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Figure 6. Normed PCA factorial graph F1 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 6. Normed PCA factorial graph F1 × F2 of two revealed geographical groups of Beringiana beringiana samples (blue circles indicate samples from Primorsky Krai, Kunashir, Sakhalin, and Iturup islands; red circles indicate samples from Kamchatka Peninsula). Ellipses show 95 % confidence interval.

Figure 5 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 5. Relationships between Kd Shell/Sediment Al and Kd Shell/Water Al: (1) Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island, (2) Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island, (3) Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai, (4) Lebedinoe Lake, Iturup Island, (5) Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (6) Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (7) Chernoye Lake, Sakhalin Island.

Figure 4 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 4. Median joining networks of Beringiana beringiana (N = 50) based on the COI gene fragment. The circle size is proportional to the number of available sequences belonging to the given haplotype (the smallest = 1 sequence). The red numbers near branches indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions between haplotypes.

Figure 2 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 2. Shells of Beringiana beringiana specimens, collected from studied waterbodies: A – Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula (voucher number RMBH biv1212/2), B – Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai (RMBH biv1181/1), C – Lebedinoye Lake, Iturup Island (RMBH biv1254/2), D – Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island (RMBH biv1250/1), E - Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island (RMBH biv1251/1), F – Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula (RMBH biv1213/3). Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 1 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 1. Map of the studied region. Lakes: (1) Kurazhechnoye, Kamchatka Peninsula (n = 5), (2) Khalaktyrskoye, Kamchatka Peninsula (n = 5), (3) Lebedinoye, Iturup Island (n = 3), (4) Peschanoye, Kunashir Island (n = 3), (5) Chernoye, Sakhalin Island (n = 3), (6) Bolshoye Vavayskoye, Sakhalin Island (n = 3), (7) Vaskovskoye, Primorsky Krai (n = 3). n reveals the number of collected shells of Beringiana beringiana.

Figure 3. Principal components 1 and 2 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 3. Principal components 1 and 2 visualized by drawing synthetic outlines of extreme (±2SD) and mean shell shapes of Beringiana beringiana. The umbo position marked by star.

Figure 11 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 11. Relationships between values of KAl and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), d Shell/Sediment revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.

Figure 7 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 7. Relationships between Ca-normalized concentration of zinc in shells and principal component 1, (A), copper in shells and principal component 1 (B), revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana: (1) Peschanoye Lake, Kunashir Island, (2) Lebedinoe Lake, Iturup Island, (3) Bolshoye Vavayskoye Lake, Sakhalin Island, (4) Kurazhechnoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula, (5) Vaskovskoye Lake, Primorsky Krai, (6) Khalaktyrskoye Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula.

Figure 10 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 10. Relationships between values of Kd Shell/Water Al (A), Kd Shell/Water P (B), Kd Shell/Water Fe (C) and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), revealed from the shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.

Figure 9 in Impact of aquatic habitat environment on the elemental composition and shell shape variability of the Beringian freshwater mussel Beringiana beringiana (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Figure 9. Relationships between Zn: Ca – ratio in Beringiana beringiana shells and longitudinal cross-sectional area of shell (mm2), revealed from shell shape analysis of Beringiana beringiana. For the numbers of localities see caption for Figure 7.

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Fig. 56. Character 79, M. intermandibularis supplementary element morphology. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 56. Character 79, M. intermandibularis supplementary element morphology. A: State 0, anterolateral (Rhinoderma darwinii, AMNH 37849). B: State 1, anteromedial (trinitatis, uncataloged AMNH specimen, part of series collect- ed with AMNH 87392–93).

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Fig. 3. Energy dispersive x in Extraction and elemental composition of meconium in Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Fig. 3. Energy dispersive x-ray spectra of Polistes dominulus meconia samples according to locality number: (1) Hatay, Payas; (2) Hatay, Erzin, YeŞiltepe; (3) İÇel, Mezitli; (4) İÇel, Tarsus, Kaleburcu; (5) İÇel, Tarsus, Çamtepe; (6) Osmaniye, Kadirli; (7) Osmaniye, Toprakkale; (8) Adana, Yüreğir; (9) Adana, SarıÇam; (10) Adana, Kozan, Anavarza; (11) Adana, Ceyhan; (12) Adana, İmamoglu.

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Fig. 2. Representative elements ofgoniopholidid crocodyliform Dakotasuchus kingi Mehl, 1941, OMNH 34500 from OMNH locality V828 in A new occurrence of Dakotasuchus kingi from the Late Cretaceous of Utah, USA, and the diagnostic utility of postcranial characters in Crocodyliformes

Fig. 2. Representative elements ofgoniopholidid crocodyliform Dakotasuchus kingi Mehl, 1941, OMNH 34500 from OMNH locality V828, Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation, Cenomanian. A. Right cervical rib in ventral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Right coracoid in lateral (B1), caudal (B2), and medial (B3) views. C. Dorsal vertebra in cranial (C1), caudal (C2), lateral (C3), and dorsal (C4) views. D. Right radius in medial (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Dorsal scute in dorsal (E1) and ventral (E2) views. F. Ventral scute in dorsal (F1) and ventral (F2) views. G. Close-up views of neural canal in dorsal vertebrae, illustrating distinctive heart shape (white arrows); G1, OMNH 34500 vertebra in caudal view; G2, D. kingi holotype vertebra mold in cranial view. H. Tooth in labiolingual (H1), basal (H2), and mesiodistal (H3) views.

Fig. 6 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 6. Comparison of phylogenetic trees and of the three hypotheses of hyaenodont origin and dispersals with focus on the Sinopinae and Proviverrinae. A. African origin with subsequent dispersals of the Sinopinae and Proviverrinae into Europe, and of the Sinopinae from Europe to North America. A 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the cladistics analysis of Solé et al. (2014b). A 2. Faunal dispersals during the early Eocene based on the hypothesis of an African origin for the Hyaenodonta. B. Asian origin with subsequent dispersals of Sinopinae and Proviverrinae into Europe, and of Tinerhodon from Europe to Africa. B 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the cladistics analysis of Rana et al. (in press); the position of the Group A is variable—we represent only two of the four possible positions: the basal position implies two dispersal events from Laurasia to Africa, while the more inclusive position implies one single event. B 2. Faunal dispersals around the Paleocene–Eocene transition based on the hypothesis of an Asian origin for the Hyaenodonta. C. Multiregional origin with subsequent dispersals of the Sinopinae from Asia to North America through Europe, and of the Proviverrinae from Africa to Europe. C 1. The phylogenetic tree based on the abstract of Morlo et al. (2010). C 2. Faunal dispersals during the early Eocene based on the hypotheses of an Asian origin for the Sinopinae (Hyaenodontida) and of an African one for the Proviverrinae (Proviverroidea). The phylogeny of Rana et al. in press) is, however, consistent with either an African or an Asian origin for the Hyaenodonta; only the Asian origin is discussed here; the position of Tinerhodon in C 1 is our hypothesis because this taxon is not discussed by Morlo et al. (2010). Abbreviations: A, Africa; L, Laurasia. Bolded, taxa that mainly radiated in Africa; asterisks, paraphyletic subfamilies in Rana et al. (in press). A 2 –C 2 are adapted from Ron Blakey, Eocene, http://www2.nau. edu/rcb7/050Marect.jpg.

Fig. 4. Proviverrine mammal Eoproviverra eisenmanni Godinot, 1981 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 4. Proviverrine mammal Eoproviverra eisenmanni Godinot, 1981 from early Eocene, Rians, France; MNHN.F.RI 400, left m2; labial (A), occlusal (B), and lingual (C) views.

Fig. 7 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 7. Geographic localisation of the Asian hyaenodonts mentioned in the text, and distributions of the Limnocyoninae and Indohyaenodontinae. Both the geographic distributions of the Limnocyoninae and Indohyaenodontinae include the Mongolian specimen PSS 20-124. Adapted from Ron Blakey, Eocene, http://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/050Marect.jpg.

Fig. 3 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 3. Proviverrine mammal Parvagula palulae Lange-Badré in Godinot et al., 1987 from Fournes (A, C, D) and Fordones (B), France, early Eocene. A. UM/FNR 53, right fragmentary dentary bearing p4; labial (A 1), lingual (A2), and occlusal (A3) views. B. UM/FDN 153, left trigonid of m1?; occlusal (B 1), labial (B2), and lingual (B3) views. C. UM/FNR 52, left trigonid of m1?; occlusal (C1), labial (C2), and lingual (C3) views. D. UM/FNR 51, right m1?; labial (D 1), occlusal (D2), and lingual (D3) views. The frame distinguishes the sole specimen from Fordones.

Fig. 1 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 1. Eocene palaeogeographic map showing the possible localisation of Rians, Palette, Fournes, Fordones, and Le Quesnoy (France), Dormaal and Erquelinnes (Belgium), Silveirinha (Portugal), and Abbey Wood (England). The earliest proviverrines are restricted to the Southern European Province, while the sinopines are mainly located in the Northern European Province. Redrawn from Marandat et al. (2012: fig. 1).

Fig. 5 in New dental elements of the oldest proviverrine mammal from the early Eocene of Southern France support possible African origin of the subfamily

Fig. 5. Comparison of the p4 (A, C) and m1 (B, D) of the early Eocene Proviverrinae and Sinopinae. A, B. Parvagula palulae Lange-Badré in Godinot et al., 1987 from Fournes, France. A. UM/FNR 53, right p4; occlusal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. UM/FNR 51, right m1; occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C, D. Prototomus minimus Smith and Smith, 2001 from Dormaal, Belgium. C. IRSNB M1286, right p4; lingual (C1) and occlusal (C2) views. D. IRSNB M1287, left m1; lingual (D1) and occlusal (D2) views, reversed. Not to scale.