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846 results for “homologs”
Figure 7. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 3 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)
Figure 7. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 3: protibia. A, L. mesatlanticus; B, L. fretalis; C, typical female tibia (L. fretalis) for comparison.
Figure 4 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)
Figure 4. Schematic view of L. truncatellus aedeagus as an example. a-add, apical addition of median lobe; a1, main ventral appendage; a2, secondary ventral appendage; a3, main dorsal appendage; a4, secondary dorsal appendage; fo, structure associated with flagellum opening; lp, left paramere; rp (?), possible derivation of the right paramere; ml, median lobe; ml-c, border of the ventral channel of the median lobe; bc, margin of the basal capsule; bf, basal foramen.
Figure 3 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)
Figure 3. Examples of different aedeagus patterns of Limnebiini in the ventral aspect (if no indication), basal foramen—below, bar—relative length: 1, Laeliaena sichuanensis (a, ventral; b, lateral aspects); 2, L. evanescens (sp-p, sperm pump of L. perparvulus, typical of Bilimneus, in scale); 3, L. feuerborni; 4, L. boukali; 5, L. pollex (a, ventral; b, lateral aspects); 6, L. mitus; 7, L. arenicolus; 8, L. aluta; 9, L. parvulus; 10, L. stagnalis; 11, L. furcatus; 12, L. setifer; 13, L. cordobanus; 14, L. gracilipes; 15, L. paganettii; 16, L. fretalis; 17, L. nitiduloides; 18, L. mesatlanticus; 19, L. truncatellus; 20, L. pilicauda (a, ventral; b, lateral aspects); 21, L. murentius; 22, L. attalensis 23, L. kocheri; 24, L. minoricensis; 25, L. graecus; 26, L. maurus. (lp, left paramere; rp, right paramere; a1–4, additional appendages; a-add, apical addition; f, fold of medal lobe; s, setae; end, endophallus), length of aedeagus of L. fretalis (biggest genitalia) is 1.2 mm.
Figure 6. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 2 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)
Figure 6. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 2: abdomen. A, L. furcatus; B, L. fretalis. (s, setae; p, protuberance).
Figure 2 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)
Figure 2. Examples of Limnebius wings: A, Bilimneus (L. evanescens); B, Limnebius s.s. (L. minoricensis); C, set of measurements: l, total length; vl, length of vein; pw, proximal width; mw, maximal width, a: angle.
Figure 8 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)
Figure 8. Histological transversal sections of the connection zone of the aedeagus' appendages, marked by the rectangle in the genitalia view (not in scale). A, L. cordobanus; B, L. fretalis; C, L. truncatellus; D, L. pilicauda; E, L. maurus. (ml, median lobe; lp, left paramere; a1–a4, additional appendages; f, flagellum; fo, flagellum opening; s, setae). Numeration is from the apical to basal, dorsal part in each section—above.
Figure 5. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 1 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)
Figure 5. Limnebius structural sexual dimorphism 1: metatibia. A, typical female tibia (L. fretalis) for comparison; B, L. fretalis; C, L. furcatus; D, L. truncatellus.
Figure 9 in Morphological diversification with emphasis on the structural and homology patterns of male genitalia in genus Limnebius (Leach 1815; Hydraenidae: Coleoptera)
Figure 9. Histological transversal sections of the zone of aedeagus around the flagellum opening. A, L. furcatus; B, L. cordobanus; C, L. fretalis; D, L. nitiduloides; E, L. truncatellus (a1 broken); F, L. pilicauda; G, L. maurus. (Orientation, indication, and abbreviations are the same as in Figure 8.)
FIGURE 1 in Homology of the gonostylus parts in crane flies, with emphasis on the families Tipulidae and Limoniidae (Diptera, Tipulomorpha)
FIGURE 1. Examples of gonostylus morphology in Tipulidae (lateral view), with terminology currently applied to its parts. A, Leptotarsus (Longurio) testaceus (Loew), redrawn from Oosterbroek (1980). B, Ptilogyna sp. C, Leptotarsus (Longurio) gymnocerus (Alexander). D, Tipula (Lunatipula) bullata Loew, redrawn from De Jong (1995b). Abbreviations: I, branch I of gonostylus; II, branch II of gonostylus; i gonst, inner gonostylus; o gonst, outer gonostylus.
FIGURE 3 in Homology of the gonostylus parts in crane flies, with emphasis on the families Tipulidae and Limoniidae (Diptera, Tipulomorpha)
FIGURE 3. Gonostylus morphology in Tipulidae and Limoniidae (dorsal view), with revised homology between branches as proposed here. A, Leptotarsus (Longurio) gymnocerus (Alexander) (Tipulidae). B, Ptilogyna sp. (Tipulidae). C, Tinemyia margaritifera Hutton (Limoniidae). D, Lecteria (Lecteria) sp. (Limoniidae). E, Hexatoma (Eriocera) austera (Doane) (Limoniidae). F, Eloeophila aldrichi aldrichi (Alexander) (Limoniidae). Abbreviations: I, branch I of gonostylus (lobe of gonostylus); II, branch II of gonostylus (clasper of gonostylus).
FIGURE 2 in Homology of the gonostylus parts in crane flies, with emphasis on the families Tipulidae and Limoniidae (Diptera, Tipulomorpha)
FIGURE 2. Examples of gonostylus morphology in Limoniidae (dorsal view), with terminology currently applied to its parts. A, Hexatoma (Eriocera) aegle Alexander. B, Hexatoma (Eriocera) austera (Doane). C, Metalimnophila howesi (Alexander). D, Metalimnophila productella productella Alexander. E, Conosia sp. F, Lecteria (Lecteria) sp. G, Tinemyia margaritifera Hutton. H, Eloeophila aldrichi aldrichi (Alexander). Abbreviations: I, branch I of gonostylus; II, branch II of gonostylus; i gonst, inner gonostylus; o gonst, outer gonostylus.
Live imaging and biophysical modeling support a button-based mechanism of somatic homolog pairing in Drosophila
<p></p><p>3D eukaryotic genome organization provides the structural basis for gene regulation. In Drosophila melanogaster, genome folding is characterized by somatic homolog pairing, where homologous chromosomes are intimately paired from end to end; however, how homologs identify one another and pair has remained mysterious. Recently, this process has been proposed to be driven by specifically interacting 'buttons' encoded along chromosomes. Here, we turned this hypothesis into a quantitative biophysical model to demonstrate that a button-based mechanism can lead to chromosome-wide pairing. We tested our model using live-imaging measurements of chromosomal loci tagged with the MS2 and PP7 nascent RNA labeling systems. We show solid agreement between model predictions and experiments in the pairing dynamics of individual homologous loci. Our results strongly support a button-based mechanism of somatic homolog pairing in Drosophila and provide a theoretical framework for revealing the molecular identity and regulation of buttons.</p><p></p>
FIGURE 1 in Implementation as theory, hierarchy as transformation, homology as synapomorphy
FIGURE 1. The anatomy of a cladistic analysis. a. A cladistic analysis recovers branching diagrams (cladograms) from a data matrix (e.g., binary or parenthesis matrix). The characater-state relationships (homologs) may be interpreted phylogenetically as transformations; b.The data matrix is analysed by a computer program that produces a cladogram. The phylogenetic tree is created through human interpretation only; c.#A data matrix contains ordered data, which is converted to a branching diagram (cladogram) using a computer program. The cladogram depicted here is based on character 1 (namely, a character tree). The character-states are treated as synapomorphies within A{B{C,D}, where C and D share character-state 0 or, the states can be shown as a relationship, namely 0{1,1}. In the phylogenetic tree, the character-states are shown as grouped plesiomorphies and apomorphies. The transformation is inferred by the person viewing the tree; d. The function of the data matrix is to show which character-states are ascribed to taxa. The cladogram represents a classification in order to identify monophyly, while a phylogenetic tree interprets a classification through transformation; e. the data matrix and cladogram represent homologs. In the phylogenetic tree, homologs are interpreted to be derived or reversed (apomorphic) or plesiomorphic (primitive).
FIGURE 4. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)
FIGURE 4. A, Biogeographic hypothesis obtained from the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC) model of RASP analysis on a dated phylogeny reconstructed with fossil calibrations using treePL. B, Biogeographic areas used as input in RASP (see Table 4 for details). Note that this is not a distribution map of pimoids, the range of any given pimoid species does not occupy all of the shaded biogeographic area (e.g., in North America pimoids are exclusively found in the west). C, Dispersal and vicariance rates optimized by the DEC model of RASP.
FIGURE 2. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)
FIGURE 2. A maximum likelihood phylogeny of linyphioid families (Linyphiidae and Pimoidae) using five molecular markers (matrix M1). Support metrics at nodes indicate Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT)/ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot).
FIGURE 7 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)
FIGURE 7. Putaoa male genitalic morphology: Putaoa huaping Hormiga & Tu, 2008 (A-B), P. seediq Hormiga & Dimitrov, 2017 (C-F). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, mesal (arrow points to conductor). C, Palp, ectal. D, palp, dorsomesal (modified from Hormiga 2003, 2008). E, Palp, mesal (schematic). F, Palp, mesal (arrow points to embolic process). Modified from Hormiga & Tu (2008), Hormiga & Dimitrov (2017). Scale bars: A-B, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; P = paracymbium; SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum.
FIGURE 6 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)
FIGURE 6. Weintrauboa male genitalic morphology: Weintrauboa yele Hormiga, 2008 (A-B), W. contortipes (Karsch, 1881)(C- E). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, mesal. C, Palp, mesal (arrow points to suprategulum). D, E, Tegulum, suprategulum and embolus base. Modified from Hormiga (2003, 2008). Scale bars: A-B, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; E = embolus; EF = embolic flap; EP = embolic process; MA= median apophysis; P = paracymbium; SPT= suprategulum; T = tegulum.
FIGURE 1. Pimoid and stemonyphantine habitus photographs. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)
FIGURE 1. Pimoid and stemonyphantine habitus photographs. A, Pimoa breviata Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943, female from Oregon (DSC_5028). B, Pimoa cthulhu Hormiga, 1994, female from California (DSC_5065). C, Nanoa enana Hormiga, Buckle & Scharff, 2005, female from California (DSC_4865, GH0896). D, Pimoa edenticulata Hormiga, 1994, male from California (DSC_5023). E, Putaoa seediq Hormiga & Dimitrov, 2017, male from Taiwan. F, Weintrauboa contortipes (Karsch, 1881), female from Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan (DSC_0472). G, Stemonyphantes lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758), male from Zealand, Denmark. H, S. lineatus, female from Zealand, Denmark. Photos by GH.
FIGURE 5 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)
FIGURE 5. Pimoid male genitalic morphology: Pimoa graphitica Mammola, Hormiga & Isaia, 2016 (A-B), Nanoa enana Hormiga, Buckle & Scharff, 2005 (C-D). A, Palp ventral (arrow up points to embolus; arrow down points to pimoid embolic process; arrow right points to alveolar sclerite). B, Palp, ectal. C, Palp ventral (the embolus is in a slightly displaced position; normally its distal end rests tightly against the tegulum, next to the conductor). D, Palp dorsoectal. Scale bars: A-B, 0.5 mm; C-D, 0.1 mm. Modified from Hormiga et al. (2005). Abbreviations: C= conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA= median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum.
FIGURE 9 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)
FIGURE 9. Stemonyphantine male genitalic morphology: Stemonyphantes abantensis Wunderlich, 1978, paratype (A-C), Pecado impudicus (Denis, 1945) (D-G). A, Palp, ectal. B, C, Palp, embolic division partially expanded (schematic). D, Palp, ectal. E, Meso ventral (schematic view of cleared palp with embolus rendered only in its basal region). F, Palp, dorsoectal, embolic division and suprategulum, schematic view of cleared palp with embolus rendered only in its basal region; the column and inter-sclerite membranes are not rendered and the radix has been displaced to right for clarity. Modified in part from Hormiga & Scharff (2005). Scale bars: A, D, G, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; LC = lamella characteristica; P = paracymbium; R = radix; SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TP = tegular processes.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.