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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Fig. 8 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 8. Evolution of the most conserved morphological traits in Solanum with <10 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Pseudostipules; B, Enlarged anther connectives; C, Anther modifications; D, Pedicel insertion. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Fig. 4 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 4. Evolution of the most highly labile morphological traits in Solanum with>100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Growth form; B, Sympodial unit structure; C, Glandular trichomes; D, Corolla shape; E, Corolla colour; F, Fruit colour. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.

Fig. 3 in Description of a new species of Hobbsinella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Bathynellidae) from Colorado (USA) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 3. Hobbsinella gunnisonensis Camacho & Taylor sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MNCN/ARTP20.04/20172). A. ThI. B. ThII. C. ThIII. D. ThIV. E. ThV. Scale bar in mm.

Fig. 5 in Description of a new species of Hobbsinella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Bathynellidae) from Colorado (USA) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships among the species of the family Bathynellidae Grobben, 1904 included in this study. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on COI and 18S. Hobbsinella gunnisonensis Camacho & Taylor sp. nov. is highlighted in red. The same topology was recovered under a Maximum Likelihood approach. Support for each node is represented by the posterior probabilities (PP) resulting from the Bayesian Inference analysis and the bootstrap support values (BS) obtained for the Maximum Likelihood tree (PP/BS). C = cave.

Fig. 4 in Description of a new species of Hobbsinella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Bathynellidae) from Colorado (USA) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 4. Hobbsinella gunnisonensis Camacho & Taylor sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MNCN/ARTP20.04/20172). A. ThVI. B. ThVII. C. ThVIII. D. Pleopod. E. Furcal ramus, dorsal view. F. Uropod, dorsal view. Scale bar in mm.

Fig. 1 in Description of a new species of Hobbsinella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Bathynellidae) from Colorado (USA) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 1. Field study area, showing the type locality (Lottis Creek, cross in circle). A. State of Colorado with known bathynellaceans Hobbsinella gunnisonensis Camacho & Taylor sp. nov. (white circles, cross in circle for type locality) and Bathynella riparia Pennak & Ward, 1985 (white triangle). Small black circles: 48 streambed sites sampled during the summer 2018 using a Bou-Rouch pump where Bathynellacea Chappuis, 1915 were not detected. Light blue shaded areas: approximate Late Pleistocene glacial extent from Leonard (2007: fig. 2). Pink-brown shading: the Gunnison River Drainage Basin. Green-Southern Rockies US EPA Level 3 Ecoregion. Stream order (3–7) indicated by dark blue line width, 1st and 2nd order streams not shown. Red line: continental divide. Colorado counties shown as thin black lines. B. Conterminous United States in North America, with distributions of Hobbsinella edwardensis Camacho et al., 2018 (squares) and Hobbsinella gunnisonensis (circles). Colorado River Drainage Basin indicated in darker brown.

Fig. 2 in Description of a new species of Hobbsinella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Bathynellidae) from Colorado (USA) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 2. Hobbsinella gunnisonensis Camacho & Taylor sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (MNCN/ARTP20.04/20172). A. AI. B. AII. C. Labrum. D. Paragnath. E. Masticatory part of Md. F. Md. G. MxI. H. MxII. Scale bar in mm.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

Fig. 3. Morphological characters defining the bee genus Colletes. A. Fore wing, C. fasciatus Smith, 1853 in Taxonomic revision of the southern African Colletes fasciatus species group (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)

Fig. 3. Morphological characters defining the bee genus Colletes. A. Fore wing, C. fasciatus Smith, 1853, ♂. B. Glossa, C. watmoughi Kuhlmann, 2007, ♀. C. Propodeum, C. ruschia sp. nov., ♀, paratype (CMK), posterior view. D. Propodeum, C. ruschia sp. nov., ♀, paratype (CMK), lateral view.

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Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)

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publicJan 2023View details →

opencc-by-3.0Sep 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 1. Map of Montenegro with the location of Obodska Cave.

opencc-by-3.0Sep 2017View details →

Fig. 2 in A new species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) from Obodska Cave (Montenegro) based on morphological and molecular characters

Fig. 2. Scheme of Obodska Cave. 1, 2, 3, 4 = sampling localities.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Data from: Body size correlates with discrete character morphological proxies

Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) is a statistical ordination technique commonly applied to morphology-based cladistic matrices to study macroevolutionary patterns, morphospace occupation and disparity. However, PCoA-based morphospaces are dissociated from the original data; therefore, whether such morphospaces accurately reflect body plan disparity or extrinsic factors, such as body size, remains uncertain. We collated nine character-taxon matrices of dinosaurs together with body mass estimates for all taxa and tested for relationships between body size and both the principal ordinated axis of variation (PCo1) and the entire set of PCo scores. The possible effects of body size on macroevolutionary hypotheses derived from ordinated matrices were tested by re-evaluating evidence for the accelerated accumulation of avian-type traits indicated by a strong directional shift in PCo1 scores in hypothetical ancestors of modern birds. Body mass significantly accounted for, on average, approximately 50 and 16 per cent of the phylogenetically corrected variance in PCo1 and all PCo scores, respectively. Along the avian stem lineage, approximately 30 per cent of the morphological variation is attributed to the reconstructed body masses of each ancestor. When the effects of body size are adjusted, the period of accelerated trait accumulation is replaced by a more gradual, additive process. Our results indicate that even at low proportions of variance, body size can noticeably effect macroevolutionary hypotheses generated from ordinated morphospaces. Future studies should thoroughly explore the nature of their character data in association with PCoA-based morphospaces and use a residual/covariate approach to account for potential correlations with body size.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Data from: Morphological characters can strongly influence early animal relationships inferred from phylogenomic data sets

There are considerable phylogenetic incongruencies between morphological and phylogenomic data for the deep evolution of animals. This has contributed to a heated debate over the earliest-branching lineage of the animal kingdom: The sister to all other Metazoa (SOM). Here we use published phylogenomic datasets (∼45,000-400,000 characters in size with ∼15-100 taxa) that focus on early metazoan phylogeny to evaluate the impact of incorporating morphological datasets (∼15-275 characters). We additionally use small exemplar datasets to quantify how increased taxon sampling can help stabilize phylogenetic inferences. We apply a plethora of common methods, i.e. likelihood models and their "equivalent" under parsimony: character weighting schemes. Our results are at odds with the typical view of phylogenomics, i.e., that genomic-scale datasets will swamp out inferences from morphological data. Instead, weighting morphological data 2-10× in both likelihood and parsimony can in some cases "flip" which phylum is inferred to be the SOM. This typically results in the molecular hypothesis of Ctenophora as the SOM flipping to Porifera (or occasionally Placozoa). However, greater taxon sampling improves phylogenetic stability, with some of the larger molecular datasets (>200,000 characters and up to ∼100 taxa) showing node stability even with ≧100× up-weighting of morphological data. Accordingly, our analyses have three strong messages. A) The assumption that genomic data will automatically "swamp out" morphological data is not always true for the SOM question. Morphological data have a strong influence in our analyses of combined datasets, even when outnumbered thousands of times by morphological data. Morphology therefore should not be counted out a priori. B.) We here quantify for the first time how the stability of the SOM node improves for several genomic datasets when the taxon sampling is increased. C.) The patterns of "flipping points" (i.e., the weighting of morphological data it takes to change the inferred SOM) carry information about the phylogenetic stability of matrices. The weighting space is an innovative way to assess comparability of datasets that should be developed into a new sensitivity analysis tool.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Phylogenomics resolves the relationships within Antennaria (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) and yields new insights into its morphological character evolution and biogeography

Antennaria are dioecious perennial herbs distributed mainly in the Holarctic Region with their major center of diversity in the Rocky Mountains of Western North America. The genus comprises 33 known sexual diploid/tetraploid species and at least five polyploid agamic complexes which mostly reproduce by forming asexual seeds. We performed a phylogenetic reconstruction of the 31 sexually-reproducing Antennaria species using a novel target enrichment method that employs custom capture probes and is designed to work across Asteraceae. Both concatenated and coalescent-based analyses of DNA sequence data from hundreds of nuclear loci recovered Antennaria as a monophyletic group except for the long-disputed species, Antennaria linearifolia, which was recovered outside of the genus. Antennaria was further resolved into three distinct, major lineages. Analysis of ancestral state reconstruction of 12 taxonomically important morphological characters elucidated patterns of character evolution throughout the genus. Estimations of ancestral geographic ranges and molecular dating analyses demonstrated the Rocky Mountain region, including the Vancouverian Province, as the center of origin for the genus Antennaria, around 5.8 MYA. Subsequent dispersals of Antennaria into the Arctic and Appalachian provinces, Canadian provinces, and Eurasia took place roughly 3.2 MYA, 2.4 MYA and 1.6 MYA, respectively. Biogeographical Stochastic Mapping indicated that 51.4% of biogeographical events were based on within-area speciation. The remaining 48.6% of the events were divided into two types of dispersals: i) range expansion dispersals (anagenic, 37%) and ii) founder/jump dispersals (cladogenic, 11.6%). Our results provide a framework for future evolutionary studies of Antennaria, including speciation, origin(s) of polyploidy, and agamospermy in the genus.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Data from: The fundamental role of character coding in Bayesian morphological phylogenetics

Phylogenetic trees establish a historical context for the study of organismal form and function. Most phylogenetic trees are estimated using a model of evolution. For molecular data, modeling evolution is often based on biochemical observations about changes between character states. For example, there are four nucleotides, and we can make assumptions about the probability of transitions between them. By contrast, for morphological characters, we may not know a priori how many character states there are per character, as both extant sampling and the fossil record may be highly incomplete, which leads to an observer bias. For a given character, the state space may be larger than what has been observed in the sample of taxa collected by the researcher. In this case, how many evolutionary rates are needed to even describe transitions between morphological character states may not be clear, potentially leading to model misspecification. To explore the impact of this model misspecification, we simulated character data with varying numbers of character states per character. We then used the data to estimate phylogenetic trees using models of evolution with the correct number of character states and an incorrect number of character states. The results of this study indicate that this observer bias may lead to phylogenetic error, particularly in the branch lengths of trees. If the state space is wrongly assumed to be too large, then we underestimate the branch lengths, and the opposite occurs when the state space is wrongly assumed to be too small.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Data from: A new golden species of Diasporus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from southwestern Colombia, with evaluation of the phylogenetic significance of morphological characters in Diasporus

A new species of Diasporus is described from the lowlands of southwestern Colombia. The new species, along with Diasporus citrinobapheus, D. gularis, and D. tigrillo is the only species in this genus known to exhibit a yellowish coloration in life. The new species differs from all other congeners in having two chrome orange spots (=glandlike protrusions) on sacral region, smooth ventral skin, basal webbing between the toes, and distal papillae at tips of disc covers on fingers II–IV and toes II–IV. Further, the new species differs from all congeners by an uncorrected p-distance of >5.56% of the 16S rRNA gene fragment examined. In addition to the new species described herein, we demonstrated that the possession of a yellowish coloration in life optimizes unambiguously as a synapomorphy of a clade within Diasporus, which may be recognized as the Diasporus diastema species group. We also discussed the phylogenetic significance of two morphological characters previously considered of systematic value in Diasporus, the occurrence of oval palmar tubercles (undivided) and longitudinal folds (of the vocal sacs) on the throat. On this basis, we demonstrated that these characters appear to be symplesiomorphies rather than synapomorphies of Diasporus. Regarding pointed disc covers (ungual flap) present in some species of Diasporus, we show that this character conflates various characters, involving variation in pad shape, dorsal outline of the disc (ungual flap), and dependence between discs of different digits. Finally, considering that phenotypic data are a valuable source of evidence in testing phylogenetic hypotheses of terraranan frogs, we encourage future research to incorporate phenotypic evidence into phylogenetic studies involved in the genus Diasporus.

Figure 38 in Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae)

Figure 38. Erythemis vesiculosa distribution map.

Figure 29 in Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae)

Figure 29. Erythemis attala distribution map.

Figure 33 in Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae)

Figure 33. Erythemis haematogastra distribution map.

Figure 34 in Morphological variability and evaluation of taxonomic characters in the genus Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae: Sympetrinae)

Figure 34. Erythemis mithroides distribution map.