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PEC01 Elemental chemistry of plant tissue collected for the Konza LTER aboveground plant biomass on Konza Prairie core watersheds
Dataset contains elemental chemistry (N, C, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Si, Ti, V, and Zn) of dried and ground, end-of-season, above-ground live tissue from grasses, forbs, and woody plants collected on Tully soils in the watersheds 001d, 004b, and 020b. N and C are provided as percentages; all other elements are provided as parts per million (ppm). Within plant growth type (grasses, forbs, and woody) and year, elemental concentrations were measured on one pooled (2g) sample containing four (0.5g) subsamples of ground and dried plant tissue (subsamples included from recent years were named TA2, TB2, TC2, and TD2; subsamples included from older years were named: TA2, TA4, TB2, TB4). For more information on plant sampling see the description of the Konza LTER PAB01 aboveground plant biomass dataset (Blair & Nippert). Elemental chemistry was analyzed using combustion analysis for percent N and using hot plate digestion and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for concentrations of metals (ppm) at the Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory (https://cnal.cals.cornell.edu/).
SMB01 Variation in soil respiration and bacterial community due to species-specific plant-soil history at konza prairie
We conducted a “home vs. away” plant-soil feedback greenhouse experiment using two C3 grass species (Bromus inermis and Pascopyrum smithii) grown in soil collected from Konza Prairie. We used a closed-circuit CO2 trapping method and isotopic analysis to differentiate between root-derived and SOM-derived CO2 production. We investigated how soil chemistry and soil bacterial communities differed in soils with a history of B. inermis vs soils with a history of P. smithii.
WPE01 Assessing the value added of NEON for using machine learning to quantify vegetation mosaics and woody plant encroachment at Konza Prairie
Woody encroachment, or invasion of woody plants, is rapidly shifting tallgrass prairie into shrub and evergreen dominated ecosystems, mainly due to exclusion of fire. Tracking the pace and extent of woody encroachment is difficult because shrubs and small trees are much smaller than the coarse resolution (>10m2) of common remote sensed images. However, the US government has been investing in finer resolution (<2m2) remote sensing through USDA NAIP and the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), both of which cost multi-million dollars each year and contain different remote sensed products. We compared two methods of classification (random forests and support vector machines) with these two freely available remotely sensed aerial images to determine if and how much NEON adds to classification accuracy and determine which method of machine learning was more accurate. All models have very high overall classification accuracy (>91%), with the NEON image a few percent more accurate than NAIP. The NEON image significantly relies on canopy height (LiDAR) to make classifications, but the importance of bands is more evenly distributed during NAIP classification. Lastly, accuracy for Eastern Red Cedar specifically is high with NEON (78-84%), compared to the relatively low classification accuracy using NAIP imagery (55-61%).
BGPVC Plant species composition in the Belowground Plot Experiment at Konza Prairie
Two permanent plant composition plots were marked with conduit in each of the 64 plots. Canopy cover was recorded in a 5 m2circular area surrounding each of the plots. At approximately 5-year intervals, coverage is assessed in late July, using visual estimates of cover by species, based on a modified Daubenmire scale. In 1989, sampling was done once in early July after mowing using one 10 m2 plot placed randomly in the approximate center of each plot. In 1994, plant composition sampling was done in early June in the unmowed plots; sampling in the mowed plots occurred in August. In 1999, two permanent conduits were placed in each plot, and sampling was conducted in June, before mowing, and again in August using 5 m2 plot sizes. In 2005 and afterward, sampling was reduced to one time in late July. Sampling occurred once every five years until 2015. Plots have been sampled annually since 2016. Two of the long-term unburned plots in a wildfire in 1994 and 1995. Those plots and years of the fire are indicated on the linked plot map. The mowing treatment was discontinued after 2002 due to invasion of the mowed plots by old world bluestem grasses. Data users should check for exotic species impacts on specific mowed subplots prior to this. In addition, fertilization in all plots ceased in 2017 as part of recovery from chronic N enrichment experiment.
CMY01 Mycorrhizal colonization and plant community responses to long-term suppression of Mycorrhizal Fungi
Twenty replicate permanent 2x2 m plots were established in early 1991 along a randomly located transect, with a 2m space between each plot, on the following watersheds: 1B, 1D, annually burned HQB, 10B, 20D and infrequently burned HQB. Ten of the plots were randomly assigned as long-term mycorrhizal suppression plots. In each of these plots, AM fungi were suppressed by the application of the fungicide benomyl as a soil drench (7.5 liters per plot) at the rate of 1.25 g/m2 (active ingredient). The mycorrhizal suppression plots were treated biweekly throughout each growing season (April through October) beginning in 1991. The control plots each received no fungicide, but an equivalent volume of water (7.5 liters) was applied biweekly. To evaluate the effectiveness of the fungicide, three soil cores (2.5 cm diameter x 14 cm deep) were removed from both fungicide-treated and control plots each October throughout the study. Roots were extracted from the soil, washed free of soil, stained in trypan blue (Phillips and Hayman, 1970), and examined microscopically to assess percentage root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi using a Petri dish scored in 1-cm squares (Daniels et al.1981).
PAB04 Aboveground primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass on miscellaneous LTER watersheds
Data set contains estimates of end-of-season standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, current year's dead, and previous year's dead vegetation for 2 soil types (shallow and deep) on watersheds of various burning-grazing treatments. Twenty quadrats (0.1 square meters) are harvested for each soil/treatment type. NOTE: Early (April) and mid-season (July) biomass was collected from 1983-1988, and these data are vailable by request.
PBB01 Belowground Plot Experiment: Aboveground net primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass
To address the potential interactive effects of fire, aboveground biomass removal, and nutrient amendments on above- and belowground responses, a long-term field experiment was initiated in 1986 as part of the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program. The general goals of this experiment are: 1) to document both short- and long-term responses of plants and soils to fire, aboveground biomass removal (a surrogate for grazing in these small plots), and nutrient amendments (additions of N and/or P); and 2) to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying tallgrass prairie responses to fire, aboveground biomass removal and nutrient enrichment. Peak foliage biomass is measured annually in late fall (September to October) on the 64 belowground plots. Effects of burning, mowing and N + P additions on aboveground NPP are measured. Two 0.1m2 quadrats harvested per plot). 2003 was the last year the mowing treatment was implemented.
PEB01 Aboveground net primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass in grazing exclsoures on bison-grazed watersheds
Data set contains estimates of end-of-season standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, and previous year's dead vegetation in grazing exclosures. Date from exclosures is used to determine long-term effects of bison grazing on aboveground net primary productivity.
PBG01 Plant species composition in the Patch Burning-grazing Experiment at Konza Prairie
‘PBG’ datasets are associated with a long-term, large-scale study that is addressing the effects of fire-grazing interactions in the context of a Patch-Burn Grazing management system designed to promote grassland heterogeneity. Effects of patch-burn grazing management on plant and animal diversity and the nature and variety of wildlife habitat are being assessed in two replicate management units, each consisting of three pastures (watersheds) designated C03A/C03B/C03C and C3SA/C3SB/C3SC. In each patch-burn grazing unit, one watershed is burned and two that are left unburned in a given year. The burning treatments are rotated annually so that each pasture is burned every third year. Each patch-burn grazing unit is paired with an annually-burned pasture for comparison with traditional grazing systems (C01A and C1SB). All grazing units are stocked with cow/calf pairs from approximately 1 May until 1 Oct at a stocking density equal to 3.2 ha per cow/calf. To examine the impact of patch burning and grazing in all 8 units, we monitor changes in plant species composition, residual biomass, grassland bird populations, insect populations, small mammal populations, soil nutrients, and stream water quality1(1C3SA/C3SB/C3SC unit only). The KSU Department of Animal Science monitors cattle performance, including weight gain and body condition to assess the economic feasibility of using patch-burn management on a widespread basis.
PPH01 Phenology of selected plant species at Konza Prairie
Twenty-nine selected species of grasses, forbs, and woody vegetation characteristic of a variety of habitats on Konza Prairie are used for phenological measurements. These species are observed weekly for the entire growing season and changes in their phenological states are recorded. The following phenological states are used for this survey: (1) initiation of growth, (2) first anthesis, (3) duration of anthesis, (4) fruits mature, (5) leaves more than 90% dry.
PVC01 Plant species composition on selected watersheds at Konza Prairie
Canopy coverage and frequency of plant species were estimated visually in 20 circular 10 sq m plots. Six treatments were sampled, three ungrazed and three to be grazed (in the future) by native grazers (bison). In each case, one of the three watersheds was unburned, another burned annually in April, and the third burned every four years in April. In each treatment two soils were sampled: a lower slope deep fertile non-rocky soil (Tully silty clay loam) and a shallow rocky soil (Florence cherty silt loam) on level to gently sloping ridges.
PVC02 Plant species composition on selected watersheds at Konza Prairie
Canopy coverage of all vascular plant species were estimated in 20 circular 10 sq m plots for each of the topographic positions within each included watershed at Konza Prairie.
PAB03 Aboveground primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass on LTER watersheds burned at different seasons
Data set contains estimates of standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, and previous year's dead vegetation for 2 soil types (shallow and deep) and seasonal burning treatments (spring, summer, fall, winter).
CSM03 Seasonal summary of numbers of small mammals on the two LTER traplines in planted grassland (Brome fields) habitats at Konza Prairie
Data set contains seasonal summaries (spring, summer and autumn) of the number of individuals of each species of small mammal captured (relative abundance) on each woodland trapline. Each record contains year, season, trapline and number of individuals captured of each species. These live trap records are based on daily captures during a single 4-day trapping period in spring (early March to early April), summer (early July to late July) and autumn (mid-October to early December) for each of four permanent traplines established in two habitats (two traplines in gallery forest and two on limestone ledges). Bison did not graze any of the treatment units during the period of study.
VIR01 Effects of invertebate and vertebrate herbivory on tallgrass prairie plant community composition and biomass, Konza Prairie LTER
The effects of herbivores and their interactions with nutrient availability on primary production and plant community composition in grassland systems is expected to vary with herbivore type. Although nutrient additions are known to affect plant species diversity and primary productivity, the role of herbivores in mediating the strength of these effects also remains unclear. Herbivores may alter plant responses to nutrient additions in several ways. First, herbivores can alter the plant community response to nutrient additions by either selectively feeding on particular groups of species (e.g. grasses versus forbs) or by generally opening up space, allowing for species turnover and immigration. Second, feeding by herbivores may reduce the production response to nutrient additions if the plants cannot compensate for tissue lost to herbivory. As the functional effects of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores on plant community composition and production may vary, the interactive effects of vertebrate versus invertebrate herbivores with nutrient additions may also vary. Here we are experimentally assessing the independent and interactive effects of removing vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores on aboveground biomass and plant community composition in native tallgrass prairie. Further, we are examining whether the removal of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores interacts with nutrient availability. By doing this, we address three related questions: 1) what is the relative strength of the effects of invertebrate versus vertebrate herbivory in a grassland system; 2) how does herbivory (invertebrate and/or vertebrate) affect the relative abundances of grasses and forbs, the two dominant plant functional types within the ecosystem; and 3) what are the consequences of these changes in composition for aboveground net primary productivity, an important ecosystem function?
PAB05 Aboveground net primary productivity of tallgrass prairie based on accumulated plant biomass on the LTER fire reversal experiment watersheds
Data set contains estimates of end-of-season standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, and previous year's dead vegetation for 2 soil types (shallow and deep) on the four Fire Reversal Experiment watersheds. This experiment is based on reversing fire treatments on four watersheds, two of which had a history of annual spring burning and two of which had a history of long-term fire suppression. The dataset includes both pre- and post-fire treatments.
Effect of plant density and light availability on leaf damage in Manilkara bidentata
Variation in herbivory is often associated with plant density and light environment. To determine the effect of these variables on herbivory we studied leaf production and herbivory on saplings, juveniles and adults of Manilkara bidentata (Sapotaceae) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), Puerto Rico. The major herbivore of M. bidentata is microlepidoptera leaf miner (Acrocercopssp.; Gracillariidae). To determine the effect of plant density on herbivory, 24 - 20 x 20 m plots were established and the density of saplings, juveniles and adults were determined. Leaf production, herbivory and growth were measured on all saplings in the plots. In addition, plant density was determined in 8-20 x 20 m plots surrounding the 24 focal plots. The effect of light environment was determined by comparing leaf phenology, leaf quality and herbivory in the vertical and horizontal profile. Sapling density in 60 x 60 m plots was associated with increased levels of herbivory. In the vertical profile, leaf production was continuous in the canopy and synchronous for juveniles and saplings and herbivory increased from the canopy (1.3%) towards the understory (35.6%). In the horizontal profile leaf production was related with the light environmen. Saplings in low light environment produced leaves in June, while plants in gaps had a broader peak of leaf production. Differences in leaf phenology did not result in differences in herbivory possibly because there was high variation in herbivory among leaves. Although many saplings lost more than 80% of new leaf area, there was no detectable effect on plant growth. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International
Bromeliad plant collection details/data from different elevations in the LEF
Collection details of bromeliads collected for invertebrate community and diversity analysis from 4 localities in the LEF. Dates, location, plant size, amounts, pH and temp. of contained water, and weights of debris retained by the bromeliads. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Factors influencing decomposition of leaves for five plant species at El Verde
We evaluated the influences of leaf quality, climate and microsite on the decomposition of leaves of five tropical tree species. Single-species litterbags were used to determine weight loss during the first three months of decomposition in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Significant differences were found in decomposition rates among leaf species (Inga fagifolia < I. vera < Manilkara bidentata < C-roton poecilanthus << Sapium laurocerasus), but only S. laurocerasus differed significantly from the other species. Lignin had a suggestive negative correlation with leaf decomposition while carbon content and the lignin:N ratio were significantly correlated with mass loss. Content of N, P, Ca, and polyphenol were not significantly correlated with mass loss, but several of the litter quality variables were correlated with each other. Leaf species decomposed faster under canopies of their source trees than in a common plot where the source species were absent. Decomposition in two species in the Euphorbiaceae, S. laurocerasus and C. poecilanthus, was significantly affected by microsite. Leaching losses during the first three weeks were greater under source trees than in the common plot, and may have been associated with differences in canopy structure and throughfall. Differences in detrital communities, however, could have contributed to the differences in decomposition between microsites. Leaves of all species decomposed significantly faster in the wet than in the dry period (P = 0.001) despite little climatic variation in this subtropical wet forest type. This suggests that decomposition of tropical leaf litter might be sensitive to microclimatic changes on the forest floor resulting from either global climate change, or from natural or anthropogenic disturbances that open the canopy. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB
Interactions between plants and fungi and their roles in decay rates and CO2 release in five tropical leaf species
A microcosm experiment was used to test for the effects of interactions between particular plant and fungal decomposer species on rates of leaf decomposition. Each microcosm contained one species of leaf that was sterilized with gamma irradiation and then inoculated with a single fungus. Five plant species and ten fungal species (two dominants from each of the litter types) were used in all possible combinations. Plant species were selected for pair-wise comparisons based on phylogenetic relationships and litter quality characteristics. Decomposition was measured by both mass loss and CO2 release. Differences in weight loss and CO2 evolution were highly significant for plants, fungal species, and their interactions. Mass loss was positively correlated with CO2 evolution. Contrary to our hypotheses, however, microfungal dominants did not decompose their source leaves faster than microfungal dominants from other leaf species, nor were responses to other types of specificity detected. Matching of fungi to leaf substrates by their source, by phylogenetic relationships, or by chemical, physical and structural characteristics was not associated with consistent increases in decomposition. Although previously documented differences in microfungal species composition and dominance among decomposing leaves of different trees were confirmed in this study, such differences apparently do not directly affect the rates of ecosystem processes. The presence in a few of the microcosms of a generalist basidiomycete that had ligninolytic enzymes, Melanotus eccentricus, significantly accelerated the rate of decomposition. Non-specific basidiomycetes may therefore have a stronger effect on early stages of leaf litter decomposition than host-selective microfungi. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Pue
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