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FIGURE 7 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 7. Additions of fringe-pits associated with early meraspid stages of ontogeny in Cryptolithus tesselatus. 1, meraspid stage 2 showing two concentric arcs of fringe-pits, AMNH FI-101498, x35. 2, meraspid stage 2 showing two concentric arcs of fringe-pits, AMNH FI-101499, x35. 3, merapid stage 3 showing three concentric arcs of fringe-pits and first few fringe-pits of I3, FI-101496, x20. 4, later meraspid stage showing complete set of fringe-pits, AMNH FI- 101494, x15. Scale bars are 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 3. Placement of points defining patch on glabella. Points in red are redundant to fixed landmarks as described in the text and Appendix 2. After the surface landmarks were extracted using Landmark Editor, the redundant landmarks were removed from the final data file. Specimen shown is AMNH FI-101482; specimen is 7.1 mm long.

FIGURE 10 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 10. Allometry in the cranidia/cephala of other trilobite species as described by 2D geometric morphometrics. 1, Marrolithus bureaui, data from figure 5 of Delabroye and Crônier (2008), breakpoint shown is at 2.8, which was the best supported threshold model (Table 2). 2, Aulacopleura koninckii, data from figure 3 of Hong et al. (2014), breakpoint set at 2.0. 3, Triarthrus becki, data from figure 6 of Kim et al. (2002); breakpoint at 0.6. 4, Zacanthopsis palmeri, data from figure 13 of Hopkins and Webster (2009), breakpoint set at 0.8. 5, Haniwa quadrata, data from figure 5 of Park and Choi (2011b), breakpoint set at 1.4. 6, Liostracina tangwangzhaiensis, data from figure 3 of Park et al. (2014), breakpoint set at 1.55. 7, Apatokephalus latilimbatus, data from figure 4 of Park and Kihm (2015), breakpoint set at 0.85. 8, Olenellus gilberti, data from figure 23B of Webster (2015), breakpoint set at 1.0. Breakpoints are all in units of natural log of centroid size. Red lines = linear regression models; blue lines = threshold models.

FIGURE 2 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 2. Different views of 3D surface model rendering of Cryptolithus tesselatus showing placement of fixed landmarks. All landmarks are indicated at least once, with the exception of 11 (paired with 12). Unpaired landmarks = 17– 20; paired landmarks = 1–16, 21–23, 42; semi-landmarks along first internal list shown by dashed line and represented by landmarks 24–41. See Appendix 2 for full description of all landmarks. Surface reconstruction is of AMNH FI-101479.

FIGURE 9 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 9. Ontogeny of Cryptolithus tesselatus based on 2D geometric morphometrics. 1, Fixed landmarks consistently recognizable in dorsal view. Red dashed line shows curve described by first internal list along which were placed 21 semi-landmarks. Specimen shown is AMNH FI- 101479; specimen is 6.7 mm long. 2, Principal components analysis of 2D fixed- and semi-landmarks. Point size represents relative centroid size of specimen. Insets are deformation plots showing shapes represented by largest and smallest PC 1 values. 3, Allometric curve; amount of shape change represented by the Procrustes distance between each specimen and the smallest specimen. Red solid line = linear regression model; blue solid line = threshold model 1; thin black dashed line = threshold model 2; thick black dashed line = threshold model 3. Threshold model 1 is the best supported model (Table 1).

FIGURE 6 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 6. Allometric growth in Cryptolithus tesselatus. Size (x-axis) is represented by the natural log of centroid size. Change in shape (y-axis) is represented by the Procrustes distance between each specimen and the smallest specimen in the dataset; the Procrustes distances in this case represent the relative amount of change that specimens underwent during development. Red solid line = linear regression model; blue solid line = threshold model 1; thin black dashed line = threshold model 2; thick black dashed line = threshold model 3. Threshold model 1 is the best supported model.

FIGURE 4 in Talpa fossilis or Talpa europaea? Using geometric morphometrics and allometric trajectories of humeral moles remains from Hungary to answer a taxonomic debate

FIGURE 4. Boxplot of the centroid sizes. Bottom and top of the boxes are the first and third quartiles; horizontal solid black lines represent the median; whiskers represent the minimum and maximum values.

FIGURE 3. 1 in Talpa fossilis or Talpa europaea? Using geometric morphometrics and allometric trajectories of humeral moles remains from Hungary to answer a taxonomic debate

FIGURE 3. 1, Scatterplot of the first two axes of the PCA. Deformation grids refer to axes extremes (positive and negative values). 2, Scatterplot of the first and third axes of PCA. Deformation grids refer to axes extremes (positive and negative values).

FIGURE 5. 1 in Talpa fossilis or Talpa europaea? Using geometric morphometrics and allometric trajectories of humeral moles remains from Hungary to answer a taxonomic debate

FIGURE 5. 1, CCA scatterplot of the shape and size variables. 2, Plot of the Euclidean distances between the predicted shape values of Talpa fossilis and T. europaea against 10 discrete CS intervals.

FIGURE 2. 1 in Talpa fossilis or Talpa europaea? Using geometric morphometrics and allometric trajectories of humeral moles remains from Hungary to answer a taxonomic debate

FIGURE 2. 1, Landmarks (large grey circles) and semilandmarks (small white circles) digitized on the humerus in caudal norm: 1) lateral end of greater tuberosity; 2) articular facet for clavicula; 3) proximal edge of the articular facet for clavicula; 4) bicipital notch; 5) proximal end of lesser tuberosity; 6) medial edge of the minor tuberosity; 7) lateral edge of the lesser tuberosity; 8) bicipital ridge; 9) middle point of the bicipital tunnel; 10) lateral end of the scalopine ridge; 11) proximal end of the teres tubercle; 12-14) surface of the teres tubercle; 15) distal end of the teres tubercle; 16-18) minor sulcus; 19) posterior margin of the lateral epicondyle; 21-22) lateral epicondyle; 22-24) trochlear area; 25-27) medial epicondyle; 28) posterior margin of the medial epicondyle; 29-32) greater sulcus; 33-36) humeral head. Scalebar equals 1 mm. 2, Insertion areas of the main muscles involved in the digging movement. 1. Pectoral ridge where muscle Pectoralis pars sternalis inserts. 2. Teres tubercle where muscles Teres major and Latissimus dorsi inserts.

Fig. 7 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 7. RW1/RW2 plot showing the neat separation of Krithe compressa from Krithe iniqua specimens. Deformation grids along RW1 (set at values of –0.2 and 0.2) are reported. A. Plot of RW1 against RW2 scores. B, C. Shell deformation at extreme values along RW1.

Fig. 4 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 4. Main morphological features of studied ostracods species. A. Krithe iniqua Abate, Barra, Aiello, and Bonaduce, 1993, right valve, transparence drawing from external view, sample 59, B.O.C. 2518, upper Pliocene, KI−29, sample 59. B. Krithe compressa (Seguenza, 1880), right valve, transparence drawing from external view, KC−29, sample 58, B.O.C. 2547, upper Pliocene.

Fig. 2 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 2. Krithe iniqua Abate, Barra, Aiello, and Bonaduce, 1993, right valves; transparence drawings from external view; sample 59; upper Pliocene. A. KI−01, B.O.C. 2490. B. KI−02, B.O.C. 2491. C. KI−03, B.O.C. 2492. D. KI−04, B.O.C. 2493. E. KI−05, B.O.C. 2494. F. KI−06, B.O.C. 2495. G. KI−07, B.O.C. 2496. H. KI−08, B.O.C. 2497. I. KI−09, B.O.C. 2498. J. KI−10, B.O.C. 2499. K. KI−11, B.O.C. 2500. I. KI−12, B.O.C. 2501. L. KI−13, B.O.C. 2502. M. KI−14, B.O.C. 2503. N. KI−15, B.O.C. 2504. O. KI−16, B.O.C. 2505. P. KI−17, B.O.C. 2506. Q. KI−18, B.O.C. 2507. R. KI−19, B.O.C. 2508. S. KI−20, B.O.C. 2509. T. KI−21, B.O.C. 2510. U. KI−22, B.O.C. 2511. V. KI−23, B.O.C. 2512. W. KI−24, B.O.C. 2513. Y. KI−25, B.O.C. 2514. Z. KI−26, B.O.C. 2515. AA. KI−27, B.O.C. 2516. BB. KI−28, B.O.C. 2517.

Fig. 9 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 9. Continuous shape variation in Krithe compressa valves drawn along RW 2. Deformation grids relate to specimen of the three different samples belonging to Krithe compressa from the highest (A) to the lowest (C) RW 2 scores (see Fig. 7). Deformation grid in B refers to undeformed shape. From the above, a valve from sample 58 (specimen KC 25), a specimen from sample 51 (KC 16), and a specimen from sample 50 (KC 1).

Fig. 5 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 5. The logarithm of number of pairs C of points with mutual distance smaller than R (̊m), as a function of log(R). Vertical dashed lines are the limits inside which the linear slope of log(C) on log(R) provides the best fitting to the data.

Fig. 1. A in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 1. A. Ideal uniform network of 225 points spaced 2 mm apart over an area of 30 × 30 mm2. B. The log of number of pairs C of the stations, with mutual distance smaller than R, as a function of log(R) (mm); the vertical dashed lines represent the lower (4 mm) and upper (16 mm) limits of R, inside which the linear slope provides the best fitting to the investigated co−ordinates.

Fig. 8 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 8. This plot is the same as in Fig. 7, except for marks have been appended according to sample of provenance instead of species.

Fig. 3 in Fractal analysis of ostracod shell variability: A comparison with geometric and classic morphometrics

Fig. 3. Krithe compressa (Seguenza, 1880), right valves; transparence drawings from external view; sample 50 (A–G), sample 51 (H–R), sample 58 (S–BB); upper Pliocene. A. KC−01, B.O.C. 2519. B. KC−02, B.O.C. 2520. C. KC−03, B.O.C. 2521. D. KC−04, B.O.C. 2522.E. KC−05, B.O.C. 2523. F. KC−06, B.O.C. 2524. G. KC−07, B.O.C. 2525. H. KC−08, B.O.C. 2526. I. KC−09, B.O.C. 2527. J. KC−10, B.O.C. 2528. K. KC−11, B.O.C. 2529. L. KC−12, B.O.C. 2530. M. KC−13, B.O.C. 2531. N. KC−14, B.O.C. 2532. O. KC−15, B.O.C. 2533. P. KC−16, B.O.C. 2534. Q. KC−17, B.O.C. 2535. R. KC−18, B.O.C. 2536. S. KC−19, B.O.C. 2537. T. KC−20, B.O.C. 2538. U. KC−21, B.O.C. 2539. V. KC−22, B.O.C. 2540. W. KC−23, B.O.C. 2541. X. KC−24, B.O.C. 2542. Y. KC−25, B.O.C. 2543. Z. KC−26, B.O.C. 2544. AA. KC−27, B.O.C. 2545. BB. KC−28, B.O.C. 2546.

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Linked collectors and determiners for: Comparative geometric morphometrics of male genitalia in Xiphocentron subgenera (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): new species, revision and phylogenetic systematics of the subgenus Sphagocentron.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Comparative geometric morphometrics of male genitalia in Xiphocentron subgenera (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): new species, revision and phylogenetic systematics of the subgenus Sphagocentron". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/69a3ae72-af6c-4b7b-a4b1-7af0ed275a43">https://bionomia.net/dataset/69a3ae72-af6c-4b7b-a4b1-7af0ed275a43</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/69a3ae72-af6c-4b7b-a4b1-7af0ed275a43">https://gbif.org/dataset/69a3ae72-af6c-4b7b-a4b1-7af0ed275a43</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.