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Fig. 5 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 5. Internal structure of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. revealed by Micro-CT; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN72-52, holotype; A1, SEM image; A2, 3D rendering; A3, A5, virtual sections; A4, A6, close-up views. B. ELISN164-15; B1, SEM image; B2, 3D rendering; B3, B4, B7, virtual sections; B5, B6, close-up views. Gap between cell clumps, black arrows (A4, B6, B7); gaps between cells, white arrowhead (A4); interval between polygonal cells, white arrowhead (B5); interval between cells and clumps, black arrowheads (A6, B5, B6); cell clumps, white arrows (B3, B7); external membrane, equilateral arrowhead (B6).

Fig. 13 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 13. Palaeogeographic distribution of the reef-building laminar stromatoporoid genera during the Givetian and Frasnian (Middle–Late Devonian). Localities: 1, Northwest Territories, Canada (MacNeil and Jones 2016); 2, Dinant Basin, southern Belgium (Da Silva et al. 2011a, b); 3, Anti‐Atlas, Morocco (Jakubowicz et al. 2019); 4, Esfahan, central Iran (Mistiaen and Gholamalian 2000); 5, Guizhou, South China; 6, Canning Basin, western Australia (Cockbain 1984); 7, Queensland, eastern Australia (Cook 1999). Palaeogeographic map is based on Golonka (2002).

Fig. 2 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 2. Field photographs of the Jiwozhai reef. A. A panoramic view of the whole reef unit, with a white rectangle indicating the studied area. Note the reverse fault in the east. B. A general view shows the studied area of the reef unit. C. Enlarged field photo of the reef fragment marked in B, showing the thick or thin laminar stromatoporoids (undulating dashed line) covered on branching tabulate corals (triangles), solitary rugose corals (crosses), dendroid stromatoporoids (squares), bulbous stromatoporoid (circled line), and clay-rich micrites (fine grained sediments between the metazoan skeletons). D. An example of polished block of the Jiwozhai reef limestone showing toppled dendroid or laminar Stachyodes fasciculata Dong in Dong et al., 1989, and encrusting Stictostroma saginatum (Lecompte, 1951) in the upper area. Note the conspicuous digitation of mamelons of Stictostroma saginatum (Lecompte, 1951) in the lower right corner. Sti, Stictostroma saginatum (Lecompte, 1951); Sta, Stachyodes fasciculata Dong in Dong et al., 1989; Tha, Thamnopora cf. pansiensis Tchi, 1966.

Fig. 11 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 11. Stromatoporoid Stachyodes fasciculata Dong in Dong et al., 1989, from the Jiwozhai reef, Jiwozhai Member, Dushan Formation, Givetian, Middle Devonian; Dushan, Guizhou, South China. A. NIGP 177060; longitudinal section and tangential section of the dendroid form. B. NIGP 177061; longitudinal section showing the thick pachysteles and thin pachystromes. C. NIGP 177062; C1, longitudinal section of the bulbous form; C2, enlargement of C1, illustrating regular skeleton; C3, tangential section showing the autotubes and astrorhizal canals; C4, enlargement of C2, showing the coarsely striated microstructure (arrow).

Fig. 9 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 9. Stromatoporoids from the Jiwozhai reef, Jiwozhai Member, Dushan Formation, Givetian, Middle Devonian; Dushan, Guizhou, South China. A, B.?Habrostroma laminosum (Lecompte, 1952) A. NIGP 177055; longitudinal section of the laminar form; B. NIGP 177056; B1, longitudinal section of the high domical form; B2, poor preservation of tangential section showing the dense structure; B3, enlargement of B1, showing possible microreticulate microstructure (arrow). C. Parallelopora sp., NIGP 177057; C1, longitudinal section, note the microreticulate microstructure; C2, tangential section showing the autotubes.

Fig. 5. Stromatoporoid Gerronostromaria grossum Dong, 1974, NIGP 177047 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 5. Stromatoporoid Gerronostromaria grossum Dong, 1974, NIGP 177047, from the Jiwozhai reef, Jiwozhai Member, Dushan Formation, Givetian, Middle Devonian; Dushan, Guizhou, South China. A1, longitudinal section, note the well differentiated network constructed by thin laminae and pillars; A2, tangential section showing the distinct mamelons; A3, enlargement of A1, illustrating the common occurrence of the diagenetic "clinoreticular" microstructure inside the continuous pillars; A4, enlargement of A2, showing the isolated pillars.

Fig. 1 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 1. Location and stratigraphy of the Jiwozhai reef in Dushan County, Guizhou, South China. A. Map showing southern Guizhou and northern Guangxi and the studied area in China. B. Locality of the Jiwozhai reef in Dushan County. C. Depositional successions and fossil assemblages of the supposed uppermost Eifelian to lowermost Frasnian in Dushan, Guizhou province (modified after Liao et al. 1979; Liao 2003). Abbreviations: Ei, Eifelian; Fr., Frasnian.

Fig. 4 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 4. Pie charts illustrating palaeoecological parameters of the stromatoporiod fauna. A. External morphology. B. Thickness. C. Substrate types. D. Thickness of growth interruption. Abbreviations: Ger, Gerronostromaria grossum Dong, 1974; Cla, Clathrocoilona spissa (Lecompte, 1951);?Hab, Habrostroma laminosum (Lecompte, 1952); Par, Parallelopora sp.; Pse, Pseudotrupetostroma porosum (Yang and Dong, 1979); Sal, Salairella buecheliensis (Bargatzky, 1881); Sta, Stachyodes sp.; Stac, Stachyodes costulata Lecompte, 1952; Staf, Stachyodes fasciculata Dong in Dong et al., 1989; Sti, Stictostroma saginatum (Lecompte, 1951); Syn, Synthetostroma actinostromoides Lecompte, 1951.

Fig. 3 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 3. Schematic vertical section of stromatoporoids in the Jiwozhai reef (Huang et al. 2020) showing the spatial distribution of different stromatoporoids, note the predominance of the Gerronostromaria grossum Dong, 1974, in the laminar form stromatoporoids. 1, Gerronostromaria grossum Dong, 1974; 2, Clathrocoilona spissa (Lecompte, 1951); 3,?Habrostroma laminosum (Lecompte, 1952); 4, Parallelopora sp.; 5, Pseudotrupetostroma porosum (Yang and Dong, 1979); 6, Salairella buecheliensis (Bargatzky, 1881); 7, Stachyodes costulata Lecompte, 1952; 8, Stachyodes fasciculata Dong in Dong et al., 1989; 9, Stachyodes sp.; 10, Stictostroma saginatum (Lecompte, 1951); 11, Synthetostroma actinostromoides Lecompte, 1951. Black, stromatoporoids; gray, other organisms between stromatoporoids.

Fig. 12 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 12. Stromatoporoid Stachyodes sp. NIGP 177063, from the Jiwozhai reef, Jiwozhai Member, Dushan Formation, Givetian, Middle Devonian; Dushan, Guizhou, South China. A1, longitudinal section; A2, tangential section, note the autotubes and conspicuous astrorhizal canals; A3, enlargement of A1, note the coarsely striated microstructure (arrow); A4, enlargement of the upper middle part of A2, note the probably striated microstructure (arrow); A5, enlargement of the lower left part of A2, note the black dots in the tangential section.

Fig. 8 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 8. Stromatoporoids from the Jiwozhai reef, Jiwozhai Member, Dushan Formation, Givetian, Middle Devonian; Dushan, Guizhou, South China. A. Pseudotrupetostroma porosum (Yang and Dong, 1979), NIGP 177053; A1, longitudinal section; A2, tangential section; A3, enlargement of longitudinal section showing coarsely cellular microstructure coated tangential elements (arrows). B. Salairella buecheliensis (Bargatzky, 1881), NIGP 177054; B1, longitudinal section, note the predominance of the pachysteles in the right standard area and amalgamated structure in the left oblique orientation of the thin section; B2, tangential section, note the autotubes in the upper middle area; B3, enlargement of B1 showing coarsely cellular microstructure (arrows) partially transformed into melanospheric microstructure; such features demonstrate the likely diagenetic character of these microstructures and therefore their unreliability as taxonomic discriminators.

Fig. 7 in Stromatoporoids from a Middle Devonian reef in South China and their palaeoecological implication

Fig. 7. Stromatoporoids from the Jiwozhai reef, Jiwozhai Member, Dushan Formation, Givetian, Middle Devonian; Dushan, Guizhou, South China. A, B. Stictostroma saginatum (Lecompte, 1951) A. NIGP 177050; A1, tangential section showing the isolated pillars and locally irregular skeleton; A2, longitudinal section, note the prominently vertically erected mamelon; A3, enlargement of A2, note the coarsely ordinicellular microstructure (arrows). B. NIGP 177051; longitudinal section, note the encrusting skeleton over Thamnopora sp. debris and a solitary rugose coral. C. Synthetostroma actinostromoides Lecompte, 1951, NIGP 177052; C1, longitudinal section; C2, tangential section.

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Fig. 2 in A new euarthropod from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 2. Euarthropods Astutuscaris bispinifer gen. et sp. nov. (A, B) and Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu, 2007 (C, D) collected from Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang village, Yunnan, China. A. RCP 0002a, specimen before preparation. B. RCP 0002b, specimen before preparation (B1, B2) and after preparation (B3). C. RCP 0003, a small and incomplete specimen about 16 mm in length. D. RCP 0004, a small specimen about 17 mm in length. Natural light photographs (A1, B1, C, D); fluorescent photographs (A2, B2, B3,). Abbreviations: en, endopod; ex, exopod; ey, eye; fa, frontal appendage; gut, digestive tract; hs, head shield; lim, limb; p1–p5, podomeres 1–5; st, stalk; T1–T11, tergites 1–11; ts, terminal spine.

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Fig. 1 in A new euarthropod from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 1. Euarthropod Astutuscaris bispinifer gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang village, Yunnan, China. A. RCP 0002a, part of the sole specimen; showing the head shield, 11 imbricated tergites most with pleural spines, and two terminal spines (A1, A2); possible eyes (A3, A4, A5); first appendages with small spines (A3, A4, white arrows); endopod with at least five podomeres (A6). B. RCP 0002b, counterpart of the sole specimen; note the 11 imbricated tergites and trunk limbs (B1, B2); restored specimenby digitally combining the part and counterpart, the dashed line indicating the contact (B3); interpretive drawing of the narrow doublures of thoracic tergites marked in dark grey (B4); T7–T10 and pleural spines (B5); detail of the unknown structure (B6); the limb with an endopod and a possible exopod (B7); single endopod under T1 and T2 respectively (B8); T11 and two separate spines being marked (B9). Natural light photographs (A1, A3, A4, B1, B8); fluorescent photographs (A2, A5–A6, B2, B3, B5–B7, B9). Abbreviations: en, endopod; ex, exopod; ey, eye; fa, frontal appendage; gut, digestive tract; hs, head shield; lim, limb; p1–p5, podomeres 1–5; st, stalk; T1–T11, tergites 1–11; ts, terminal spine.

Fig. 7 in The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 7. Tamisiocarididae indet. from the Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang section, Yunnan, China. YKLP 12419, a partial frontal appendage. Counterpart (A1, A2), part (A3, A4). Photographs (A1, A3) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4). Abbreviations: aux, auxiliary spine; en, endite; pd, podomere.

Fig. 3 in The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 3. Amplectobeluid radiodont "Anomalocaris" kunmingensis Wang, Huang, and Hu, 2013, from the Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang section, Yunnan, China. YKLP 12414, details of left frontal appendage (A1, A2), details of oral cone (A3, A4). Photographs (A1, A3) and explanatory drawing (A2, A4). Abbreviations: co, central opening; ds, dorsal spine; en, endite; lp?, putative left large plate; pd, podomere; pp? putative posterior plate; rp, right large plate; s?, shaft podomere; sp, small plate. Numbers indicate individual small plates between posterior and left plates.

Fig. 6 in The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 6. Anomalocaridid radiodont Paranomalocaris simplex sp. nov. from the Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang section, Yunnan, China. A. YKLP 12417, a near complete frontal appendage. B. YKLP 12418, distal portion of a frontal appendage. Photographs (A1, B1) and explanatory drawings (A2, B2). Abbreviations: c, circular attachment point for dorsal spine; ds, dorsal spine; en, endite; pd, podomere; ts, terminal spine.

Fig. 2 in The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 2. Amplectobeluid radiodont "Anomalocaris" kunmingensis Wang, Huang, and Hu, 2013, from the Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang section, Yunnan, China. YKLP 12414, a pair of frontal appendages and associated oral cone. Abbreviations: la, left appendage; oc, oral cone; om, organic matter; ra, right appendage; w, ecdysozoan worm.

Fig. 4 in The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 4. Amplectobeluid radiodont "Anomalocaris" kunmingensis Wang, Huang, and Hu, 2013, from the Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang section, Yunnan, China. YKLP 12415, a partial frontal appendage. Photograph (A1) and explanatory drawing (A2). Abbreviations: aux, auxiliary spine; ds, dorsal spine; en, endite; pd, podomere; ts, terminal spine.

Fig. 1. A in The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 1. A. Map of China showing location of the studied area. B. Map showing thirteen sites where fossil assemblages assigned to the Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan biota have been found: 1, Dahai (Liu et al. 2012); 2, Shijiangjun (Luo et al. 2008); 3, Xinlongcun (Liu et al. 2016); 4, Wulongqing (Luo et al. 2008); 5, Kanfuqing (Chen et al. 2019); 6, Baimei (Liu et al. 2016); 7, Qiongzhusi (Luo et al. 2008); 9, Dabanqiao (Luo et al. 2008); 10, Changchunshan (Zhao et al. 2020); 11, Gaoloufang (Luo et al. 2008; Hu et al. 2010); 12, Chenggongxincheng (Hu et al. 2013); 13, Lihuazhuang (Jiao et al. 2016; this study). C. The location of the Lihuazhuang section in (asterisk). D. Stratigraphic column showing the occurrence of the fossils reported in this study.