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1,316 results for “Trade”
Media portrayal of the illegal trade in wildlife: The case of turtles in the US and implications for conservation
<p class="MsoNormal">News media framing of instances of illegal wildlife trade provides a window into understanding public perceptions of trade dynamics and potential support for conservation actions. Here, we used 54 known cases of illegal turtle trade in the United States occurring between 1998–2021 as a case study to investigate news media framing of illegal wildlife trade. We synthesized information from these cases and qualitatively analyzed how they were framed in 217 associated news articles. The 54 cases involved the illegal trade of at least 24,000 freshwater turtles of 34 different species; box turtles (<em>Terrapene</em> spp.) were traded the most. Of the known species involved, 23 were listed under one of the CITES Appendices, and 12 were considered threatened by the IUCN. Trade occurred in at least 43 US states and 6 countries. Despite the multifaceted nature of these cases, problem and solution framing was relatively unvarying. Media coverage framed foreign demand, particularly from Asia for high-value pet turtles, as a main driver of illegal trade. Solutions focused on regulations and enforcement which follow global trends in illegal wildlife trade discourses. However, we also found that articles neutralized illegal turtle trade in several ways, reflecting a lack of perceived legitimacy of and necessity for trade rules and enforcement. Without acknowledging longstanding and formerly legal practices in wildlife trading, conservation efforts which focus on regulations and enforcement may be undermined by a lack of normative compliance.</p>
Data from: More future synergies and less trade‐offs between forest ecosystem services with natural climate solutions instead of bioeconomy solutions
<p>To reach the Paris Agreement, societies need to increase the global terrestrial carbon sink. There are many climate change mitigation solutions (CCMS) for forests, including increasing bioenergy, bioeconomy and protection. Bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions use climate-smart, intensive management to generate high quantities of bioenergy and bioproducts. Protection of (semi-)natural forests is a major component of 'natural climate solution' (NCS) since forests store carbon in standing biomass and soil. Furthermore, protected forests provide more habitat for biodiversity and non-wood ecosystem services (ES). We investigated the impacts of different CCMS and climate scenarios, jointly or in isolation, on future wood ES, non-wood ES, and regulating ES for a major wood provider for the international market. Specifically, we projected future ES given by three CCMS scenarios for Sweden 2020-2100. In the long term, fulfilling the increasing wood demand through bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions will decrease ES multifunctionality, but the increased stand age and wood stocks induced by rising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations will partially offset these negative effects. Adopting bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions will have a greater negative impact on ES supply than adopting NCS. Bioenergy or bioeconomy solutions, as well as increasing GHG emissions, will reduce synergies and increase trade-offs in ES. NCS, by contrast, increases the supply of multiple ES in synergy, even transforming current ES trade-offs into future synergies. Moreover, NCS can be considered an adaptation measure to offset negative climate change effects on the future supplies of non-wood ES. In boreal countries around the world, forestry strategies that integrate NCS more deeply are crucial to ensure a synergistic supply of multiple ES.</p>
Data for: Allometry reveals trade-offs between Bergmann's and Allen's rules, and different avian adaptive strategies for thermoregulation
<p>Animals tend to decrease in body size (Bergmann's rule) and elongate appendages (Allen's rule) in warm climates. However, it is unknown whether these patterns depend on each other or constitute independent responses to thermal environment. Here, based on a global phylogenetic comparative analysis across 99.7% of the world's bird species, we show that the way in which the relative length of unfeathered appendages co-varies with temperature depends on body size and vice versa. First, the larger the body, the greater the increase in beak length with temperature. Second, the temperature-based increase in tarsus length is apparent only in larger birds, whereas in smaller birds, tarsus length decreases with temperature. Third, body size and the length of beak and tarsus interact each other to predict the species' temperature preferences. These findings suggest that the animals' body size and shape are products of an evolutionary compromise that reflects distinct alternative thermoregulatory adaptations.</p>
How does the timing of weapon loss influence reproductive traits and trade-offs in the insect Narnia femorata?
<p>A longstanding goal of evolutionary biology is to understand among-individual variation in resource allocation decisions and the timing of these decisions. Recent studies have shown that investment in elaborate and costly weapons can result in trade-offs with investment in testes. In this study, we ask at what point plasticity in resource allocation to these different structures ceases during development, if at all? Furthermore, can individuals tailor their reproductive behavior to accompany structural changes? We experimentally addressed these questions in the insect <em>Narnia femorata</em>, quantifying resource reallocation across development for the first time, using a phenotypic engineering approach. To investigate whether allocation plasticity diminishes throughout ontogeny, we induced weapon loss at a range of different developmental stages and examined subsequent testes mass and reproductive behavior. We found that relative testes mass increased as weapon investment decreased, implying a direct trade-off between testes and weapon investment. However, autotomy post-adulthood ceased to induce larger testes mass. Intriguingly, losing a weapon while young was associated with extended adult mating duration, potentially enabling compensation for reduced fighting ability. Our results highlight the importance of examining the ontogeny of trade-offs between reproductive traits and the flexibility of the relationship between reproductive morphology and behavior.</p>
A Case Study on AI Engineering Practices: Developing an Autonomous Stock Trading System
<p>The field note data related to a case study on AI engineering practices. During the case study, an autonomous stock trading system was developed, while 10 AI engineering practices were applied. We used field notes to document the application of each practice. Additionally, we documented any challenges we experienced.</p> <ul> <li>field-notes-practices.csv: the documented experiences with the AI engineering practices containing the name of the practice, the perceived effectiveness of the practice on an ordinal scale (--, -, 0, +, ++), a description of how it was applied and its effects, and the date when it was applied (in DD.MM.YYYY format).</li> <li>field-notes-challenges.csv: the documented challenges experiences during the case study containing the date (in DD.MM.YYYY format), a description of the challenge, the source that made us became aware of the challenge, the solution we used to overcome the challenge, and a description of the frequency of occurrence.</li> </ul>
Replication package for "Bilateral Trade Imbalances"
<p>Replication package for</p> <p>Cuñat, A., and R. Zymek. "Bilateral Trade Imbalances", Review of Economic Studies (forthcoming).</p> <p>The package contains raw data and STATA .do-files that permit the replication of all steps in the production of the key outputs in the accepted version of the paper, as well as those outputs.</p>
Trade-offs between immunity and competitive ability in fighting ant males
<p><span><strong>Background:</strong> </span><span>Fighting disease while fighting rivals exposes males to constraints and trade-offs during male-male competition. We here tested how both the stage and intensity of infection with the fungal pathogen <em>Metarhizium robertsii</em> interfered with fighting success in <em>Cardiocondyla</em> <em>obscurior</em> ant males. Males of this species have evolved long lifespans during which they can gain many matings with the young queens of the colony, if successful in male-male competition. Since male fights occur inside the colony, the outcome of male-male competition can further be biased by interference of the colony's worker force.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results:</strong> </span><span>We found that severe, but not yet mild, infection strongly impaired male fighting success. In late-stage infection, this could be attributed to worker aggression directed towards the infected rather than the healthy male and an already very high male morbidity even in the absence of fighting. Shortly after pathogen exposure, however, male mortality was particularly increased during combat. Since these males mounted a strong immune response, their reduced fighting success suggests a trade-off between immune investment and competitive ability already early in the infection. Even if the males themselves showed no difference in the number of attacks they raised against their healthy rivals across infection stages and levels, severely infected males were thus losing in male-male competition from an early stage of infection on.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions:</strong> </span><span>Males of the ant <em>C. obscurior </em>have evolved high immune investment, triggering an effective immune response very fast after fungal exposure. This allows them to cope with mild pathogen exposures without cost to their success in male-male competition, and hence to gain multiple mating opportunities with the emerging virgin queens of the colony. Under severe infection, however, they are weak fighters and rarely survive combat already at early infection when raising an immune response, as well as at progressed infection, when they are morbid and preferentially targeted by worker aggression. Workers thereby remove males that pose a future disease threat by biasing male-male competition. Our study thus revealed a novel social immunity mechanism for how social insect workers protect the colony against disease risk.</span></p>
Shifting Dynamics in International Trade Networks: A Longitudinal Analysis of Major Exporting Economies (1992-2020): A case of the US, China, India, Japan and South Korea
<p>This article aims to analyze the changes in trading networks by bringing out aspects of centrality and reciprocity among participating countries. The research considers the trade relations of five export countries, namely, The U.S., China, India, Japan, and South Korea from 1992 to 2020. We examine whether trade networks are truly becoming more bidirectional over the long term and how the political and economic crises that have occurred in the past 30 years affect the structure of trade networks. The article presents key findings on the changes in the network structure of international trade over the past 30 years. The network structure has become more reciprocal for most product categories, and the center of the trade network has shifted from the United States to China. The analysis also demonstrated that the center of the network has shifted from U to C for all product categories, except for raw materials. The study also highlights the significant impact of global events and crises on the international trade network structure, emphasizing the importance of considering geopolitical events and economic shocks in understanding trade dynamics.</p>
OSeMOSYS model file and alternative data files (i.e. scenarios) of electricity trade in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) Region
<p>This set of files consists of an OSeMOSYS model file and five separate scenarios exploring electricity trade across the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Region. Two sensitivity scenarios are also available.</p>
Data for 'Assessing the value of biodiversity-specific footprinting metrics linked to South American soy trade'
<p>Underlying data for publication 'Assessing the value of biodiversity-specific footprinting metrics linked to South American soy trade'. </p>
Nitrogen trade between plants that differ in their temporal demand of nutrients
<p>Primary data and to reproduce the analyses reported in the publication: </p> <p>Data S1 to S12 [Land_sp_feno2_18, Land_sp_feno2_19, Mypatches, Res2, PhenoWC2, INtran, INenrich, Npheno, Temp_var_pheno_N, land, phenoind, avgWC].</p> <p>A description of each item is provided in the file Metadata_Readme.doc included in the zip.file deposited</p> <p><br> </p>
Global trade data of highly hazardous chemicals after data treatment and Python codes used for error analysis and mirror analysis
<p>This database includes all global trade data of the three types of highly hazaroudous chemicals listed under the Rotterdam Convention after error analysis and mirror analysis. Python codes used for error analysis and mirror analysis are also available.</p> <p> </p> <p> Corresponding authors: <a href="mailto:hongyan.zou@tjnu.edu.cn">hongyan.zou@tjnu.edu.cn</a>; <a href="mailto:Zhanyun.wang@empa.ch">Zhanyun.wang@empa.ch</a></p>
The natural capital of seagrass beds in the Caribbean: evaluating their ecosystem services and blue carbon trade potential
<p class="MsoNormal">Seagrass beds provide tremendous services to society, including the storage of carbon, with important implications for climate change mitigation. Prioritizing conservation of this valuable natural capital is of global significance, and including seagrass beds in global carbon markets through projects that minimize loss, increase area, or restore degraded areas represents a mechanism towards this end. Using newly available Caribbean seagrass distribution data, we estimated carbon storage in the region and calculated economic valuations of total ecosystem services and carbon storage. We estimated the 88,170 km<sup>2</sup> of seagrass in the Caribbean stores 1,337.8 (360.5–2335.0, minimum and maximum estimates, respectively) Tg carbon. The value of these seagrass ecosystems in terms of total ecosystem services and carbon alone was estimated to be $255 billion yr<sup>-1</sup> and $88.3 billion, respectively, highlighting their potential monetary importance for the region. Our results show that Caribbean seagrass beds are globally substantial pools of carbon, and our findings underscore the importance of such evaluation schemes to promote urgently needed conservation of these highly threatened and globally important ecosystems.</p>
Data for: Colonization persistence trade-offs in natural bacterial communities
<p>Fitness equalizing mechanisms, such as trade-offs, are recognized as one of the main factors promoting species coexistence in community ecology. However, they have rarely been explored in microbial communities. Although microbial communities are highly diverse, the coexistence of their multiple taxa is largely attributed to niche differences and high dispersal rates, following the principle "everything is everywhere, but the environment selects". We use a dynamical stochastic model based on the Theory of Island Biogeography to study highly diverse microbial communities over time across three different systems (soils, alpine lakes, and shallow saline lakes). Assuming fitness equalization mechanisms, here we newly analytically derive colonization-persistence trade-offs, and report a signal of such trade-offs in natural microbial communities. Moreover, we show that different subsets of species in the community drive this trade-off. Rare taxa, which are occasional and more likely to follow independent colonization/extinction dynamics, drive this trade-off in the aquatic communities, while the core sub-community did it in the soils. We conclude that equalizing mechanisms may be more important than previously recognized in microbial communities. Our work also emphasizes the fundamental value of dynamical models for understanding temporal patterns and processes in highly diverse communities.</p>
Online classified adverts reflect the broader United Kingdom trade in turtles and tortoises rather than drive it.
<p>The accompanying file represents a flat dataset as used in the article: "Online classified adverts reflect the broader United Kingdom trade in turtles and tortoises rather than drive it."</p> <p>Any potentially personal or sensitive information was removed at the collection and processing stages and seller names or IDs (as listed on the original adverts) have been anonymised.<br> </p>
Soft trade-offs and the stochastic emergence of diversification in E. coli evolution experiments
<p>Laboratory experiments of bacterial colonies (e.g., <em>Escherichia coli</em>) under well-controlled conditions often lead to evolutionary diversification in which (at least) two ecotypes, each one specialized in the consumption of a different set of metabolic resources, branch out from an initially monomorphic population. Empirical evidence suggests that, even under fixed and stable conditions, such an "evolutionary branching'' occurs in a stochastic way, meaning that: (i) it is observed in a significant fraction, but not all, of the experimental repetitions, (ii) it may emerge at broadly diverse times, and (iii) the relative abundances of the resulting subpopulations are variable across experiments. Theoretical approaches shedding light on the possible emergence of evolutionary branching in this type of condition have been previously developed within the theory of "adaptive dynamics''. Such approaches are typically deterministic –or incorporate at most demographic or finite-size fluctuations which become negligible for the extremely large populations of these experiments– and, thus, do not permit to reproduce the empirically observed large degree of variability. Here, we make further progress and shed new light on the stochastic nature of evolutionary outcomes by introducing the idea of "soft'' trade-offs (as opposed to"hard'' ones). This introduces a natural new source of stochasticity which allows one to account for the empirically observed variability as well as to make predictions for the possibility of evolutionary branching to be observed, thus helping to bridge the gap between theory and experiments.</p>
HOW TO FORM A PRODUCER SERVICING ECOLOGY LEADING TO COMPETITIVE DIGITAL TRADE? -FROM INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER PERSPECTIVE
<p>Digital trade includes cross-border e-commerce focus on goods trade and digital service trade focus on service trade. Digital service trade refers to the service trade that can be delivered digitally or has the potential of digital delivery, including insurance services, financial services, intellectual property services, telecommunications, computer and information services, other business services and cultural and entertainment services (UNCTAD,2020), this study mainly examine the contribution of 28 manufacturing industries in China to the competitiveness of digital services trade in these six categories.</p> <p>Data are drawn from Ministry of Commerce, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, International Trade Center (ITC),China Statistical Yearbook, ILO Statistics, China Input-Output Table.</p>
Angiosperms follow a convex trade-off to optimize hydraulic safety and efficiency
<p><span>Intervessel pits are considered to function as valves that avoid embolism spreading and optimize efficient transport of xylem sap across neighbouring vessels. Hydraulic transport between vessels would therefore follow a safety-efficiency trade-off, which is directly related to the total intervessel pit area (A<sub>p</sub>), inversely related to the pit membrane thickness (T<sub>PM</sub>), and driven by a pressure difference.</span></p> <p><span>To test this hypothesis, we modelled the relative transport rate of gas (k<sub>a</sub>) and water (Q) at the intervessel pit level for 23 angiosperm species, and correlated these parameters with the water potential at which 50% of embolism occurs (</span><span>Ψ</span><sub><span>50</span></sub><span>). We also measured k<sub>a</sub> for 10 species using pneumatic measurements.</span></p> <p><span>The pressure difference across adjacent vessels, and estimated values of k<sub>a </sub>and Q were related to </span><span>Ψ</span><sub><span>50</span></sub><span>, following a convex safety-efficiency trade-off based on modelled and experimental data. Minor changes in T<sub>PM</sub> and A<sub>p </sub>exponentially affected the pressure difference and flow, respectively. </span></p> <p><span>Our results provide clear evidence that a xylem safety-efficiency trade-off is not linear, but convex due to flow across intervessel pit membranes, which represent mesoporous media within microporous conduits. Moreover, the convex nature of long-distance xylem transport may contribute to an adjustable fluid balance of plants, depending on environmental conditions. </span></p>
Demand-Side Constraints in Development: The Role of Market Size, Trade, and (In)Equality
<p>Data and replication code package for the paper "Demand-Side Constraints in Development: The Role of Market Size, Trade, and (In)Equality"</p>
Molecular constraints on tolerance-resistance trade-offs: Is there a cost?
<p>Plants possess myriad defenses against their herbivores, including constitutive and inducible chemical compounds and regrowth strategies known as tolerance. Recent studies have shown that plant tolerance and resistance are positively associated given they are co-localized in the same molecular pathway, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. However, given that both defensive strategies utilize carbon skeletons from a shared resource pool in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway there are likely costs in maintaining both resistance-tolerance strategies. Here we investigate fitness costs in maintaining both strategies by utilizing a double knockout of cyp79B2 and cyp79B3, key enzymes in the biosynthetic process of indole glucosinolates, which convert tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) and is further used to produce indole glucosinolates. These mutant plants are devoid of any indole glucosinolates thus reducing plant resistance. Results show that knocking out indole glucosinolate production and thus one of the resistance pathways leads to an approximate 46% increase in fitness compensation shifting the undercompensating wild-type Columbia-0 to an overcompensating genotype following damage. We discuss the potential mechanistic basis for the observed patterns.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.