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568 results for “brood”
Data from: Effects of brooding and broadcasting reproductive modes on the population genetic structure of two Antarctic gastropod molluscs
Life-history characteristics exert a profound influence upon the population structure of many marine organisms. However, relatively few genetic studies have compared direct with indirect-developing species in the same ecosystem or geographic region, and none to our knowledge within an Antarctic setting. To address this issue we have collected novel Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) data from the direct-developing top shell Margarella antarctica to form a comparison with previously published data for the broadcast-spawning Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna. We scored 270 loci in 240 M. antarctica individuals sampled from five populations spanning the full length of the Antarctic Peninsula. Profound differences were identified in the strength and pattern of population structure between the two species, consistent with gene flow being highly restricted in M. antarctica relative to N. concinna.
Data from: The evolution of clutch size in hosts of avian brood parasites
Coevolution with avian brood parasites shapes a range of traits in their hosts, including morphology, behavior, and breeding systems. Here we explore whether brood parasitism is also associated with the evolution of host clutch size. Several studies have proposed that hosts of highly virulent parasites could decrease the costs of parasitism by evolving a smaller clutch size, because hosts with smaller clutches will lose fewer progeny when their clutch is parasitized. We describe a model of the evolution of clutch size, which challenges this logic and shows instead that an increase in clutch size (or no change) should evolve in hosts. We test this prediction using a broad-scale comparative analysis to ask whether there are differences in clutch size within hosts and between hosts and nonhosts. Consistent with our model, this analysis revealed that host species do not have smaller clutches and that hosts that incur larger costs from raising a parasite lay larger clutches. We suggest that brood parasitism might be an influential factor in clutch-size evolution and could potentially select for the evolution of larger clutches in host species.
Data from: Parasitism in early life: environmental conditions shape intra-brood variation in responses to infection
Parasites play key ecological and evolutionary roles through the costs they impose on their host. In wild populations, the effect of parasitism is likely to vary considerably with environmental conditions, which may affect the availability of resources to hosts for defense. However, the interaction between parasitism and prevailing conditions is rarely quantified. In addition to environmental variation acting on hosts, individuals are likely to vary in their response to parasitism, and the combined effect of both may increase heterogeneity in host responses. Offspring hierarchies, established by parents in response to uncertain rearing conditions, may be an important source of variation between individuals. Here, we use experimental antiparasite treatment across 5 years of variable conditions to test how annual population productivity (a proxy for environmental conditions) and parasitism interact to affect growth and survival of different brood members in juvenile European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis). In control broods, last-hatched chicks had more plastic growth rates, growing faster in more productive years. Older siblings grew at a similar rate in all years. Treatment removed the effect of environment on last-hatched chicks, such that all siblings in treated broods grew at a similar rate across environmental conditions. There were no differences in nematode burden between years or siblings, suggesting that variation in responses arose from intrinsic differences between chicks. Whole-brood growth rate was not affected by treatment, indicating that within-brood differences were driven by a change in resource allocation between siblings rather than a change in overall parental provisioning. We show that gastrointestinal parasites can be a key component of offspring's developmental environment. Our results also demonstrate the value of considering prevailing conditions for our understanding of parasite effects on host life-history traits. Establishing how environmental conditions shape responses to parasitism is important as environmental variability is predicted to increase.
Data from: A likelihood-based approach for assessment of extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in natural populations
Genotypes are frequently used to assess alternative reproductive strategies such as extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism in wild populations. However, such analyses are vulnerable to genotyping error or molecular artefacts that can bias results. For example, when using multilocus microsatellite data, a mismatch at a single locus, suggesting the offspring was not directly related to its putative parents, can occur quite commonly even when the offspring is truly related. Some recent studies have advocated an ad-hoc rule that offspring must differ at more than one locus in order to conclude that they are not directly related. While this reduces the frequency with which true offspring are identified as not directly related young, it also introduces bias in the opposite direction, wherein not directly related young are categorized as true offspring. More importantly, it ignores the additional information on allele frequencies which would reduce overall bias. In this study, we present a novel technique for assessing extra-pair paternity and conspecific brood parasitism using a likelihood-based approach in a new version of program cervus. We test the suitability of the technique by applying it to a simulated data set and then present an example to demonstrate its influence on the estimation of alternative reproductive strategies.
Data from: Cuckoo parasitism in a cavity nesting host: near absent egg-rejection in a northern redstart population under heavy apparent (but low effective) brood parasitism
Brood parasite - host systems continue to offer insights into species coevolution. A notable system is the redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus parasitized by the "redstart-cuckoo" Cuculus canorus gens. Redstarts are the only regular cuckoo hosts that breed in cavities, which challenges adult cuckoos in egg laying and cuckoo chicks in host eviction. We investigated parasitism in this system and found high overall parasitism rates (31.1% of 360 redstart nests), but also that only 33.1% of parasitism events (49 of 148 eggs) were successful in laying eggs into redstart nest cups. The majority of cuckoo eggs were mislaid and found on the rim of the nest; outside the nest cup. All available evidence suggests these eggs were not ejected by hosts. The effective parasitism rate was therefore only 12.8% of redstart nests. Redstarts responded to natural parasitism by deserting their nests in 13.0% of cases, compared to desertion rates of 2.8% for non-parasitized nests. Our egg parasitism experiments found low rates (12.2%) of rejection of artificial non-mimetic cuckoo eggs. Artificial mimetic and real cuckoo eggs added to nests were rejected at even lower rates, and were always rejected via desertion. Under natural conditions, only 21 cuckoo chicks fledged of 150 cuckoo eggs laid. Adding to this low success, is that cuckoo chicks are sometimes unable to evict all host young, and were more likely to die as a result compared to cuckoo chicks reared alone. This low success seems to be mainly due to the cavity nesting strategy of the redstart which is a challenging obstacle for the cuckoo. The redstart-cuckoo system appears to be a fruitful model system and we suggest much more emphasis should be placed on frontline defences such as nest site selection strategies when investigating brood parasite-host coevolution.
Data from: Brood size matching: a novel perspective on predator dilution
A primary benefit of grouping is diluting the individual risk of attack by predators. However, the fact that groups are formed not always by solitary adults but also by subgroups (e.g., families) has been overlooked. The subgroup-specific benefit of predator dilution depends on its relative contribution to total group size. Therefore, the willingness of a subgroup to merge with others should increase the less it contributes to total group size, but the conflicting preferences of partners may result in the preferential merger of similar-sized subgroups. Here, we evaluate how the proportional contribution of subgroups to diluting risk affects group formation. We generate predictions using a bidding game over parental care and test them using data on common eiders (Somateria mollissima), in which females with variable-sized broods may form brood-rearing coalitions. The predictions (1) that size-matched subgroups should have a higher propensity to merge, (2) that predation should increase group formation propensity, and (3) that increased bargaining power, as proxied by female body condition, should increase the time needed to establish partnerships were all supported. Partners do negotiate over their relative contributions to predator dilution, accepting or rejecting partnerships on the basis of this criterion. Our results show that consideration of the size of subgroups before merger is critical in understanding the process of group formation under the threat of predation.
Data from: Tricks of the trade: mechanism of brood theft in an ant
Thievery is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, social insects not being an exception. Brood is invaluable for the survival of social insect colonies and brood theft is well documented in ants. In many species the stolen brood act as slaves in the thief colony as they take up tasks related to foraging, defence and colony maintenance. Slave-making (dulotic) ants are at an advantage as they gain workforce without investing in rearing immature young, and several slave-making species have been recorded in temperate regions. In the current study we investigate brood theft in a primitively eusocial ponerine ant Diacamma indicum that inhabits the tropics. In the context of colony relocation we asked how thieves steal brood and what victim colonies do to prevent theft. While exposed nests increased colonies' vulnerability, the relocation process itself did not enhance the chances of theft. Various aggressive interactions, in particular immobilization of intruders helped in preventing theft. Thieves that acted quickly, stayed furtive and stole unguarded brood were found to be successful. This comprehensive study of behavioural mechanism of theft reveals that these are the 'tricks' adopted by thieves.
FIGURE 1 in Pseudrotasfer microincubator gen. et spec. nov., a brooding cucumariid holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) from the Burdwood Bank (south-western Atlantic Ocean)
FIGURE 1. Agassiz trawl samples taken at the Burdwood Bank in the course of the LAMPOS expedition (FS "Polarstern", ANT XIX/5), containing Pseudrotasfer microincubator spec. nov.
FIGURE 2. Pseudrotasfer microincubator spec. nov. A–B in Pseudrotasfer microincubator gen. et spec. nov., a brooding cucumariid holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) from the Burdwood Bank (south-western Atlantic Ocean)
FIGURE 2. Pseudrotasfer microincubator spec. nov. A–B. Holotype (ZSM 20070012). A. Lateral view (arrowhead: anus). B. Ventral view. C. Calcareous ring plates (mvrp: midventral radial plate, lvip: left ventral interradial plate) of a paratype (ZSM 20070013). D. Potential spermatozeugmata consisting of various bunch-like bundled spermatozoa (h: heads of spermatozoa, t: bundled tails) (ZSM 20070013). E–J. Ossicles. E. Plates of tentacles (ZSM 20070011). F. Large perforated plates of deeper layer of body wall (ZSM 20070011). G–H. Wheel-like baskets of upper layer of body wall (ZSM 20070011). I. Plates of deeper layer of terminal tube foot region (ZSM 20070011). J. Terminal plate of a tube foot (ZSM 20070013).
FIGURE 1. Dorometra sesokonis n in A new brooding feather star of the genus Dorometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulida: Antedonidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan
FIGURE 1. Dorometra sesokonis n. sp., OMNH Iv 3444-1: A, aboral view of centrodorsal and proximal arms; B, oral view of disk and proximal arms; C, distal arm with pinnules (aboral view); D, large and small cirri (side view). Parenthesized pinnules are absent. Abbreviations represent at: anal tube, cd: centrodorsal, ci: cirrus, eg: attached egg, mo: mouth, re: ripe egg in gonad, sy: syzygy. Scale bar 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Aracia sinaloae sp. n., a new brooding, simultaneous hermaphroditic fan worm from southern Gulf of California (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
FIGURE 4. Aracia sinaloae sp. n. A, Ventral collar lappets and ventral shields stained with methyl green; B, dorsal lips indicated by arrows and embryos attached to right dorsal-most radiole; C, left dorsal-most radiole with two attached early larvae indicated by arrows; D, late larvae; E–F, dorsal lips (indicated by arrows), dorsal view; G. dorsal lips (indicated by arrows), frontal view of peristomium (ventral lips and radioles removed); H, superior group of thoracic notochaetae; I, thoracic uncinus; J, abdominal uncinus; K, oocytes; L, spermatozoa. A–K, Paratypes EMU–ICML–10034/10035. Abbreviations: vlventral lappets, vsc—ventral shield of collar. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, E–G, 0.25 mm; C–D, 100 µm; H, 20µm; I–J, 5µm; K, not scaled, 40X; L, not scaled, 100X.
FIGURE 2 in Aracia sinaloae sp. n., a new brooding, simultaneous hermaphroditic fan worm from southern Gulf of California (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
FIGURE 2. Body structures of Aracia sinaloae sp. n. A, Adult, dorsal view; B, juvenile, dorsal view; C, branchial crown of mature specimen, lateral view; D, cocoon; E, detail of embryos; F, larva; G, collar, dorsal view; H, collar, ventral view, midventral patch of cilia as indicated by arrow. A–H, Paratypes UAA–M142B, M145C mounted for SEM. Abbreviations: apranterior peristomial ring, fg—faecal groove, vsc—ventral shield of collar. White arrow in F: neurotroch, black arrow: prototroch. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B–D, 200 µm; E, G–H, 100 µm; F, 20 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Aracia sinaloae sp. n., a new brooding, simultaneous hermaphroditic fan worm from southern Gulf of California (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
FIGURE 1. Aracia sinaloae sp. n., live colour. A, Entire body, dorsal view, showing distribution of oocytes and sperm; B, as A, arrow indicates cocoon; C, thorax and anterior abdomen showing oocytes through body wall as indicated by arrow; D, detail of collar and base of branchial crown, dorsal view; E, cocoon attached to dorsal-most radiolar pair; F, collar and base of branchial crown, lateral view, showing peristomial eye as indicated by arrow. A–F, Holotype MCZ–20145. Scale bars: A–B, 1 mm; C–D, F, 0.5 mm; E, 0.8 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Aracia sinaloae sp. n., a new brooding, simultaneous hermaphroditic fan worm from southern Gulf of California (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)
FIGURE 3. Chaetae and uncini of Aracia sinaloae sp. n. A, Thoracic chaetigers (1: chaetiger 1, 2: chaetiger 2, 3: chaetiger 3); B, thoracic chaetae; C, paleate chaetae; D, thoracic, narrowly hooded chaetae; E, thoracic uncini and companion chaetae; F, abdominal noto- and neurochaetae; G, abdominal neurochaetae; H–I, abdominal uncini. A–I, Paratypes UAA–M147A mounted for SEM. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, D, 20 µm; C, E–H, 10 µm; I, 5 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Revision of the Palaearctic brood parasitic genus Nipponodipogon Ishikawa, 1965 of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsinae)
FIGURE 7. Nipponodipogon sudai sp. nov. (A–F, holotype, ♀; G–K, paratype, ♂, Japan). A. head, frontal view; B. head, lateral view; C, G. head, dorsal view; D. mesosoma, lateral view; E. apical portion of left hind femur, outer view; F. S1, ventrolateral view; H. S6, ventrolateral view; I. subgenital plate, lateral view; J. genitalia (left half, dorsal view; right half, ventral view); K. aedeagus and parapenial lobe, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Revision of the Palaearctic brood parasitic genus Nipponodipogon Ishikawa, 1965 of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsinae)
FIGURE 6. Nipponodipogon rossicus. (A–F, holotype, ♀; G–J, paratype, ♂, Russian Far East). A. head, frontal view; B. head, lateral view; C, G. head, dorsal view; D. mesosoma, lateral view; E. T1, dorsal view; F. S1 and S2, ventral view; H. S6, ventral view; I. subgenital plate, lateral view; J. genitalia (left half, dorsal view; right half, ventral view). Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Revision of the Palaearctic brood parasitic genus Nipponodipogon Ishikawa, 1965 of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsinae)
FIGURE 1. Nipponodipogon hayachinensis, ♀, type locality. A. head, frontal view; B. head, dorsal view; C. propodeum, lateral view; D. outer claw of left hind tarsus. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of the Palaearctic brood parasitic genus Nipponodipogon Ishikawa, 1965 of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsinae)
FIGURE 3. Nipponodipogon kurilensis, holotype, ♀. A. head, frontal view; B. head, dorsal view; C. mesosoma, lateral view; D. T1, dorsal view; E. S1 and S2, ventrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Revision of the Palaearctic brood parasitic genus Nipponodipogon Ishikawa, 1965 of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsinae)
FIGURE 2. Nipponodipogon iwatai. (A–E, holotype, ♀; F–I, ♂, Japan). A. head, frontal view; B. head, dorsal view; C. mesosoma, lateral view; D. apical portion of left hind femur, outer view; E. S1 and S2, ventral view; F. S6 and subgenital plate, ventrolateral view; G, subgenital plate, lateral view; H, genitalia, ventral view; I. genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Revision of the Palaearctic brood parasitic genus Nipponodipogon Ishikawa, 1965 of spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsinae)
FIGURE 9. Nipponodipogon, fore and hind wings. A. N. hayachinensis, ♀, Japan; B. N. iwatai, holotype; C, D. N. kurilensis, holotype; E. N. mandibularis, holotype; F, G. N. nagasei, holotype; H, I. N. rossicus, holotype. J. H. sudai sp. nov., paratype, ♀, Japan; K. H. sudai, paratype, ♂, Japan. Scale lines: 1.0 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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