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480 results for “Lion”
FIGURE 1 in Solving a long-standing nomenclatorial controversy: designation of a neotype for the southern sea lion Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800)
FIGURE 1. Male (in front) and female (behind) of Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800) from Monte León, Santa Cruz, Argentina (Ph: S. Lucero).
Data from: Population structure and historical demography of South American sea lions provide insights into the catastrophic decline of a marine mammal population
Understanding the causes of population decline is crucial for conservation management. We therefore used genetic analysis both to provide baseline data on population structure and to evaluate hypotheses for the catastrophic decline of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) at the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) in the South Atlantic. We genotyped 259 animals from 23 colonies across the Falklands at 281 bp of the mitochondrial hypervariable region and 22 microsatellites. A weak signature of population structure was detected, genetic diversity was moderately high in comparison with other pinniped species, and no evidence was found for the decline being associated with a strong demographic bottleneck. By combining our mitochondrial data with published sequences from Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru, we also uncovered strong maternally directed population structure across the geographical range of the species. In particular, very few shared haplotypes were found between the Falklands and South America, and this was reflected in correspondingly low migration rate estimates. These findings do not support the prominent hypothesis that the decline was caused by migration to Argentina, where large-scale commercial harvesting operations claimed over half a million animals. Thus, our study not only provides baseline data for conservation management but also reveals the potential for genetic studies to shed light upon long-standing questions pertaining to the history and fate of natural populations.
Mountain lions reduce movement, increase efficiency during the COVID-19 shutdown
<p class="CxSpFirst">Wildlife strongly alter behavior in response to human disturbance; however, fundamental questions remain regarding the influence of human infrastructure and activity on animal movement. The Covid-19 pandemic created a natural experiment providing an opportunity to evaluate wildlife movement during a period of greatly reduced human activity. Speculation in scientific reviews and the media suggested that wildlife might be increasing movement and colonizing urban landscapes during pandemic slowdowns. However, theory predicts that animals should move and use space as efficiently as possible, suggesting that movement might actually be reduced relative to decreased human activity.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">We quantified space use, movement, and resource-selection of 12 GPS-collared mountain lions (8 females, 4 males) occupying parklands in greater Los Angeles during the Spring 2020 California stay-at-home order when human activity was far below normal. We also tested the hypothesis that reduced traffic on Los Angeles area roadways increased permeability of these barriers to animal movement.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">Contrary to expectations that wildlife roamed more widely during pandemic shutdowns, resident mountain lions used smaller areas and moved shorter distances relative to their historical behavior in greater Los Angeles. They also relaxed avoidance of anthropogenic landscape features such as trails and development, which likely facilitated increased traveling efficiency. However, there was no detectable change in road-crossing, despite reduced traffic volume.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">Our results support the theoretical prediction that animals maximize movement efficiency and suggest that carnivores incur energetic costs while avoiding humans. While mountain lions may restrict movement at the landscape-level relative to barriers, they appear to increase distances moved at finer scales when avoiding human activity - highlighting the scale-dependent nature of animal responses to human disturbance.</p> <p>Avoiding humans can reduce direct mortality of large carnivores and is often suggested to be an important mechanism promoting coexistence in shared landscapes. However, energetic costs incurred by increased movement and space-use while avoiding human activity may have important consequences for population viability, predator-prey interactions, community structure, and human-wildlife conflict. Management providing sufficient wild prey and education regarding best practices for protection of domestic animals are important for conserving large carnivores in human-dominated landscapes.</p>
The lion's mane: sexual and natural selection on pollen morphology in Taraxacum
<p>Premise of the study: Spiny pollen has evolved independently in multiple entomophilous lineages. Sexual selection may act on exine traits that facilitate male mating success by influencing the transfer of pollen from the anther to the body of the pollinator, while natural selection acts to increase pollen survival. We postulated that relative to sexual congeners, apomictic dandelions undergo relaxed selection on traits associated with male mating success.</p> <p>Methods: We explored sexual selection on exine traits by measuring the propensity for <i>Taraxacum spp.</i> pollen to attach to hairs of flower-visiting bumblebees (<i>Bombus </i>spp.) or flies (Diptera: Syrphidae and Muscoidea), and assessed natural selection by testing whether pollen traits defend against consumption.</p> <p>Key Results: Pollen picked up by bumblebees exhibited a narrower subset of spine spacing phenotypes, consistent with stabilizing selection. Flies picked up larger pollen from flowers than expected at random. Surveys of corbiculae (pollen basket) contents from foraging bumblebees and feces of flies showed that pollen consumed by both kinds of visitors is similar in spine characteristics and size to pollen produced by the donor. When bees visit inflorescences of apomictic <i>T. officinale</i>, they pick up pollen with spine spacing phenotypes above the mean and shifted towards those of sexual <i>T</i>. <i>ceratophorum.</i></p> <p>Conclusions: We demonstrate that traits under sexual selection during pollen pickup vary among pollinators, while natural selection for pollen defense is nil in <i>T. ceratophorum</i>. In hybrid zones between apomictic and sexual dandelions, pollen traits place apomictic donors at a dispersal disadvantage, potentially reinforcing reproductive isolation.</p>
Figure 9 in Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis
Figure 9. Timing of dispersal of Otariidae into the Southern Hemisphere, as constrained by molecular clock (Yonezawa et al., 2009), fossil, and climatic data. Youngest ages of fossil taxa Hydrarctos lomasiensis (Muizon, 1978; Pilleri, 1990; Ehret et al., 2012) and Arctocephalus sp. nov. (Avery & Klein, 2011) indicated by circles, with possible oldest ages indicated by the dashed lines. Temperature data from Fedorov et al. (2013) and Rousselle et al. (2013) based on Ocean Deep-drilling Program sites 1021 (high latitude), 1010 (subtropical), and U1338 (tropical). Opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) from Farrell et al. (1995). Vertical red line indicates maximum sea surface temperature (SST) temperature tolerance reconstructed for ancestor of southern clade. Green horizontal bar indicates the most likely time period of dispersal into the Southern Hemisphere from the North Pacific, when subtropical SSTs were depressed and equatorial productivity was high.
Figure 8 in Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis
Figure 8. Ancestral maximal sea surface temperature (SST) tolerance for Otariidae. Phylogeny used was the EX combined evidence phylogeny, which excludes fossil taxa with 50% or fewer cells coded for morphology. Fossil taxa are excluded. Extinct taxa are annotated with †.
Figure 7 in Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis
Figure 7. Pattern of otariid dispersal based upon Bayesian ancestral area reconstruction presented in Figure 6. Numbers in circles represent major centres of origin, and with directions of dispersals indicated by arrows. Less certain dispersal routes are indicated by black dashed lines. 1, origin of Otariidae in North Pacific; 2, origin of Southern Hemisphere clade in eastern South Pacific; 3, dispersal of ancestor of Phocarctos to New Zealand; 4, dispersal of ancestor of Arctocephalus to South Africa; 5, tentative dispersal of Arctophoca tropicalis to Southern Ocean; 6, dispersal of Arctophoca gazella to Southern Ocean; 7, dispersal of Otaria and Arctophoca australis to Atlantic coastline of South America; 8, dispersal of Arctop. australis to New Zealand and Australia; 9, tentative dispersal of Arctocephalus to Australia from South Africa; 10, dispersal of Arctocephalus philippii to the west coast of North America; 11, dispersal of Zalophus to the Galapagos. Historic presence of sea lions (grey silhouettes) and fur seals (black silhouettes) on map indicated. Dispersal of Neophoca into Indian Ocean not shown.
Figure 6 in Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis
Figure 6. Results of Bayesian (A) and maximum parsimony (B) ancestral area reconstruction. Phylogeny used was the EX combined evidence phylogeny, which excludes fossil taxa with 50% or fewer cells coded for morphology. Key in lower left corner is for both A and B. Extinct taxa indicated by †. RASP in figure key refers to the program used for Bayesian ancestral character state reconstruction.
Figure 4 in Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis
Figure 4. Results of Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of molecules. Mitochondrial DNA (A) includes cytochrome b and d-loop sequences. Nuclear DNA (B) includes interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein 3, growth hormone receptor, and feline sarcoma oncogene gene sequences. Fur seal icons in black represent members of Arctocephalinae and sea lion icons in grey represent members of Otariinae. Nodes with high support (posterior probability ≥ 0.95) are indicated by a black circle; nodes with moderate support (posterior probability = 0.90−0.94) are indicated by a white circle. Extinct taxa are annotated with †.
Figure 2 in Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis
Figure 2. Results of prior analyses of otariid phylogeny using molecular data. Fur seal icons in black represent members of Arctocephalinae and sea lion icons in grey represent members of Otariinae.
Figure 3 in Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis
Figure 3. Results of maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters. Fur seal icons in black represent members of Arctocephalinae and sea lion icons in grey represent members of Otariinae. Nodes with high support (bootstrap ≥ 70) are indicated by a black circle; nodes with moderate support (bootstrap = 50–70) are indicated by a white circle. Extinct taxa are annotated with †.
Figure 1 in Colonization of the Southern Hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis
Figure 1. Results of prior analyses of otariid phylogeny using morphological data. Fur seal icons in black represent members of Arctocephalinae and sea lion icons in grey represent members of Otariinae. Extinct taxa are annotated with †.
FIGURE 2 in Opuntia leoglossa sp. nov. (Cactaceae): a new identity for the aloctone "Lion's Tongue" cactus
FIGURE 2. Holotype (Sheet 1 of 3) of Opuntia leoglossa (MEL2023597!), housed at MEL. Reproduced with permission from the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria (National Herbarium of Victoria, MEL).
FIGURE 1 in Opuntia leoglossa sp. nov. (Cactaceae): a new identity for the aloctone "Lion's Tongue" cactus
FIGURE 1. Morphological features of Opuntia leoglossa. A. Plant in habitat B. Detailed aspects of the cladodes C. Cladodes with flower buds and flowers in anthesis D. Detailed aspects of the flowers E. Cladodes with unripe fruits F. Ripe fruits. (Photo acknowledgments: A,B,C,D—© M. Fagg, 2008–2009; E—© R.G. & F.J. Richardson, 2005; F—© R.C.H. Shepherd, 2005).
Age at weaning in Steller sea lions
<p>The duration of offspring care is critical to female fitness and population resilience by allowing flexibility in life history strategies in a variable environment. Yet, for many mammals capable of extended periods of maternal care, estimates of the duration of offspring dependency are not available and the relative importance of flexibility of this trait on fitness and population viability has rarely been examined. We used data from 4,447 Steller sea lions <i>Eumetopias jubatus</i> from the Gulf of Alaska and multistate hidden Markov mark-recapture models to estimate age-specific weaning probabilities. Maternal care beyond age 1 was common: weaning was later for animals from Southeast Alaska (SEAK) and Prince William Sound (PWS, weaning probabilities: 0.538–0.648 / 0.784–0.873 by age 1 / 2) compared to animals born to the west (0.714–0.855 / 0.798–0.938). SEAK/PWS animals were also smaller than those born farther west, suggesting a possible link. Females weaned slightly earlier (+0.080 at age 1 and 2) compared with males in SEAK only. Poor survival for weaned versus unweaned yearlings occurred in southern SEAK (female survival probabilities: 0.609 versus 0.792) and the central Gulf (0.667 versus 0.901), suggesting poor conditions for juveniles in these areas. First-year survival increased with neonatal body mass (NBM) linearly in the Gulf and non-linearly in SEAK. The probability of weaning at age 1 increased linearly with NBM for SEAK animals only. Rookeries where juveniles weaned at earlier ages had lower adult female survival, but age at weaning was unrelated to population trends. Our results suggest the time to weaning may be optimized for different habitats based on long-term average conditions (e.g., prey dynamics), that may also shape body size, with limited short-term plasticity. An apparent trade-off of adult survival in favor of juvenile survival and large offspring size in the endangered Gulf of Alaska population requires further study.</p>
Predator biomass, prey biomass landcover and climate data from spotted hyaena and lion sites in Africa
<p class="Thesisnormal">The spotted hyaena (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i> Erxleben) and the lion (<i>Panthera leo</i> Linnaeus) are two of the most abundant and charismatic large mammalian carnivores in Africa and yet both are experiencing declining populations and significant pressures from environmental change. However, with few exceptions, most studies have focused on influences upon spotted hyaena and lion populations within individual sites, rather than synthesising data from multiple locations. This has impeded the identification of over-arching trends behind the changing biomass of these large predators.</p> <p class="Thesisnormal">Using Partial Least Squares regression models, influences upon population biomass were therefore investigated, focusing upon prey biomass, temperature, precipitation and vegetation cover. Additionally, as both species are in competition with one other for food, the influence of competition and evidence of environmental partitioning were assessed.</p> <p class="Thesisnormal">Our results indicate that spotted hyaena<i> </i>biomass is more strongly influenced by environmental conditions than lion, with larger hyaena populations in areas with warmer winters, cooler summers, less drought and more semi-open vegetation cover.</p> <p class="Thesisnormal">Competition was found to have a negligible influence upon spotted hyaena and lion populations, and environmental partitioning is suggested, with spotted hyaena population biomass greater in areas with more semi-open vegetation cover. Moreover, spotted hyaena is most heavily influenced by the availability of medium-sized prey biomass, whereas lion is influenced more by large size prey biomass. Given the influences identified upon spotted hyaena populations in particular, the results of this study could be used to highlight populations potentially at greatest risk of decline, such as in areas with warming summers and increasingly arid conditions.</p>
restoration of a lying lion (face)
<p>The ‘Lying Lion’ sculpture is one of two statues situated in an antithetical order in the foreground of the main entrance of the Radziwiłł Palace in Nieborów. It was sculpted probably by Johann Georg Plersch's workshop in the 18th century. The figures of lions were not designed for the Palace in Niebrów. They were purchased after the first world war from the Tyszkiewicz family estate in Landwarów. Later the lion was brought to the Faculty of Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art, Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, Poland for its restoration. This dataset is presented in the article "Approach for Identification of Geometry Change on Cultural Heritage Surface" (https://library.imaging.org/ei/articles/33/18/art00005)</p>
LEAL LION COLOR
PHOTOS TO 3D MODEL OF LEAL LION Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Lion glazed tile
Lion glazed tile from Vyborg Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Canova Crouching Lion Replica
The Canova Lions sculpted by Antonio Canova in 1792 for the tomb of Pope Clement XIII in St Peter's in Rome. They are also known as the "sleeping lion" and the "crouching lion" Lion sculpture photogrammetry (50 photos) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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