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704 results for “Interference”
Figure 1 from: Conrow RT, Gelhaus JK (2022) Wing interference patterns are consistent and sexually dimorphic in the four families of crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea). ZooKeys 1080: 135-163. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1080.69060
Figure 1 Comparison of the variation in WIP of three female and three male specimens of Gnophomyia tristissima. Females examined in this study were found to have a range of WIP from A dark blue/ purple B blue with mottled yellow C green/yellow with hints of blue which appeared most like the male WIP. Males examined also had a range of WIP from D green with mottled blue which appeared most like the female WIPE solidly green F green with mottled magenta. Patterns B and E were the most encountered patterns for females and males, respectively. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figure 1 from: Rojanarata T, Maithongdee K, Yuwansri N, Kaewprasert S, Thanayutsiri T, Phadungcharoen N, Chinsriwongkul A (2022) Investigating matrix interference in the pharmacopeial limit test for aluminum in citric acid: a re-examination, for revision of the method. Pharmacia 69(1): 9-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e78631
Figure 1 Standard curves of aluminum in water and in citric acid solutions, prepared using chemicals and instruments of different manufacturers; (a) citric acid of Merck/8-hydroxyquinoline of Sigma-aldrich/ spectrofluorometer RF-1501, (b) citric acid of BDH Chem/8-hydroxyquinoline of Sigma-aldrich/spectrofluorometer RF-1501, (c) citric acid of Merck/8-hydroxyquinoline of Fluka/spectrofluorometer RF-1501, (d) citric acid of Merck/8-hydroxyquinoline of Sigma-aldrich/spectrofluorometer RF-6000.
Figure 2 from: Conrow RT, Gelhaus JK (2022) Wing interference patterns are consistent and sexually dimorphic in the four families of crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea). ZooKeys 1080: 135-163. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1080.69060
Figure 2 Excised wing of a male specimen of Dolichopeza obscura against a white background with notations of wing veins and cells used in this study. Veins are noted in blue with uppercase letters while cells are noted in red with lowercase letters; naming and notations follow those of Saigusa (2006). Abbreviations: A/a: anal vein/cell, bm: basal medial cell, br: basal radial cell, C/c: costal vein/cell, CuA/cua: anterior cubitus vein/cell, CuP/cup: posterior cubitus vein/cell, d: discal cell, M/m: Medial vein/cell, R/r: radial vein/cell, Rs: radial sector vein, Sc/sc: subcostal vein/cell. Image not to scale.
Figure 3 from: Rojanarata T, Maithongdee K, Yuwansri N, Kaewprasert S, Thanayutsiri T, Phadungcharoen N, Chinsriwongkul A (2022) Investigating matrix interference in the pharmacopeial limit test for aluminum in citric acid: a re-examination, for revision of the method. Pharmacia 69(1): 9-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e78631
Figure 3 Effect of pH of 0.04 mg/ml aluminum solution prepared in 0.2 g/ml citric acid solution, on the fluorescence intensity of the extract, compared with that of a solution prepared in water. The measurements were done using RF-6000 spectrofluorometer (Shimadzu).
Supplementary material 1 from: Conrow RT, Gelhaus JK (2022) Wing interference patterns are consistent and sexually dimorphic in the four families of crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea). ZooKeys 1080: 135-163. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1080.69060
Movie S1
Figure 8 from: Conrow RT, Gelhaus JK (2022) Wing interference patterns are consistent and sexually dimorphic in the four families of crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea). ZooKeys 1080: 135-163. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1080.69060
Figure 8 Wing Interference Pattern on excised wings of male/ female pair of two species of TipuloideaATipula (Beringotipula) borealis female BTipula (Beringotipula) borealis male CTipula (Yamatotipula) sayi female DTipula (Yamatotipula) sayi male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Signal lengthening is not a strategy for animals to mitigate noise interference
<p><span>Many species of animals rely on acoustic communication for critical life activities. The efficacy of acoustic communication, however, can be seriously hindered by ambient noise. Although it has been widely reported that signallers modify the structure of their acoustic signals in noise, whether such signal modulations contribute to reducing noise interference is often unclear. Signal duration is a perceptually important parameter that can directly affect signal detection. Here, we address whether signal lengthening is an adaptive strategy for improving acoustic communication in noise, combing results from a meta-analysis, a noise playback experiment, and numerical simulations. The meta-analysis showed that animals from arthropods to mammals showed a mixed pattern of signal duration modifications in response to noise, covering all three possibilities of an increase, a decrease, and no change. The noise playback experiment revealed that noise-induced signal duration modulation was characterized by strong inter-individual variations and correlated positively with signal amplitude, challenging the functional role of signal lengthening in reducing noise interference. Lastly, numerical simulations suggest that experimentally observed signal duration increases in noise disappear when the effect size is considered. We conclude that signal lengthening is not a strategy for animals to mitigate noise interference, despite its wide occurrence. </span></p>
Data for "The foundational role of cognitive resources in cross-dimensional interference of time on space"
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Aharonov-Bohm interference and statistical phase jumps evolution in fractional quantum Hall states in bilayer graphene
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Fig. 1 in RNA interference mediated serine protease gene (Spbtry1) knockdown affects growth and mortality in the soybean pod borer (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Fig. 1. Nucleotde and deduced amino acid sequences of Spbtry1 cDNA cloned from Leguminivora glycinivorella. The numbers on the lef and right refer to the amino acid sequence. The putatve signal peptde of 17 amino acids is in bold and the cleavage site is indicated by an arrow. The cleavage site for the putatve propeptde removal is indicated by an arrowhead. The stop codon TAA is indicated by an asterisk. The putatve polyadenylaton signal (AATAA) is underlined. The putatve serine protease conserved motf (GDSGGPL) is boxed. The 3 amino acid residues (His72, Asp118, and Ser216) of the catalytc triad for serine protease actvity are indicated with white letters on a gray background. GenBank accession no. JQ340915.
Data from: Plasmid and clonal interference during post-horizontal gene transfer evolution
Plasmids are nucleic acid molecules that can drive their own replication in a living cell. They can be transmitted horizontally and can thrive in the host cell to high copy numbers. Plasmid replication and gene expression consume cellular resources and cells carrying plasmids incur fitness costs. But many plasmids carry genes that can be beneficial under certain conditions, allowing the cell to endure in the presence of antibiotics, toxins, competitors or parasites. Horizontal transfer of plasmid-encoded genes can thus instantaneously confer differential adaptation to local or transient selection conditions. This conflict between cellular fitness and plasmid spread sets the scene for multilevel selection processes. We have engineered a system to study the short term evolutionary impact of different synonymous versions of a plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance gene. Applying experimental evolution under different selection conditions and deep sequencing allowed us to show rapid local adaptation to the presence of antibiotic and to the specific version of the resistance gene transferred. We describe the presence of clonal interference at two different levels: at the within-cell level, because a single cell can carry several plasmids, and at the between-cell level, because a bacterial population may contain several clones carrying different plasmids and displaying different fitness in the presence|absence of antibiotic. Understanding the within-cell and between-cell dynamics of plasmids after horizontal gene transfer is essential to unravel the dense network of mobile elements underlying the worldwide threat to public health of antibiotic resistance.
Data from: Reproductive interference hampers species coexistence despite conspecific sperm precedence
<p>Negative interspecific mating interactions, known as reproductive interference, can hamper species coexistence in a local patch and promote niche partitioning or geographical segregation of closely related species. Conspecific sperm precedence (CSP), which occurs when females that have mated with both conspecific and heterospecific males preferentially use conspecific sperm for fertilization, might contribute to species coexistence by mitigating the costs of interspecific mating and hybridization. We discussed whether two species exhibiting CSP can coexist in a local environment in the presence of reproductive interference. First, using a behaviourally explicit mathematical model, we demonstrated that two species characterized by negative mating interactions are unlikely to coexist because the costs of reproductive interference, such as loss of mating opportunity with conspecific partners, are inevitably incurred when individuals of both species are present. Second, we experimentally examined differences in mating activity and preference in two <i>Harmonia</i> ladybird species known to exhibit CSP. According to the developed mathematical model of reproductive interference, these behavioural differences should lead to local extinction of <i>H. yedoensis</i> because of reproductive interference by <i>H. axyridis</i>. This prediction is consistent with field observations that <i>H. axyridis</i> uses various food sources and habitats whereas <i>H. yedoensis</i> is confined to a less preferred prey item and a pine tree habitat. Finally, by a comparative approach, we showed that niche partitioning or parapatric distribution, but not sympatric coexistence in the same habitat, is maintained between species with CSP belonging to a wide range of taxa, including vertebrates and invertebrates living in aquatic or terrestrial environments. Taken together, we suggest that reproductive interference can destabilize local coexistence even in closely related species that exhibit CSP.</p>
Seasonal variation in the strength of interference competition among headwater stream predators
<p>1. Vertebrate communities in headwater streams are assumed to be regulated through competitive and predatory interactions. Although documented predation is rare, studies regularly report competitive dominance by fish that, as larger competitors reliant on aquatic habitat, exclude semi-aquatic salamanders to marginal stream habitat. However, it is unclear whether fish interact with stream-breeding salamanders through indirect effects such as, competition for resources (e.g., food or cover) or fear (i.e., threat of predation) nor is it known whether these interactions are consistent through time.</p> <p>2. This study used a novel caging approach to determine if competitive outcomes between a headwater fish and salamanders were regulated primarily through resource depletion (exploitative competition) or behavioural avoidance (interference competition).</p> <p>3. We paired banded sculpin (<i>Cottus carolinae</i>) and larval red salamanders (<i>Pseudotriton ruber</i>) of similar body size in independent flow through mesocosms with intra- and inter-specific pairs allowed to interact physically or non-physically. The experiment was repeated in the fall and in the spring when stream salamander larvae begin to transform into terrestrial juveniles.</p> <p>4. Banded sculpin negatively influenced growth of red salamanders regardless of whether they were allowed to physically interact, suggesting interference competition and behavioural avoidance. This asymmetrical effect was strongest in the spring when salamanders underwent metamorphosis at higher rates in the presence of fish. However, in the fall, the effects were more balanced between the two species with salamanders impacting fish through exploitative competition.</p> <p>5. By studying the temporal relationships between two competitors and using a caging method novel to competition studies, we established that the outcomes of competition are dependent on season and may vary in type relative to the timing of life history events. For this community, these results suggest that outcomes of competition are highly dependent on season and could indicate a biotic mechanism maintaining headwater salamander distributions through source-sink dynamics. Our results also suggest that, in this species interaction, it may be unwarranted to assume that the outcomes of competition at one time represent the complex relationships regulating community interactions.</p>
Carcass scavenging relaxes chemical-driven female interference competition in flour beetles
<p>Female-female nonsexual interference competition is a major fitness determinant of biased sex-ratio groups with high female density. <span>What strategies can females use to overcome the negative impact of this competition? </span><span>We used flour beetle <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> </span>to answer this question, where competing females <span>from female-biased groups were already known to suppress each other's fecundity by secreting toxic quinones from their stink glands, indicating a unique chemical-driven interference competition. Surprisingly, </span><span>increasing resources</span><span> did not alleviate these fitness costs. Females also did not </span>disperse more from the site of interference competition. Hence, the <span>competition was neither influenced by the total resource availability nor the lack of opportunity to </span>avoid chemical interference<span>. Instead, protein sequestered via scavenging of nutrient-rich carcasses relaxed female competition, by increasing their fecundity and reducing the quinone content. Finally, stink gland components themselves triggered carcass-scavenging and increased fecundity, indicating the possibility of a novel chemical-driven feedback loop</span> to reduce the competition. Taken together, in the present work, we could provide the rare analyses where multiple competing hypotheses were jointly tested to establish carcass-scavenging as an important potential strategy to overcome the fitness costs of intrasexual female interference competition.</p>
Assessing carnivore spatial co-occurrence and temporal overlap in the face of human interference in a semi-arid forest
<p>Apex predators drive top-down effects in ecosystems and the loss of such species can trigger mesopredator release. This ecological process has been well documented in human-modified small areas, but for management and conservation of ecological communities, it is important to know which human factors affect apex predator occurrence and which mediate mesopredators release at large scales. We hypothesized that mesopredators would avoid spatial and temporal overlap with the apex predator, the puma; but that human perturbations (i.e. cattle raising and trophy hunting) would dampen top-down effects and mediate habitat use. We installed 16 camera traps in each of 45, 10x10-km grid cells in the Caldén forest region of central Argentina resulting in 706 total stations covering 61,611km<sup>2</sup>. We used single-season occupancy and two-species co-occurrence models and calculated the species interaction factor (SIF) to explore the contributions of habitat, biotic, and anthropic variables in explaining co-occurrence between carnivore pairs. We also used kernel density estimation techniques to analyze temporal overlap in activity patterns of the carnivore guild. We found that puma habitat use increased with abundance of large prey and with proximity to protected areas. Geoffroy's cats and skunks spatially avoided pumas and this effect was strong and mediated by distance to protected areas and game reserves, but pumas did not influence pampas fox and pampas cat space use. At medium and low levels of puma occupancy, we found evidence of spatial avoidance between 3 pairs of mesocarnivores. All predators were mostly nocturnal and crepuscular across seasons and mesopredators showed little consistent evidence of changing activity patterns with varying levels of puma occupancy or human interference. We found potential for mesopredator release at large scale, especially on the spatial niche axis. Our results suggest that a combination of interacting factors, in conjunction with habitat features and intervening human activities, may make mesopredator release unlikely or difficult to discern at broad scales. Overall, we believe that promoting the creation of new protected areas linked by small forest patches would likely lead to increased predator and prey abundances, as well as the interactions among carnivores inside and outside of protected areas.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Kobak J, Rachalewski M, Bącela-Spychalska K (2021) What doesn't kill you doesn't make you stronger: Parasites modify interference competition between two invasive amphipods. NeoBiota 69: 51-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.73734
Dataset
Supplementary material 1 from: Kobak J, Rachalewski M, Bącela-Spychalska K (2021) What doesn't kill you doesn't make you stronger: Parasites modify interference competition between two invasive amphipods. NeoBiota 69: 51-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.73734
Figure S1, Tables S1, S2
Figures 56-65 from: Shevtsova E, Hansson C (2011) Species recognition through wing interference patterns (WIPs) in Achrysocharoides Girault (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) including two new species. ZooKeys 154: 9-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.154.2158
Figures 56-65 - Achrysocharoides maieri sp. nov.: 56 Head frontal, female 57 Ditto, male 58 Antenna lateral, female 59 Ditto, male 60 Mesosoma dorsal, female 61 Ditto, male 62 Mesosoma lateral, female 63 Ditto, male 64 Wing interference pattern (WIP), female 65 Ditto, male.
Figures 38-45 from: Shevtsova E, Hansson C (2011) Species recognition through wing interference patterns (WIPs) in Achrysocharoides Girault (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) including two new species. ZooKeys 154: 9-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.154.2158
Figures 38-45 - Achrysocharoides butus (Walker), wing interference patterns (WIPs): 38–43 Males 44–45 Females. Wings on Figs 38, 40–45 from Wales, 1976 39 from Sweden, Skåne, 2010.
Figures 28-37 from: Shevtsova E, Hansson C (2011) Species recognition through wing interference patterns (WIPs) in Achrysocharoides Girault (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) including two new species. ZooKeys 154: 9-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.154.2158
Figures 28-37 - Achrysocharoides spp., wing interference patterns (WIPs): 28–35 Achrysocharoides robiniae Hansson & Shevtsova 28–33 Males 34–35 Females 36–37 Achrysocharoides robinicolus Hansson & Shevtsova 36 Male 37 Female. Wings on Figs 28–31, 34–37 from USA, Connecticut, 2002 32, 33, from Hungary, Vas Co., 2002.
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