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Fig. 31 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 31. Log-ratio diagram of cranial parameters of Hippotheriium primigenium from Höwenegg, Germany, compared with C. merriami. June and Midway quarries, Nebraska.

Fig. 23. Cormohipparion skinneri, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 23. Cormohipparion skinneri, F:AM 73909, Gidley Horse Quarry, Clarendon beds, Texas, medial Clarendonian. A, lateral view of cranium, modified from MacFadden (1984: fig. 133A). B, occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth dentition, reversed. After MacFadden (1984: fig. 133B). C, occlusal view of right lower cheek tooth dentition, reversed. D, right lateral view of mandible (reversed). After MacFadden (1984: fig. 136). Note dashed-line X showing the configuration of the metaconid, metastylid, and ectoflexid in P4 (for premolars) and the H pattern on M1 (for M1 and M2).

Fig. 30 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 30. Cladogram of species of Cormohipparion, the LACM specimen, and Hippotherium primigeniuim with outgroups of Parahippus leonensis, ''Merychippus'' primus, M. insignis. Tree length is 124; Consistency Index is 0.742; Retention Index is 0.782; Homoplasy Index is 0.258. Bootstrap values are in boldface. Based on a character distribution analysis via MacClade 4.08. Nodes 1–8 are as in fig. 27. At Node 9, the maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures form an obtuse angle (14:0); the posterior border of the premolar prefossette has 8–9 plis (23:4). C. matthewi is distinguished by having a reduced MSTHT to ca. 42 mm (18:3), and a lower premolar ectoflexid that penetrates the space between the metaconid and metastylid (31:0). At Node 10, the molar posterior prefossette increases to 10 or more (24:5); the premolar postfossette plis increase to 2–3 (27:1); the molar postfossette plis similarly increase to 2–3 (28:1); and the molar pli caballin is usually double (30:2) The LACM specimen of Cormohipparion is distinguished by having reverted to a P2 protocone that attaches to the protoloph within 20–30% wear (20:2); an increase in premolar posterior prefossette plis to 10 or more (23:5); and an increase in premolar plis caballin to 4 (29:4). Node 11 has no distinguishing characteristics but is the point at which C. occidentale and H. primigenium diverge from the LACM specimen of Cormohipparion. H. primigenium is distinguished by the IOF located above the P2–P3 boundary (10:0); the low position of the IOF relative to the ventral border of the orbit (11:0); the maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures forming an acute angle (14:1); the maxillo-lacrimal and lacrimo-jugal sutures forming an acute angle; the dP1/P2 length ratio retained at ca. 60% (17:1); and their being 8–9 molar anterior postfossette plis. C. occidentale is distinguished in having an unworn cheek tooth MSTHT 60–66 mm (18:6); their being 8–9 molar posterior prefossette plis (24:4); and the orbit being posterior to M3 (38:2). At Node 12, the IOF is located above P2 (36:1). C. fricki is distinguished by having a palpable anterior rim of the DPOF (8:1); molars have 2–3 plis on the anterior border of the prefossette (22:1); the protocone retains a spur (35:0); and the orbit is posterior to M3 (38:2). C. skinneri is distinguished by having the lower premolar ectoflexid making an X-pattern with the metaconid/metastylid (31:2).

Fig. 27 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 27. Cladogram of species of Cormohipparion, with outgroups of Parahippus leonensis, ''Merychippus'' primus, M. insignis. Tree length is 93; Consistency Index is 0.849; Retention Index is 0.770; Homoplasy Index is 0.208. Bootstrap values are in boldface. Based on a character distribution analysis via MacClade 4.08. Node 1 is the outgroup, Parahippus leonensis. Node 2 shows that ''M.'' primus can be distinguished by the lacrimo-jugal and maxillo-lacrimal sutures forming a right angle (15:0). At Node 3, the mesodont taxa M. insignis + Cormohipparion are distinguished by having an anteriorly oriented nasomaxillary fossa (5:1); maxillo-lacrimal and naso-lacrimal sutures form an acute angle (14:2); P2 protocone connecting to the protoloph in late wear (50–60%; 20:4); premolar anterior postfossette plis are 2–3 (25:1); molar anterior postfossette plis are 2–3 (26:1); molar pli caballin is usually single (30:1); protocone is isolated from, rather than connected to, the protoloph (34:1); and the orbit is positioned above M3 (38:1). Merychippus insignis is distinguished by having the IOF above P4 (10:2); the length ratio of dP1–P2 is about 50% (17:1); the hypoconal groove in the cheek teeth has 1–2 plis (33:1). At Node 4 (Cormohipparion), the lacrimal fossa is absent (1:1); the anterior end of the lacrimal fossa thus is absent (4:2); the IOF is aligned with the lower one-third of the orbit (12:1); the lacrimal is pointed anteriorly (13:1); the upper premolars have 4–5 plis in the posterior border of the prefossette (23:2); the upper molars have 4–5 plis in the posterior border of the prefossette (24:2); the lower premolar ectoflexid retracts from the metaconid/metastylid in early wear (31:1); and the IOF is located below the anterior end of the nasomaxillary fossa (37:1) C. goorisi is distinguished by having the P2 protocone connect to the protoloph within 40–50% wear (20:3); the lower premolar isthmus is not developed in early wear (32:1). At Node 5, there are 4–5 plis in the premolar anterior border of the postfossette (25:2); the premolar pli caballin is usually double (29:2); and the protocone lacks a spur (35:1).

Fig. 14. Cormohipparion matthewi. F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 14. Cormohipparion matthewi. F:AM 71802, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska. A, lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of upper cheek tooth dentition.

Figure 16 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 16. Right otoccipital of LACM 23845 in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; quadrate process of the left pterygoid in lateral (C) and medial (D) views.

Figure 19 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens.

Figure 15 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views.

Figure 11 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 11. Facial bones of LACM 23845. Left maxilla in lateral view (A); right lacrimal in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views; left quadratojugal in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; squamosal process of right quadratojugal in lateral (G) and medial (H) views, and the jugal process of the right quadratojugal in lateral (I) and medial (J) views.

Figure 9 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views.

Figure 10 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), PIN 551–1 after Maleev (1974), and CMN 8506 after Russell (1970).

Figure 12 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 12. Comparison of the quadratojugal of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and PIN 551–2 after Maleev (1974).

Figure 8 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 8. Comparison of the dorsal skull roof of LACM 28345 with other tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970).

Figure 6 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 6. Comparison of the snouts of tyrannosaurids in left lateral view showing the contact of the antorbital fossa and nasal suture among tyrannosaurids. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970).

Figure 5 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 5. Comparison of the right dentary (reversed) of LACM 28471 with those of other tyrannosaurid juveniles.

Figure 7 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 7. Comparison of tyrannosaurid snouts in dorsal view, showing the appressed state of the nasal processes of the premaxilla in Tyrannosaurus rex. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), CMN 8506 modified after Russell (1970).

Figure 13 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 13. Comparison of the surangular of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and CMN 8506 after Russell (1970).

Figure 3 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 3. Mandibular bones of LACM 28471. Right surangular in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views; left (D) and right (E) dentaries in lateral view with diagrammatic cross sections of teeth. Cross sections are not to scale.

Figure 1 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 1. Facial bones of LACM 28471. Snout in dorsal view (A); frontal process of nasals in dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views; snout in left lateral (D) and right lateral (E) views, and the nasal process of the right maxilla in lateral (F) and medial (G) views.

Figure 2 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 2. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 28471. Left frontal (A) and right frontal (B) in dorsal view; joint surface of the parietal in caudal view (C); joint surface of the postorbital in lateral view (D) and cross section of this contact (E); left frontal in ventral (F) and lateral (G) views and cross section through the orbit (H); parietals in left lateral (I), rostral (J), right lateral (K), dorsal (L), and ventral (M) views; nuchal crest fragment in rostral (N), dorsal (O), and caudal (P) views.