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FIGURES 10a–g. Megaphyllum glossulifer males and a in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 10a–g. Megaphyllum glossulifer males and a female from Rhodopi Mts, Bulgaria: (10a) gonopods, posterior view; (10b) left gonopods, mesal view; (10c) left promere, meso-posterior view; (10d) left opisthomere, lateral view; penis, (10e) posterior and (10f) left lateral views; (10g) left vulva, meso-posterior view (setae omitted). Abbreviations: asp: anterior process of the solenomere, ca: central ampulla, ct: connecting tube; pa: posterior ampulla, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURES 9a–g. Megaphyllum dentatum males and a in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 9a–g. Megaphyllum dentatum males and a female from Ljuboten, Serbia, Inv. No. 8018: (9a) gonopods, posterior view; (9b) right gonopods, mesal view; (9c) right promere, meso-posterior view; (9d) right opisthomere, lateral view; penis, (9e) posterior and (9f) left lateral views; (9g) right vulva, anterior view (setae omitted). Abbreviations: asp: anterior process of the solenomere, ca: central ampulla, ct: connecting tube; pa: posterior ampulla, ph: posterior hump, pp: posterior process, pr: protrusion, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, sl: serrated lobe, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURES 5a–g in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 5a–g. Megaphyllum silvaticum. (5a) Gonopods, posterior view of a male from Begurje, Slovenia; (5b) left gonopods, mesal view of a male from Staţiunea Borşa, Rodna Mts, Romania; an other male from the same locality: (5c) left promere, meso-posterior view; (5d) left opisthomere, lateral view. Penis of the above mentioned Slovenian male, (5e) posterior and (5f) right lateral views. (5g) Left vulva of a female from the above mentioned Romanian locality, posterior view (setae omitted). Abbreviations: ap: anterior process, asp: anterior process of the solenomere, ca: central ampulla, ct: connecting tube; pa: posterior ampulla, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURES 7a–g. Megaphyllum carniolense males and a in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 7a–g. Megaphyllum carniolense males and a female from Biogradsko Jezero, Montenegro: (7a) gonopods, posterior view; (7b) right gonopods, mesal view; (7c) left promere, meso-posterior view; (7d) left opisthomere, lateral view; penis, (7e) posterior and (7f) right lateral views; (7g) left vulva, posterior view (setae omitted). Abbreviations: asp: anterior process of the solenomere, ca: central ampulla, ct: connecting tube; pa: posterior ampulla, ph: posterior hump, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURES 1a–e in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 1a–e. Schematic opisthomere drawings (right opisthomeres, lateral view). (1a) Generalized scheme for all Megaphyllum sensu stricto. (1b) Scheme for the M. projectum species group. (1c) Scheme for the M. austriacum species group. (1d) Scheme for the M. transsylvanicum species group. (1e) Scheme for the M. unilineatum species group. Abbreviations: ah: anterior hump, ap: anterior process, asp: anterior process of the solenomere, ph: posterior hump, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere.

FIGURES 4a–l in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 4a–l. Megaphyllum projectum. (4a–d) M. p. deubeli male from Băile Borşa, Maramureş Mts, Romania: right gonopods, (4a) posterior and (4b) mesal views; (4c) left promere, meso-posterior view; (4d) left opisthomere, lateral view. (4e and 4g–i) Megaphyllum projectum kochi male from Bukova, Malé Karpaty, Slovakia: (4e) gonopods, posterior view; penis, (4g) posterior and (4h) right lateral views. (4i) M. p. kochi female from Sanssouci, Germany: right vulva, posterior view (setae omitted). (4f and 4j–l) M. p. projectum male [originally Julus austriacus syntype, ZMB 1846]: (4f) right gonopods, lateral view; (4j) gonopods, posterior view; (4k) right gonopods, mesal view. (4l) M. p. projectum female from Haragistya, Aggtelek National Park, Hungary: right vulva, posterior view (setae omitted). Abbreviations: ap: anterior process, asp: anterior process of the solenomere, ca: central ampulla, ct: connecting tube; pa: posterior ampulla, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, sl: serrated lobe, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURES 3a–f in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 3a–f. Megaphyllum metsovoni male from Eptolofos, Parnassos Mts, Greece. (3a) Gonopods, posterior view; (3b) right gonopods, mesal view; (3c) left promere, meso-posterior view; (3d) left opisthomere, lateral view; penis, (3e) posterior and (3f) right lateral views. Abbreviations: ap: anterior process, asp: anterior process of the solenomere, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURES 16a–g in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 16a–g. Megaphyllum rhodopinum. Male from near Shabran Peak, Slavyanka Mt., Bulgaria: (16a) gonopods, posterior view; (16b) right gonopods, mesal view; (16c) right opisthomere, meso-posterior view; (16d) right opisthomere, lateral view. Males from near Proastio, Kavala county, Greece: penis form (16e) posterior and (16f) left lateral views, (16f*) another penis, right lateral view. Female from the first locality: (16g) left vulva, posterior view (setae omitted). Abbreviations: ah: anterior hump; ap: anterior process, asp: anterior process of the solenomere, ca: central ampulla, ct: connecting tube; h: hump, op: operculum, pa: posterior ampulla, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURES 2a–f in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 2a–f. Megaphyllum erythronotum male from Sfânta Elena, Banat, Romania. (2a) Gonopods, posterior view; (2b) left gonopods, mesal view; (2c) right promere, meso-posterior view; (2d) right opisthomere, lateral view; penis, (2e) posterior and (2f) left lateral views. Abbreviations: asp: anterior process of the solenomere, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURE 21 in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURE 21. Distribution map of subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto. Triangles: Megaphyllum projectum species-group: black—M. metsovoni; black with white dot—M. projectum deubeli; white—M. projectum kochi; white with black dot—M. projectum projectum; white with black line—M. silvaticum, grey—M. erythronotum. Quadrangles: Megaphyllum austriacum species-group: black—M. cygniforme; black with white dot—M. glossulifer; grey—M. dentatum; white—M. austriacum; white with black dot—M. montivagum; white with black line—M. carniolense. Circles: Megaphyllum unilineatum species-group: black—M. spathulatum; black with white dot—M. tauricum; grey—M. rhodopinum; white—M. unilineatum; white with black dot—M. hercules; white with black line—M. sjaelandicum. Stars: Megaphyllum transsylvanicum species-group: black—M. kievense; grey—M. rosenauense; white—M. transsylvanicum; white with black dot—M. bosniense.

FIGURES 18b–d in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 18b–d. Megaphyllum spathulatum after Lohmander (1936): (18b) right gonopods, mesal view; (18c) left promere, meso-posterior view; (18d) probably left opisthomere, lateral view. Abbreviations: ah: anterior hump; ap: anterior process, asp: anterior process of the solenomere, ph: posterior hump, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, sh: serrated hump, P: promere.

FIGURES 8a–f in Redefinition of the millipede subgenus Megaphyllum sensu stricto Verhoeff, 1894 and neotype designation for Megaphyllum austriacum (Latzel, 1884) (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae)

FIGURES 8a–f. Megaphyllum cygniforme. (8a) Gonopods, caudal view, male from near Sostis, Papikio Mts, Greece. Male individual from near Kechrokambos, Lekanis Mts, Greece: (8b) right gonopods, mesal view; (8c) right promere, mesoposterior view; (8d) right opisthomere, mesal view; penis, (8e) posterior and (8f) right lateral views. Abbreviations: asp: anterior process of the solenomere, fl: flagellum, ph: posterior hump, pp: posterior process, psp: posterior process of the solenomere, P: promere. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

FIGURE 2. Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967. A in Redescription of Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967, and the relationships of the genus Iberoiulus Mauriès, 1985 (Diplopoda, Julida, Blaniulidae)

FIGURE 2. Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967. A: body rings 7 and 8 (with legs), ventral view. B: gonopods in situ. C: anterior gonopods, posterior view. D: posterior gonopods (the strong curling is an artefact due to preparation (drying) for SEM). E: tip of posterior gonopod. Scales: 0.1 mm (A, B, C), 0.05 mm (D, E).

FIGURE 4. Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967 in Redescription of Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967, and the relationships of the genus Iberoiulus Mauriès, 1985 (Diplopoda, Julida, Blaniulidae)

FIGURE 4. Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967. Number of podous rings and midbody vertical diameter of the studied specimens. "juv./intercalary males" refer to all specimens with reduced legs, but no gonopods on body ring 7.

FIGURE 1. Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967. A in Redescription of Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967, and the relationships of the genus Iberoiulus Mauriès, 1985 (Diplopoda, Julida, Blaniulidae)

FIGURE 1. Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967. A: female. B: male front end, scanning electron micrograph. Scales: 2 mm (A), 0.1 mm (B).

FIGURE 3. Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967 in Redescription of Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967, and the relationships of the genus Iberoiulus Mauriès, 1985 (Diplopoda, Julida, Blaniulidae)

FIGURE 3. Iberoiulus cavernicola Ceuca, 1967, female, vulva. op: operculum, bu: bursa. Scale: 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 9–14. Cylindroiulus oromii n in Insular species swarm goes underground: two new troglobiont Cylindroiulus millipedes from Madeira (Diplopoda: Julidae)

FIGURES 9–14. Cylindroiulus oromii n. sp. male gonopod. 9–10: mesal view, 11: pro- & mesomerite, anterior view, 12–13: lateral view, 14: opisthomerite, posterior view. afl: anterior flagellum-conducting lamella, f: flagellum, fl: flagelliferous lobe of promerite, fp: finger-shaped projection of promerite, m: mesomerite, p: promerite, pc: lateral rim of paracoxite, pfl: posterior flagellum-conducting lamella, pp: paracoxal process, s: solenomerite, sc: sperm channel, t: apical fringe. Scale bar: 100 µm.

FIGURE 15. Cylindroiulus oromii n in Insular species swarm goes underground: two new troglobiont Cylindroiulus millipedes from Madeira (Diplopoda: Julidae)

FIGURE 15. Cylindroiulus oromii n. sp. vulva. bu: bursa, op: operculum, rs: receptaculum seminis,. Scale bar: 100 µm.

FIGURE 8. Cylindroiulus oromii n in Insular species swarm goes underground: two new troglobiont Cylindroiulus millipedes from Madeira (Diplopoda: Julidae)

FIGURE 8. Cylindroiulus oromii n. sp. habitus of adult female in situ and preserved. Scale bar: 2 mm. (Inset: photo of live specimen, courtesy of É. Nunes).

FIGURES 2–7. Cylindroiulus julesverni n in Insular species swarm goes underground: two new troglobiont Cylindroiulus millipedes from Madeira (Diplopoda: Julidae)

FIGURES 2–7. Cylindroiulus julesverni n. sp. male gonopod. 2–3: mesal view, 4: pro- & mesomerite, anterior view, 5–6: lateral view, 7: opisthomerite, posterior view. afl: anterior flagellum-conducting lamella, f: flagellum, fl: flagelliferous lobe of promerite, fp: finger-shaped projection of promerite, m: mesomerite, p: promerite, pc: lateral rim of paracoxite, pfl: posterior flagellum-conducting lamella, pp: paracoxal process, s: solenomerite, sc: sperm channel. Scale bar: 100 µm.