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Fig. 10 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 10. Right tympanic bulla of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) view. Most of the outer lip of the bulla was not preserved. Scale bar is 5 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 8 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 8. Ventrolateral view of the right petrosal of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401). Anterior is to the top of the page and the scale bar is 1 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 7 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 7. Stereopairs and line drawings of the right petrosal of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401). A. Stereopairs of the petrosal in ventral view with (B) corresponding line drawing. C. Line drawing of the endocranial side of the petrosal with (D) corresponding stereopairs. Note the elongate tube (tiam) that houses the internal acoustic meatus and postglenoid foramen (pgf) in the petrosal/ squamosal suture. Scale bars are 2 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 5 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 5. Partial cranium of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401) in (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views. Scale bar is 5 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 6 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 6. Line drawing (A) and photograph (B) of the cranium of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401) in ventral view. Dashed line is approximate boundary between middle and posterior cranial fossae. Scale bar is 10 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 4 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 4. Anterior end of the rostrum of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401) in (A) dorsal, (B) lateral, and (C) ventral views. Note that the external nares (no) are above the canine. Scale bar is 10 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 2 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 2. Chronostratigraphic sequence of upper and middle Eocene carbonate units on the Coastal Plain of South Carolina and correlation with European stages and nannoplankton (NP) zones. Solid circle (v) denotes stratigraphic position of holotype of Carolinacetus gingerichi, new genus and species. Time divisions and NP zones follow Berggren et al. (1995).

Fig. 9 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 9. Line drawing (left) and photograph (right) of the cranium of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401) in posterior view. The posterodorsal tongue of the petrosal (pdt) is an autapomorphy of Carolinacetus. Scale bars are 5 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 3 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 3. Reconstructions of the holotype skull of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401) in (A) dorsal and (B) lateral views. Gray areas indicate portions of the skull actually recovered. Scale bar is 10 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 15 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 15. Left (A) and right (B) m3s of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401) in lingual view. Scale bar is 5 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 22 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 22. Anterior view of the fourth thoracic vertebra of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401). Scale bar is 5 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 1 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 1. Type locality (indicated by the star) of Carolinacetus gingerichi, new genus and species: South Carolina, Berkeley County; Martin Marietta Berkeley (''Cross'') Quarry. Cross Member, Tupelo Bay Formation, late Middle Eocene (Middle Bartonian).

Fig. 26 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 26. Paleocoastline map, Middle Eocene (Lutetian), ca. 45 Ma, showing paleogeographic distribution of selected protocetid taxa (AH) from Ypresian (Early Eocene) (l), Lutetian (Middle Eocene) (m), and Bartonian (Late Middle Eocene) (v) rocks, and probable route (d) of protocetid dispersal from Tethys Sea to North America. A. Himalayacetus subathuensis, Subathu Fm. (ca. 53.5 Ma), Kuthar Nala, India. B. ''Habib Rahi Limestone Whale'', Habib Rahi Fm. (ca. 48 Ma), Sulaiman Range, Pakistan. C. Various remingtonocetids and protocetids, Harudi Fm. (ca. 41 Ma), Kutch, India. D. Protocetus atavus, Mokattam Fm. (ca. 43.5 Ma), Gebel Mokattam, Egypt. E. ''Togo whale'', unspecified stratigraphic unit (ca. 45 Ma), KpogameHahotoe Basin, Togo. F. Pappocetus lugardi, Ameki Fm. (ca. 42 Ma), Ombialla District, Nigeria. G. ''Eocetus'' wardii, Castle Hayne Fm. (ca. 42 Ma), Maple Hill, North Carolina, U.S. H. Carolinacetus gingerichi, new genus and species, Tupelo Bay Fm. (ca. 40 Ma), Martin Marietta Berkeley Quarry, South Carolina, U.S.

Fig. 25 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 25. Strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees of 229 steps; thick lines/black boxes to the left of taxon names indicate known temporal ranges, circles to the right of cetacean taxa indicate geographic occurrence(s). Bremer support values are placed below and to the left of each node. Note that the branching order of taxa is generally concordant with the first geologic occurrence of taxa, and we can infer that the immigration of cetaceans to North America occurred in the latter half of the Lutetian. The geologic durations of taxa are from Gingerich et al. (1997, 2001a, 2001b) and Uhen (1998a, 1998b).

Fig. 17 in A New Protocetid Whale (Cetacea: Archaeoceti) from the Late Middle Eocene of South Carolina

Fig. 17. Atlas vertebra (C1) of Carolinacetus gingerichi (ChM PV5401) in anterior (A), posterior (B), dorsal (C), and right lateral view (D). Scale bar is 5 cm in length. See appendix 3 for anatomical abbreviations.

Fig. 6. Isotemnid foot. AMNH 28690. A in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 6. Isotemnid foot. AMNH 28690. A, Dorsal view of pes; B, astragalus in plantar view (left) and lateral view (right); C, calcaneum in dorsal view (left) and lateral view (right); D, line drawing illustrating maximum dorsiflexion of the upper ankle joint (left) and maximum plantarflexion (right); E, posterior view of upper ankle joint at maximum plantarflexion, showing the exposed superior astragalar foramen and groove for the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus. Abbreviations: cu, cuboid; dp, dorsal; ect f, ectal facet; ent, entocuneiform; fib, fibula; fib f, fibular facet; flx g, groove for the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus; med p, medial process; nav, navicular; nav f, navicular facet; plnt ast f, plantar astragalar foramen; pp, peroneal process; ps, peroneal shelf; sup ast f, superior astragalar foramen; tib, tibia. (The upper scale bar applies to A, B, and C, the lower bar to D and E.)

Fig. 3. Isotemnid antebrachia, ulnae A, B in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 3. Isotemnid antebrachia, ulnae A, B, and C; radii D, E, and F. A and D are of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906; B and E are of Thomashuxleya externa, AMNH 28653; C and F are of Pleurostylodon similis, AMNH 28904. All are shown as being from the right side, but the elements of Pleurostylodon (C and F) and the radius of Anisotemnus (D) are from the left, but digitally reversed to appear as right. Abbreviations are: ap, anconeal process; cp, coronoid process; and ce, capitular eminence. The olecranon process of Pleurostylodon (C) is reconstructed.

Fig. 2 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 2. Isotemnid humeri from Cañadón Vaca, Casamayoran SALMA (Vacan ''subage''). Anterior (above) and distal (below) view of humeri of A, Ansiotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906; B, Thomashuxleya extena, AMNH 28653; and C, Plexotemnus similis, AMNH 28904. Scale bar applies to all. Panels A and B show right humeri and panel C shows a left humerus (but digitally reversed for ease of comparison). Abbreviations are: cap, capitulum; Δc, deltoid crest; ent f, entepicondylar foramen gt, greater tubercle; lt, lesser tubercle; m flg, medial flange; pc, pectoral crest; tt, teres tubercle.

Fig. 7 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 7. Changes in foot structure in South American ungulates over time. The ankle index indicates the percentage of the ungulate taxa in a fauna that lacks an astragalar canal (i.e., superior astragalar foramen absent). This absence, and associated increase in the tibioastragalar articulation, is used as a proxy for the proportion of the ungulate fauna having a subcursorial to cursorial foot. The percentage having the modified form is compared to the mean ungulate hypsodonty, and changes in the proxy of global temperature (Ο18O). Time scale, mean hypsodonty index, and temperature proxy are modified from Flynn et al. (2003).

Fig. 1 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 1. Scapula of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906. Left, lateral view; right, distal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; acr ang, acromial angle; cor p, coracoid process; gln, glenoid fossa; inf spn f, infraspinous fossa; sup spn f, supraspinous fossa.