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FIG. 19 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 19. — Microstructure of the scales; A-D, Thelodus visvaldi n. sp.; E, F, Thelodus sp. indet.; A, Pi 7644; B, Pi 7645; C, Pi 7646; D, Pi 7647; E, Pi 6445; F, Pi 6365; A, C, sample 20568, Komsomolets Island, upper part of Ludlow; B, sample 2-3k; D, MF 11-1, Matusevich River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation; E, F, sample 2055zh, Pioneer Island, upper part of Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Abbreviations: b, base; cr, crown; dt, dentine tubules; n, neck; pcv, pulp cavity; rcr, ridge on the crown. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 1 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 1. — Distribution of thelodonts in the Silurian section of Pioneer Island; 1, sandstone; 2, sandstone and silty sandstone; 3, argillite; 4, biomorphic limestone; 5, dolomite; 6, dolomitic limestone; 7, oolitic limestone; 8, stromatoporoidal limestone (after Klubov et al. 1980: fig. 2; modified). Cyrillic letters in fig. 2 of Klubov et al. 1980 are in present paper transliterated as follows: A = a; Б = b; B = v; г = g; д = d; E = e; 3 = zh; и = i; K = k; M = m; H = kh.

FIG. 31 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 31. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Greenfieldia orbiculata n. sp. (N 63/12991). Measurements: length 10.9 mm, width 9.1 mm, thickness 9.2 mm; loc. 2, bed 66, Samojlovich Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 2.7 mm.

FIG. 16 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 16. — Goniporus alatus (Gross, 1947), morphological set of scales; A, head scale; B-D, transitional scales; E-Q, trunk scales; A-G1, H, I1, J-L1, M1, N, O1, P1, Q, scales in crown view; G2, I2, L2, M2, O2, P2, scales in base view. LIG 35-236-LIG 35-252; sample 41-1, Spokojnaya River, October Revolution Island, Krasnaya Bukhta Formation, Pridoli, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIG. 15. — Valiukia flabellata n. gen., n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 15. — Valiukia flabellata n. gen., n. sp., microstructure of trunk scales in sagittal view (scale in anise oil); A, LIG 35-856; B, LIG 35-857; C, LIG 35-858. Abbreviations: b, base; c, central (medial) part of the crown; lsp, longitudinal spine of posterior part of the crown; mpc, main pulp canal; pc, pulp canal in lateral spine; sample 2-23, Matusevich River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 21 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 21. — Thelodus ex gr. schmidti (Pander, 1856), morphological set of scales; A-F, K, N, head scales; G, H, trunk scales of type "A"; I, J, L, M, trunk scales of type "B"; O-X, trunk scales of type "C"; A, C-X, scales in crown view; B, scale in lateral view; LIG 35- 254-LIG 35-277. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIG. 8. — Paralogania menneri n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 8. — Paralogania menneri n. sp., morphological set of scales; A, B, head scales; C-G, transitional scales; H-O, transitional(?) scales; P-X, trunk scales; A-H1, I-X, scales in crown view; H2, a scale in base view; A-X, LIG 35-194-LIG 35-217; sample 47-14, Spokojnaya River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 30 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 30. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Hyattidina remota n. sp. (N 60/12991). Measurements: length 6.8 mm, width 8.4 mm, thickness 5.0 mm; loc. 13, bed 48, Golomyannyj Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 4. — Set of scales of Paralogania ex gr. martinssoni (Gross, 1967); A, head scale; B-J, O, transitional scales; K-N, P, R-Z, trunk scales; Q, fin scale; A-D, E1, F-J, L, N-T1, U, V1, W1, Y, Z, scales in crown view; E2, K, M, V2, scales in lateral view; T2, W2, X, scales in base view; A, LIG 35-007; B, LIG 35-001; C, LIG 35-002; D, LIG 35-005; E, LIG 35-006; F, LIG 35-008; G, LIG 35-009; H, LIG 35- 010; I, LIG 35-0013; J, LIG 35-031; K, LIG 35-016; L, LIG 35-017; M, LIG 35-014; N, LIG 35-021; O, LIG 35-012; P, LIG 35-023; Q, LIG 35-024; R, LIG 35-022; S, LIG 35-025; T, LIG 35-019; U, LIG 35-018; V, LIG 35-028; W, LIG 35-029; X, LIG 35-030; Y, LIG 35- 033; Z, LIG 35-032; A-I, K-W, sample 8d-1, Pioneer Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian; J, X-Z, sample 5m-1, Pioneer Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 29 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 29. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating in the development of internal structures in Grebenella laciniatus n. sp. (N 82/12991). Measurements: length 6.8 mm, width?, thickness?; loc. 20399, Rusanov or Al'banov formations. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 1.6 mm.

FIG. 28. — Grebenella laciniatus n in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 28. — Grebenella laciniatus n. sp.; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, lateral view; D, posterior view of a complete shell (N 79/12991), loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''mnaya formations; E, ventral view; F, dorsal view; G, lateral view; H, anterior view of a complete shell (holotype N 78/12991); I, ventral interior with dental lamellae and muscle field (N 80/12991), Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations; J, enlarged external surface of a ventral valve, showing concentric growth lines with the impressions of the spines (N 81/12991), loc. 20399, Rusanov or Al'banov formations. Scale bars: A-D, 5 mm; E-H, 3 mm; I, J, 2 mm.

FIG. 24. — A in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 24. — A, Eohowellella sp., ventral view of a pedicle valve (N 64/12991), loc. 2, bed 79, Samojlovich Formation; B- F, Reticulariopsis talenti Lenz & Johnson, 1985; B, ventral view; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view; E, posterior view of a complete shell (N 65/12991); F, posterior view of a complete shell (N 66/12991), showing delthyrium, loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations. Scale bar: A, 5 mm; B-E, 2 mm; F, 2.5 mm.

FIG. 27 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 27. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Undispirifer? obsoletiplicatus n. sp.; A, ventral valve (N 76/12991), length 17.3 mm, width 12.0? mm; B, dorsal valve (N 77/12991), length 14.7 mm, width 19.9 mm; loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 2.3 mm.

FIG. 22. — A-D, Hyattidina remota n in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 22. — A-D, Hyattidina remota n. sp.; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, anterior view of a complete shell (holotype N 58/12991); D, lateral view of a complete shell (N 59/12991), loc. 13, bed 48, Golomyannyj Formation; E-H, Greenfieldia orbiculata n. sp.; E, ventral view; F, dorsal view; G, lateral view; H, anterior view of a complete shell (holotype N 62/12991), loc. 2, bed 66, Samojlovich Formation; I, Meristina? norilica (Nikiforova in Nikiforova & Andreeva, 1961), ventral view of a complete shell (N 61/12991), loc. 13, bed 27, Srednij Formation; J-M, Dubaria tenera Nikiforova & T. Modzalevskaya, 1968; J, ventral view; K, dorsal view; L, lateral view; M, anterior view of a complete shell (N 57/12991), loc. 13, bed 89, Vodopad Formation. Scale bars: A-C, E-H, 5 mm; D, J-M, 3 mm; I, 6 mm.

FIG. 23 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 23. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Dubaria tenera Nikiforova & T. Modzalevskaya, 1968 (N 15/12991). Measurements: length 5.6 mm, width 8.0 mm, thickness 4.5 mm; loc. 13, bed 64, Golomyannyj Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 11. — Paralogania kachanovi n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 11. — Paralogania kachanovi n. sp., morphological set of the scales; A-E, head scales; F-H, transitional scales; I-T, trunk scales; L, holotype; A-I, J1, K, N, T1, scales in crown view; J2, L, M, O, Q, scales in lateral view; T2, scale in base view; P, R, scales in oblique postero-lateral view; S, scale in oblique lateral view; "×" shows the anterior part of the scale; A-K, LIG 35-039-LIG 35-049; L, LIG 35-050; M-P, LIG 35-051-LIG 35-054; Q-T, LIG 35-873-LIG 35-876; sample 12, Pioneer Island, Pridoli, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIG. 21. — A-H in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 21. — A-H, Anulatrypa nieczlawiensis tenuicostata Tcherkesova in Modzalevskaya & Cherkesova, 1994; A, E, ventral view; B, F, dorsal view; C, G, lateral view; D, H, anterior view of a young and adult complete shells (N 55/12991, 56/12991), loc. 18095, Rusanov Formation; I, Dihelictera cf. lepidota (Nikiforova & T. Modzalevskaya, 1968), ventral view of a pedicle valve (N 47/12991), loc. 2, bed 79, Samojlovich Formation. Scale bars: A-D, I, 5 mm; E-H, 6 mm.

FIG. 7. — Paralogania menneri n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 7. — Paralogania menneri n. sp.; A, transitional scale; B-O, transitional(?) scales; P-T, trunk scales; A-C, E, F, H, J, L, S, scales in crown view; D, a scale in oblique lateral view (posterior end on the left); G, P, scales in base view; N, a scale in lateral view; I, magnified of H; K, magnified of J; M, magnified of L; O, magnified of N; R, magnified of P; T, magnified of S; A, Pi 7618; B, Pi 7607; C, D, Pi 7605; E, Pi 7604; F, LIG 35-871; G, LIG 35-872; H, I, LIG 35-877; J, K, holotype, LIG 35-878; L, M, LIG 35-879; N, O, LIG 35-880; P, R, LIG 35-881; S, T, LIG 35-882; A-E, sample MF 11-1, Matusevich River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation, Ludlow; F, G, sample 18041-14, Komsomolets Island, Ludlow; H, J, L, N, P, S, sample 47-14, Spokojnaya River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bars: A, H-O, R, T, 0.1 mm; B-G, P, S, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 18 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 18. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Sibiritoechia convexa Alekseeva, 1966 (N 46/12991). Measurements: length 6.4 mm, width 6.6 mm, thickness 4.1 mm; loc. 21581, Severnaya or Pod''emnaya formations. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 1.9 mm.

FIG. 19 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 19. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Dihelictera cf. lepidota (Nikiforova & T. Modzalevskaya, 1968); A, ventral valve (N 48/12991), length 10.2 mm, loc. 2, bed 79, Samojlovich Formation; B, dorsal valve (N 49/12991), length 10.0 mm; loc. 11, bed 14, Samojlovich Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 2.3 mm.