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FIGURE 1 in Before the summer turns to winter: the third labidostommatid genus from Baltic amber has subtropical kin
FIGURE 1: Eunicolina glaesi n. sp. — A. Lateral view, right side. B. Oculo-pustular zone, details. C. Detail of the cuticle, pattern in the lateral zone. D. Enlarged view of the acetabula IV, showing the villosity in pit PT ("puits tØgumentaire" in Coineau 1964). Abbreviations: BO.A, BO.P: anterior and posterior trichobothria; la, lb: lateral setae of the dorsal shield; da, db, dc: dorsal setae of the dorsal shield; EPI IV: fourth epimeral plate; PI, PIV: first and fourth legs. Star: possible lateral eye.
FIGURE 4 in Before the summer turns to winter: the third labidostommatid genus from Baltic amber has subtropical kin
FIGURE 4: Eunicolina glaesi n. sp.: A – The holotype piece, CHHC 588-13 (Hoffeins collection); B – Lateral view of the specimen of Eunicolina glaesi sp.nov.; C – Ventral view of infracapitulum and leg I.
Fig. 3 in Spatial and temporal distribution of fish eggs and larvae in a subtropical coastal lagoon, Santa Catarina State, Brazil
Fig. 3. Mean abundances · 100 m-3 (± sd) of fish eggs and larvae in Ibiraquera Lagoon, by month.
Application of leaf size and leafing intensity scaling across subtropical trees
<p>Understanding the scaling between leaf size and leafing intensity (leaf number per stem size) is crucial for comprehending theories about the leaf costs and benefits in the leaf size–twig size spectrum. However, the scaling scope of leaf size vs. leafing intensity changes along the twig leaf size variation in different leaf habit species remains elusive. Here, we hypothesize that the numerical value of scaling exponent for leaf mass versus leafing intensity in twig is governed by the minimum leaf mass versus maximum leaf mass (<i>M</i><sub>min</sub> vs. <i>M</i><sub>max</sub>) and constrained to be ≤ -1.0.</p> <p>We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the twigs of 123 species datasets complied in the subtropical mountain forest. The standardized major axis regression (SMA) analyses showed the <i>M</i><sub>min</sub> scaled as the 1.19 power of <i>M</i><sub>m</sub><sub>ax</sub> and the -a (-1.19) was not statistically different from the exponents of <i>M</i><sub>min</sub><i> </i>vs. leafing intensity in whole data. Across leaf habit groups, the <i>M</i><sub>max</sub> scaled negatively and isometrically with respect to leafing intensity. The pooled data's scaling exponents ranged from -1.14 to -0.96 for <i>M</i><sub>min</sub> and <i>M</i><sub>max</sub> vs. the leafing intensity based on stem volume (LIV). In the case of <i>M</i><sub>min</sub> and <i>M</i><sub>max</sub> vs. the leafing intensity based on stem mass (LIM), the scaling exponents ranged from -1.24 to -1.04.</p> <p>Our hypothesis successfully predicts that the scaling relationship between leaf mass and leafing intensity is constrained to be ≤ -1.0. More importantly, the lower limit to scaling of leaf mass and leafing intensity maybe closely correlate with <i>M</i><sub>min</sub> vs. <i>M</i><sub>max</sub>. Besides, constrained by the maximum leaf mass expand, the broad scope range between leaf size and number may be insensitive to leaf habit groups in subtropical mountain forest.</p>
Data for manuscript "Prominent Role of Sulfate Reduction in Robust Sulfur Retention in Subtropical Soil"
<p>Data for manuscript "Prominent Role of Sulfate Reduction in Robust Sulfur Retention in Subtropical Soil" submitted to Geophysical Research Letters</p>
Data from: Biotic homogenization and differentiation of plant communities in tropical and subtropical forests
<h4><strong>The article is published in Conservation Biology and available at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14025">https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14025</a></strong></h4> <h4>Here we developed a framework to assess the current 'state of the art' of biotic homogenization and differentiation processes in tropical and subtropical plant communities globally, using a systematic literature review.</h4> <h4>Please find below the analysis code and data used in the study.</h4> <h2>Descriptions for the files and scripts</h2> <h3>The `R` folder contains.</h3> <p><strong>1. *analysis_homogenization-differentiation.R*</strong> - script to generate the frequency and explanatory plots used in the manuscript.</p> <h3><br>The `output` folder contains:</h3> <p><strong>1. figures</strong><br><strong> 1. *Fig.1.tiff*</strong> - Figure 1 main text.<br><strong> 2. *Fig.2.tiff*</strong> - Figure 2 main text.<br><strong> 3. *Fig.3.tiff*</strong> - Figure 3 main text.<br><strong> 4. *Fig.4.tiff*</strong> - Figure 4 main text.<br><strong> 5. *Fig.5.tiff*</strong> - Figure 5 main text.<br><strong> 6. *Fig.6.tiff*</strong> - Figure 6 main text.<br><strong> 7. *Fig.7.tiff*</strong> - Figure 7 main text.</p> <p><strong>2. supp</strong><br><strong> 1. *appendix_S1-homogenization-differentiation.xlsx*</strong> - Supplementary material of the article. The file contains 4 sheets (*data*, *legend*, *scales_size* and *search_keywords*)</p> <h3><br>The `data` folder contains:</h3> <p><strong>1. processed</strong><br><strong> 1. *data_homogenization_refined.xlsx*</strong> - the data used in the analysis. Each analyzed variable was separated by a different sheet.</p> <p><br><strong>1. raw</strong><br><strong> 1. *data_homogenization.xlsx*</strong> - the raw data used in the analysis.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Acknowledgments</h2> <p>This work was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (Finance code 001), through Portal de Periódicos to articles access and scholarship granted to J.M.F.K.</p>
Enhanced isohydric behavior decoupled the whole-tree sap flux response to leaf transpiration under nitrogen addition in a subtropical forest
<p><span>Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition has the potential to change the leaf water-use strategy in the subtropical region of China. Nevertheless, the whole-tree level response crucial for ecosystem functions has not been well addressed over the past decades. In this study, the stem sap flux density (J<sub>S</sub>) was monitored for the whole-tree water transport capacity in two dominant species (<em>Schima</em> <em>superba</em> and <em>Castanopsis</em> <em>chinensis</em>) in a subtropical forest. To simulate the increased nitrogen deposition, the NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> solutions were sprayed onto the forest canopy at 25 kg </span><span>ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup></span><span> (CAN25) and 50 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> (CAN50), respectively, since April 2013. The </span><span>J<sub>S</sub></span><span> and microclimate (monitored since January 2014) derived from the whole-tree level </span><span>stomatal conductance </span><span>(G<sub>S</sub>) were used to quantify the stomatal behavior </span><span>(G<sub>S</sub> sensitive to</span><span> vapor pressure deficit</span><span>, G<sub>S-VPD</sub>)</span><span> in response to the added nitrogen. </span><span>The maximum shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot-max) was also measured for both species. After one year of monitoring</span><span> in January 2015, the </span><span>mid-day (J<sub>S-mid</sub>) and daily mean (J<sub>S-mean</sub>) sap flux rates did not change under all the nitrogen addition treatments (p > 0.05). A consistent</span><span> decline in the </span><span>G<sub>S-VPD</sub></span><span> indicated an enhanced isohydric behavior for both species. In addition, the G<sub>S-VPD</sub></span><span> in the wet season was much lower than that in the dry season. </span><span><em>S</em>. <em>superba</em> </span><span>had a lower </span><span>G<sub>S-VPD</sub></span><span> and decreased J<sub>S-mid</sub>/J<sub>S-mean</sub>, implying a stronger stomatal control under the fertilization, which might be attributed to the low efficient diffuse-porous conduits and a higher JS. In addition, the G<sub>S</sub> for </span><span><em>S</em>. <em>superba</em></span><span> decreased and the </span><span>G<sub>S-VPD</sub></span><span> increased more under CAN50 than that under CAN25, indicating that the high nitrogen dose restrains the extra nitrogen benefits. Our results indicate</span><span>d</span><span> that the J<sub>S</sub> for both species was decoupled from the leaf transpiration for both species due to an enhanced isohydric behavior, and a xylem anatomy difference and fertilization dose would affect the extent of this decoupling relation.</span></p>
The diversity of mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees shape subtropical mountain forest ecosystem functioning
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>: </span><span>Mycorrhiza play key roles in ecosystem structure and functioning in forests. However, how different mycorrhizal types influence mountain forest biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships is largely unknown. We evaluate how the diversity of distinct mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees shape forest carbon storage along elevational gradients.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>:</span><span> Gaoligong Mountains within Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>: </span><span>Seed plants and mycorrhizal fungi.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span>We used the data from 31 subtropical forest plots along elevational gradients on two aspects (east and west) of the mountain. We quantified species richness of trees and symbiotic fungi and assigned both to their mycorrhizal type (arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), ectomycorrhiza (EcM) and ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM)). We then examined the diversity effects of mycorrhiza-associated fungi and trees on above-ground carbon stored in trees and organic carbon stored in soils. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Species richness was highest for AM trees (79.5%), followed by ErM trees (13.4%) and then EcM trees (7.1%). Species richness of AM-associated trees and fungi decreased with increasing elevation, while ErM-associated trees and fungi showed an opposite trend. EcM-associated diversity followed a hump-shaped relationship with elevation. Positive relationships between diversity and above-ground carbon were detected in all three mycorrhizal associations, but despite low species number, canopy-dominating EcM trees comprised 64.4% of the amount of above-ground carbon. Furthermore, community-weighted means of height exhibited positive correlations with forest above-ground carbon, indicating that positive selection effects occur. Soil organic carbon was positively related to EcM-associated fungi diversity, above-ground carbon mass and soil nitrogen availability, with the latter having the strongest direct effects. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: </span><span>The distributions of forest biodiversity and carbon storage can be modulated by distinct mycorrhizal fungi and trees. Moreover, future global changes (e.g., climate warming, intensifying nitrogen deposition) could alter the mycorrhizal-mediated biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in mountain forests.</span></p>
Data from: Distribution patterns of lianas from subtropical to subboreal zones of the Japanese archipelago and the difference between climbing types
<p><strong>README</strong></p> <p>This dataset was used for the statistical analyses in the article: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2023.08.001">Kusakabe et al. (2023) Basic Appl. Ecol.</a> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Sub_plot_data_v2.csv</strong></p> <p>Liana abundances, environmental factors, and site information for each subplot in 19 study sites in the Japanese archipelago. Subplots are 400 m<sup>2</sup>(20 m × 20 m) quadrats.</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>site_information</strong></p> <ul> <li><code>site_name</code> - Site_name.</li> <li><code>site_code</code> - Site_code.</li> <li><code>plot_code</code> - Subplot_code.</li> <li><code>longitude</code> - Longitude of each plot (°E).</li> <li><code>latitude</code> - Latitude of each plot (°N).</li> <li><code>altitude</code> - Altitude of each plot (m).</li> <li><code>forest_type</code> - Plots were classified into four types based on the composition of evergreen broadleaf, deciduous broadleaf, and evergreen coniferous trees. EC: evergreen coniferous forest, BC: mixed coniferous–broadleaf forest, BD: deciduous broadleaf forest, BE: evergreen broadleaf forest. The detailed definition of the forest type was described in Ishihara et al. (2011).</li> <li><code>forest_status</code> - Plots were also classified into three categories based on the age of the forests. old growth: ≥ 150 years old, old secondary: ≥ 100 years old, secondary: < 100 years old. The detailed definition of the forest status was described in Ishihara et al. (2011).</li> <li><code>x, y</code> - Coordinates of the point of origin of each subplot in the census plots (m).<br> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>liana_stem_density & liana_basal_area</strong><br> Sum of liana stems (400 m<sup>-2</sup>) and basal area (cm<sup>2</sup>・400m<sup>-2</sup>) in each subplot.</p> <ul> <li><code>whole</code> - All lianas.</li> <li><code>twining</code> - Twining climbers.</li> <li><code>root</code> - Root climbers.</li> <li><code>tendril</code> - Tendril climbers.</li> <li><code>hook</code> - Hook climbers.</li> <li><code>scrambling</code> - Scrambling climbers.<br> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>environmental_factors</strong><br> Environmental factors used in the analyses.</p> <ul> <li><code>MAT</code> - Mean annual temperature (°C).</li> <li><code>MAP</code> - Mean annual precipitation (mm).</li> <li><code>MSD</code> - Maximum snow depth (cm).</li> <li><code>SOCN</code> - Soil organic layer carbon:nitrogen ratio.</li> <li><code>SODM</code> - Soil organic matter dry mass (g・100 cm<sup>-2</sup>).</li> <li><code>TSD</code> - Tree stem density with a diameter of ≥ 5 cm at breast height (400 m<sup>-2</sup>).</li> <li><code>TBA</code> - Total basal area of trees with a diameter of ≥ 5 cm at breast height (cm<sup>2</sup>・400 m<sup>-2</sup>).</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Values of latitude, longitude, altitude, SOCN, SODM, TSD, and TBA were derived from published articles (Ishihara et al. 2011, Niwa et al. 2016) and associated, updated datasets that are available on the website of the Biodiversity Center of Japan (<a href="https://www.biodic.go.jp/moni1000/findings/data/index.html">https://www.biodic.go.jp/moni1000/findings/data/index.html</a>). The definitions of forest type and status follow Ishihara et al. (2011). </p> <p>Values of MAT, MAP and MSD were derived from the Agro-Meteorological Grid Square Data, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (Ohno et al. 2016).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Ishihara, M. I., Suzuki, S. N., Nakamura, M., Enoki, T., Fujiwara, A., Hiura, T., … Yoshida, Y. (2011). Forest stand structure, composition, and dynamics in 34 sites over Japan. _Ecological Research_, 26(6), 1007–1008. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-011-0847-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-011-0847-y</a></p> <p>Niwa, S., Toyota, A., Kishimoto, T., Sasakawa, K., Abe, S., Chishima, T., … Yoshida, T. (2016). Monitoring of the ground-dwelling beetle community and forest floor environment in 22 temperate forests across Japan. _Ecological Research_, 31(5), 607–608. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-016-1379-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-016-1379-2</a></p> <p>Ohno, H., Sasaki, K., Ohara, G., & Nakazono, K. (2016). Development of grid square air temperature and precipitation data compiled from observed, forecasted, and climatic normal data. _Climate in Biosphere_, 16, <a href="https://doi.org/10.2480/cib.J-16-028">https://doi.org/10.2480/cib.J-16-028</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
A 'Get-Save-Return' process continuum runs on phosphorus economy among subtropical tree species
1. Plants allocate nutrients to new leaves via making a cost-benefit trade-off between root nutrient absorption ('get') and leaf nutrient resorption ('save'). This active trade-off in nutrient acquisition pathways may cause a passive trade-off between resorption and decomposition ('return'). However, whether these nutrient-associated processes are linked and form a 'get-save-return' (GSR) continuum, and its linkages with the aboveground leaf economics spectrum (LES) and the belowground mycorrhizal association remain unclear. 2. Here, we present the first empirical evidence of a direct link among multiple nutrient-associated processes and tested this continuum hypothesis by synchronously integrating root nutrient absorption, leaf nutrient resorption, and leaf litter decomposition of 15 co-occurring tree species hosting either arbuscular mycorrhizal or ectomycorrhizal fungi in subtropical forests of China. 3. Across species, there was an active trade-off between phosphorus (P) absorption and resorption, which further caused a passive trade-off between P resorption and leaf litter decomposition, indicating that the GSR continuum exists and runs on P economy. However, these processes associated with nitrogen economy were not well-linked. Interestingly, the loading scores of species on the LES were positively correlated with root P absorption, negatively with leaf P resorption, and positively with leaf litter decomposition. These linkages indicate that species running in the 'fast lane' had greater root P absorption, lower leaf P resorption, and faster leaf litter decomposition than species running in the 'slow lane', and that the process-based GSR continuum follows the trait-based 'fast-slow' LES. Furthermore, the continuum on P economy emerged evidently in the ectomycorrhizal tree species rather than in the arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species, indicating critical control of mycorrhizal association over the continuum. 4. Synthesis. Overall, these results demonstrate the existence of the GSR continuum on tree P economy, which conforms to the economics spectrum theory but varies with mycorrhizal association type. Our findings provide a process-based framework for mechanistic understanding of the whole plant nutrient economy and ecosystem nutrient cycling, and facilitate improved predictions of biogeochemical models. --
Data from: Navigating the scales of diversity in subtropical and coastal fish assemblages ascertained by eDNA and visual surveys
<p>Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding emerges as a powerful method, allowing a more exhaustive investigation of fish fauna than any other methods. Yet, the general use of eDNA as a replacement of traditional methods such as visual surveys or physical sampling remains debatable. Therefore, a prior understanding of eDNA's spatial resolution is necessary. This study aimed to compare the assessments of fish diversity at three spatial scales by eDNA, underwater visual census (UVC), and diver-operated video (DOV) surveys across 21 reef sites in northern Taiwan. The specific objectives were to explore the regional species pool (γ-diversity), reveal spatial patterns of fish assemblages (β-diversity), and disentangle the relationships between fish assemblages and benthic composition (α-diversity). At the γ-diversity level, a total of 438 marine fish species were detected across methods. eDNA exhibits an extraordinary power to explore the regional species pool given sufficient replication, a power which is unachievable by DOV and UVC. At the β-diversity level, all the methods successfully revealed the same spatial patterns of beta diversity and the distance decay of similarity in fish assemblages. At the α-diversity level, none of the methods is capable of investigating the entire resident fish fauna, but visual surveys are more suitable for scrutinizing interactions between fish and benthos. Instead of undiscriminatingly recommending a combination of eDNA with traditional survey methods, we suggest implementing specific surveys in accordance with the ecological questions of interest.</p>
Prochlorococcus Cell Concentrations During the BiG-RAPA Expedition (Cruise MV1015) in the Peru Current and Eastern South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Between November and December of 2010
<p>"These data include Prochlorococcus cell concentrations (total cell densities by flow cytometry and cell densities for specific ecotypes/clades determined by quantitative PCR). Samples were collected during the C-MORE Biogeochemical Gradients Role in Arranging Planktonic Assemblages (BiG-RAPA) expedition (Cruise MV1015) in the Peru Current and Eastern South Pacific Subtropical Gyre between dates 2010-11-19 and 2010-12-10 along a zonal transect from the northern coast of Chile to the island of Rapa Nui. Prochlorococcus is an important primary producer in the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre and these data facilitate studies examining Prochlorococcus' ecology." https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/886299 Time is in UTC. Additional cruise information and methods can be found here: http://dmoserv3.bco-dmo.org/jg/info/BCO-DMO/C-MORE/prochlorococcus_data%7Bdir=dmoserv3.whoi.edu/jg/dir/BCO-DMO/C-MORE/,data=dmoserv3.bco-dmo.org:80/jg/serv/BCO-DMO/C-MORE/prochlorococcus_data.html0%7D?</p>
Soil protist functional composition shifts with atmospheric nitrogen deposition in subtropical forests
<p><span>1. </span><span>Soil protist plays a key role in ecological functions through predation and parasitism. However, little is known about how nitrogen (N) deposition and seasonal variations influence soil protist function in forest soils. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Here, we assessed firstly the impacts of N deposition (control, 50 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, 100 kg </span><span>N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup></span><span>, and 150 kg </span><span>N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup></span><span>) on the functional composition of the soil protist community in summer and winter, using amplicon sequencing of environmental DNA from a subtropical natural forest. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found that soil protists were dominated by consumers (42.6–51.6%), followed by parasites (32.9–40.9%) and phototrophs (3.2–13.1%), implying a predominant role of consumers and potential top-down effects on the other trophic groups in subtropical forest soils. The functional composition of soil protists was greatly influenced by N deposition, but these responses were dependent on seasonal variations. The diversity of phototrophs was lower in summer than in winter. Instead, an opposite pattern was observed for consumers, resulting in a significantly higher protist diversity in summer than in winter, which indicates a greater sensitivity of soil protists to seasonal variations. Furthermore, low and high N deposition simplified the structural complexity of soil protist communities, suggesting a nonlinear response of the protist structural stability to N deposition.</span></p> <p><span>4. <em>Synthesis and applications.</em></span><span><em> </em>This study provides unprecedented evidence that season variation plays an important role in regulating responses of soil protist functional composition to N deposition, and highlights the nonlinear effects of rising N deposition levels on the soil food web. </span></p>
Plant growth strategy determines the magnitude and direction of drought-induced changes in root exudates in subtropical forests
<p><span>Root exudates are an important pathway for plant-microbial interactions and are highly sensitive to climate change.</span> <span>However, how extreme drought affects root exudates and the main components, as well as species-specific differences in response magnitude and direction, are poorly understood. In this study, root exudation rates of total carbon (C) and its components (e.g., sugar, organic acid, and amino acid) were measured under the control and extreme drought treatments (i.e., 70% throughfall reduction) by <em>in situ</em> collection of four tree species with different growth rates in a subtropical forest. We also quantified soil properties, root morphological traits, and mycorrhizal infection rates to examine the driving factors underlying variations in root exudation. Our results showed that extreme drought significantly decreased root exudation rates of total C, sugar, and amino acid by 17.8%, 30.8%, and 35.0%, respectively, but increased root exudation rate of organic acid by 38.6%, which were largely associated with drought-induced changes in tree growth rates, root morphological traits, and mycorrhizal infection rates. Specifically, trees with relatively high growth rates were more responsive to drought for root exudation rates compared to those with relatively low growth rates, which were closely related to root morphological traits and mycorrhizal infection rates. These findings highlight the importance of plant growth strategy in mediating drought-induced changes in root exudation rates. The co-ordinations among root exudation rates, root morphological traits, and mycorrhizal symbioses in response to drought could be incorporated into land surface models to improve the prediction of climate change impacts on rhizosphere C dynamics in forest ecosystems. </span></p>
North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 2018–2019 invertebrate biodiversity on macroplastic
<p>We show that the high seas are colonized by a diverse array of coastal species, which survive and reproduce in the open ocean, contributing strongly to its floating community composition. Analysis of rafting plastic debris in the Eastern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre revealed 37 coastal invertebrate taxa in total, largely of Western Pacific origin, exceeding pelagic taxa richness by three-fold. Coastal taxa, including diverse taxonomic groups and life history traits, occurred on 70.5% of debris items. Most coastal taxa possessed either direct development or asexual reproduction, possibly facilitating long-term persistence on rafts. Our results suggest that the historical lack of available substrate limited colonization of the open ocean by coastal species, rather than physiological or ecological constraints as previously assumed. It appears that coastal species persist now in the open ocean as a substantial component of a neopelagic community sustained by the vast and expanding sea of plastic debris.</p>
Dung beetle community composition affects dung turnover in subtropical US grasslands
<p>Dung beetle community data were collected from August 2018 – March 2023 on three ranches; Buck Island Ranch, Durando Ranch and Longino Ranch in Florida, USA. Traps were baited with either chicken feet (trap type c), or dung in balls wrapped in muslin (trap type b) or dung placed directly on a pitfall trap (trap type a). Sample sites that had greater than 20% tree canopy cover were classed as 'closed' and 'open' if in open pasture or if the sample site had less than 20% tree canopy cover. </p>
Long-term nitrogen deposition inhibits soil priming effects by enhancing phosphorus limitation in a subtropical forest
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>It is widely accepted that phosphorus (P) limits microbial metabolic processes and thus soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in tropical forests.</span><span> Global change factors like elevated atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition can enhance P limitation, raising concerns about the fate of SOC. However, how elevated N deposition affects the soil priming effect (PE) (<em>i</em>.<em>e</em>., fresh C inputs induced changes in SOC decomposition) in tropical forests remains unclear. We incubated soils exposed to nine years of experimental N deposition in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest with two types of <sup>13</sup>C-labeled substrates of contrasting bioavailability (glucose and cellulose) with and without P amendments. We found that N deposition decreased soil total P and microbial biomass P, suggesting enhanced P limitation. In P unamended soils, N deposition significantly inhibited the PE. In contrast, adding P significantly increased the PE under N deposition and by a larger extent for the PE of cellulose (PE<sub>cellu</sub>) than the PE of glucose (PE<sub>glu</sub>). Relative to adding glucose or cellulose solely, adding P with glucose alleviated the suppression of soil microbial biomass and C-acquiring enzymes induced by N deposition, whereas adding P with cellulose attenuated the stimulation of acid phosphatase induced by N deposition. Across treatments, the PE<sub>glu</sub> increased as C-acquiring enzyme activity increased, whereas the PE<sub>cellu</sub> increased as acid phosphatase activity decreased. This suggests that P limitation, enhanced by N deposition, inhibits the soil PE through varying mechanisms depending on substrate bioavailability; that is, P limitation regulates the PE<sub>glu</sub> by affecting soil microbial growth and investment in C acquisition, whereas regulates the PE<sub>cellu</sub> by affecting microbial investment in P acquisition. These findings provide new insights for tropical forests impacted by N loading, suggesting that expected changes in C quality and P limitation can affect the long-term regulation of the soil PE.</span></p>
Correlations between dominant vegetation type and composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities in a subtropical forest
<p><span>Single and mixed vegetation types have significant effects on soil parameters and the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities.</span><span> To understand the influence of different vegetation types on the structure of soil bacterial community across soil depth in a subtropical forest, we assessed the relative abundance of edaphic bacterial community and soil parameters, including pH, </span><span>cation exchange capacity</span><span> (CEC), and d</span><span>issolved organic carbon</span><span> (DOC) </span><span>in Daiyun Mountain Nature Reserve in Fujian Province, southeastern China. The study area constitutes pine coniferous forest (CF) of <em>pinus taiwanensis</em>, broad-leaved forest (BF) of <em>castanopsis fabri</em>, and a mixed forest comprising CF and BF (MF). Quantitative PCR and Illumina sequencing of 16S rDNA were used to analyze the abundance, diversity, and composition of soil bacteria. </span><span>The results showed that the pH, CEC and diversity of tree species are all associated with the composition of the bacterial community in the soil.</span> <span>It was found that CEC, soluble</span><span> organic nitrogen (</span><span>DON) and pH largely affected the structure of soil bacterial community in A horizon, whereas CEC, moisture content (MC) and </span><span>organic phosphorus</span><span> (OP) affected the structure of soil bacterial community in B horizon. </span><span>We found that the dominant taxa in the CF and BF were <em>Proteobacteria</em> and <em>Acidobacteria</em>, respectively. The results of both mental and random forest (RF) analyses displayed groups according to vegetation types, indicating that the bacterial communities in the research site were significantly influenced by vegetation types in subtropical forests. </span><span>The study highlights the ecological effects of forest management and elucidates the differences in the functional structure of soil bacterial communities under different vegetation types and soil depths.</span></p>
Light-demanding tree species are more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species in a subtropical secondary forest
<ol> <li> <span>Tree-tree competition has been widely studied as a mechanism responsible for maintaining forest plant species diversity</span><span>.</span><span> Other common plant types, such as lianas, may influence tree species competition. Previous studies reported the negative effects of lianas on trees; however, variation in susceptibility to lianas among tree species and the species-specificity of liana species for tree hosts remain unclear. If lianas have species-specific interactions with trees, based either on tree or liana species identity, then lianas may influence tree-tree interactions by altering tree species-specific competitiveness. </span> </li> <li> <span>We surveyed 5,676 lianas</span><span> (DBH </span><span>≥ </span><span>0.5 cm</span><span>)</span><span> and </span><span>61,538 trees </span><span>(DBH </span><span>≥ </span><span>1 cm</span><span>)</span><span> in a 12-ha subtropical secondary forest</span><span> plot to assess </span><span>liana-tree interactions</span><span>.</span><span> We</span><span> tested </span><span>variation among the 20 most common tree species in their </span><span>susceptibility to lianas,</span><span> including whether light-demanding and shade-tolerant tree species differed. </span><span>We</span><span> quantified liana-tree network structure and</span><span> evaluated the specificity between the 20 most common tree species and the 15 most common liana species. </span><span>We expected that: (1) </span><span>tree species would vary in their susceptibility to lianas, and the extent of this </span><span>variation</span><span> would be predicted by tree shade-tolerance; and (2) </span><span>liana species would have distinct species-specific interactions with host trees. </span> </li> <li> <span>Tree species differed greatly in their susceptibility to lianas, with some tree species accumulating many more lianas than others. Light-demanding tree species particularly had greater susceptibility to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species. Both the liana-tree network structure and the interaction </span><span>intensity</span><span> between the 15 liana species and 20 tree species showed distinct specialization of liana-tree interactions. </span> </li> <li><span><em>Synthesis</em>. Variation in tree species' susceptibility to lianas implies that lianas may alter tree species-specific competitive abilities by disproportionately affecting some tree species more than others. In contrast to studies in neotropical forests, light-demanding tree species were more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species, suggesting that lianas could reduce light-demanding tree performance in this forest. The distinct species specialization between liana and tree species suggests that increases in the relative abundance of liana species, which is occurring in many forests, may alter the tree community by reducing the relative abundance of preferred host tree species. </span></li> </ol>
APPENDIX 13 in Detangling the effects of patch attributes on bryophyte diversity in fragmented subtropical secondary forests - a case study of land-bridge islands
APPENDIX 13. — Islands with multi-long branched appearance in the Thousand Island Lake, China.
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