies and Bremer support values are shown above each branch.The silesaurid silhouette has been adapted from Müller & Garcia43 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Extended Data Fig. 3 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 3 | Additional bone elements of Venetoraptor gassenae (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, Left orbitotemporal region of the skull in dorsal view. b, Braincase in dorsal view. c, Left manual digit III in medial view.Right femur in (d). anterior,(e) posteromedial,(f) proximal,(g) anterolateral,and (h) posterior views. 4t, fourth trochanter;alr,anterolateral ridge; at, anterior trochanter; clp,collateral ligament pit;crtf,crista tibiofibularis;ef,extensor fossa;f,frontal; fm, foramen magnum;ft,flexor tubercle;lc,lateral condyle;ltf,laterotemporal fenestra;mc, medial condyle; mc III, metacarpal III; o, orbit;p, parietal;pf, popliteal fossa;pmt, posteromedial tuber; po, postorbital;pof,postfrontal; pp, paroccipital process;prf, prefrontal;q, quadrate;so,supraoccipital; sq, squamosal;stf,supratemporal fenestra;ts,trochanteric shelf;ve,ventral emargination.Scale bars: 1 cm.
Extended Data Fig. 2 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 2 | Life and skull reconstruction of Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, Skull reconstruction in left lateral view according to the preserved bones of the holotype.b, Head reconstruction in left lateral view. c, Head reconstruction in left anterolateral view.Life reconstruction by Caio Fantini.
Extended Data Fig. 1 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors
Extended Data Fig. 1 | Provenance of Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, General view of the Buriol/Pivetta complex. b, Buriol site. The map was adapted from The Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.