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Fig. 3 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream
Fig. 3. Seasonal variation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of Characidium pterostictum in Lajeado river, southern Brazil.
Fig. 5 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream
Fig. 5. Boxplots comparing the total length of mature Characidium pterostictum at two sampling sites at Lajeado river (southern Brazil). PA, upstream site; PB, downstream site. Circles are outliers.
Fig. 2 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream
Fig. 2. Boxplots comparing the total length (Lt) of Characidium pterostictum in Lajeado river (southern Brazil). PA, upstream site; PB downstream site. Numbers in parenthesis are sample size; filled circles are outliers, asterisks are extreme values, dotted line is the mean Lt.
Fig. 1 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream
Fig. 1. Size frequency distribution (total length, Lt) for Characidium pterostictum in two sampling sites at Lajeado river, southern Brazil (PA, n = 62; PB, n = 188).
Figure 2 in Inferring life history from ovipositor morphology in parasitoid wasps using phylogenetic regression and discriminant analysis
Figure 2. Distal part of ovipositor of the four parasitoid species whose life history is unknown, plus a selection of species whose life history is known. The complete ovipositor of the four species is also shown in profile, drawn relative to the width of the head of the species. Species with known life history are as follows (see Tables 1 and 2 for full names and classification). Endoparasitoids: host is exposed – a Aleiodes, b Zele, c Mesoleptus, d Megastylus, e Ophion, f Microgaster; host is leafminer – g Dacnusa, h Sathon; host is under fruit skin – i Pristomerus; host is in decaying fruit – j Asobara; wasp probes for deeply concealed host – k Orgilus, l Rhimphoctona, m Eubazus; host is stem-borer – n Collyria; host is gall-former – o Orthopelma. Ectoparasitoids: wasp probes for deeply concealed host – p Pseudorhyssa, q Stenobracon; host is leaf-miner – r Colastes; wasp bores for deeply concealed host – s Coeloides.
Figure 4 in Inferring life history from ovipositor morphology in parasitoid wasps using phylogenetic regression and discriminant analysis
Figure 4. Plots of biology vs. phylogenetic regression (PR) estimates of biology for the taxa where the biology is known; results from the three best PR models shown. State 0 = taxa are ectoparasitoids and state 1 = taxa are endoparasitoids. Philomacroploea and Mesoleptus, which are wrongly classified with PR, are indicated. The characters used in the models (U, P and H) are explained in Table 3. Estimates are derived as follows: PR (U) = (0.5281 + 0.8821) ¥ (U - 4730). PR (U + P) = 0.5144 + 1.001 ¥ (U - 0.4617) + 0.1531 ¥ (P - 0.1531). PR (U + P + H) = 0.4948 + 0.9818 ¥ (U - 0.4456) + 0.7428 ¥ (P - 0.1571) - 10.17 ¥ (H - 0.0054).
Disentangling the causes of age-assortative mating in bird populations with contrasting life-history strategies
<ol> <li>Age shapes fundamental processes related to behaviour, survival and reproduction. Where age influences reproductive success, non-random mating with respect to age can magnify or mitigate such effects. Consequently, the correlation in partners' age across a population may influence its productivity. Despite widespread evidence for age-assortative mating, little is known about what drives this assortment and its variation. Specifically, the relative importance of active (same-age mate preference) and passive processes (assortment as a consequence of other spatial or temporal effects) in driving age-assortment is not well understood.</li> <li>In this paper, we compare breeding data from a great tit and mute swan population (51- and 31-year datasets respectively) to tease apart the contributions of pair retention, cohort age-structure, and active age-related mate selection to age-assortment in species with contrasting life-histories.</li> <li>Both species show age-assortative mating, and variable assortment between years. However, we demonstrate that the drivers of age-assortment differ between the species, as expected from their life-histories and resultant demographic differences. In great tits, pair fidelity has a weak effect on age-assortative mating through pair retention; variation in age-assortment is primarily driven by fluctuations in age-structure from variable juvenile recruitment. Age-assortative mating is therefore largely passive, with no evidence consistent with active age-related mate selection. In mute swans, age-assortment is partly explained by pair retention, but not population age-structure, and evidence exists for active age-assortative pairing.</li> <li>This difference is likely to result from shorter life-spans in great tits compared to mute swans, leading to fundamental differences in their population age-structure, whereby a larger proportion of great tit populations consist of a single age-cohort. In mute swans, age-assortative pairing through mate selection may also be driven by greater age-dependent variation in fitness.</li> <li>The study highlights the importance of considering how different life-histories, and demographic differences arising from these, affect population processes that appear congruent across species. We suggest that future research should focus on uncovering the proximate mechanisms that lead to variation in active age-assortative mate selection (as seen in mute swans); and the consequences of variation in age-structure on the ecological and social functioning of wild populations.</li> </ol>
Paternal condition affects offspring reproduction and life history in a sex-specific manner in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Nongenetic parental effects can contribute to the adaptation of species to changing environments by circumventing some of the limitations of genetic inheritance. A clearer understanding of the influence of nongenetic inheritance and its potentially sex-specific responses in daughters and sons is needed to better predict the evolutionary trajectories of species. However, whereas nongenetic maternal effects have long been recognized and widely studied, comparatively little is known about corresponding paternal effects. Here, by following 30 isogenic lines of <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em> across two generations, each reared under two dietary regimes in each generation, we tested how protein restriction during larval development of the fathers affects the fitness and health of their daughters and sons. We then quantified genetic and non-genetic paternal, and direct environmental, effects across multiple axes of offspring fitness. Daughters and sons responded differently to their father's developmental history. While isolines differed in mean trait values, their specific responses to protein restriction generally varied little. The sex- and trait-specific responses to paternal effects emphasize the complexity of inter-generational parental effects, which raise important questions about their mode of transmission and adaptive value, including the potential for conflict between the sexes.</p>
Data from: Selection on an extreme-yet-conserved larval life-history strategy in a tapeworm
<p>Evolutionary stasis characterizes many phenotypes, even ones that seem suboptimal. Among tapeworms, <em>Schistocephalus solidus</em> and its relatives have some of the shortest developmental times in their first intermediate hosts, yet their development still seems excessively long considering they can grow faster, larger, and safer in the next hosts in their complex life cycles. I conducted four generations of selection on the developmental rate of <em>S. solidus</em> in its copepod first host, pushing a conserved-but-counterintuitive phenotype towards the limit of known tapeworm life-history strategies. Faster parasite development evolved and enabled earlier infectivity to the stickleback next host, but low heritability for infectivity moderated fitness gains. Fitness losses were more pronounced for slow-developing parasite families, irrespective of selection line, because directional selection released linked genetic variation for reduced infectivity to copepods, developmental stability, and fecundity. This deleterious variation is normally suppressed, implying development is canalized and thus under stabilizing selection. Nevertheless, faster development was not costly; fast-developing genotypes did not decrease copepod survival, even under host starvation, nor did they underperform in the next hosts, suggesting parasite stages in successive hosts are genetically decoupled. I speculate that, on longer time scales, the ultimate cost of abbreviated development is reduced size-dependent infectivity.</p>
Data for: Strong effects of food quality on host life history do not scale to impact parasitoid efficacy or life history
<p><span>Parasitoids are small insects, (e.g., small wasps or flies) that reproduce by laying eggs on or within host arthropods. Parasitoids make up a large proportion of the world's biodiversity and are popular agents of biological control. Idiobiont parasitoids paralyze their hosts upon attack and thus are expected to only target hosts large enough to support offspring development. Host resources generally impact host attributes and life histories including size, development, and life span. Some argue slow host development in response to resource quality increases parasitoid efficacy (i.e., a parasitoid's ability to successfully reproduce on or within a host) due to longer host exposure to parasitoids. However, this hypothesis is not always supported and does not consider variation in other host traits in response to resources that may be important for parasitoids (e.g., variation in host size is known to impact parasitoid efficacy). In this study, we test whether trait variation within host developmental stages in response to host resources is more important for parasitoid efficacy and life histories than trait variation across host developmental stages. We exposed seed beetle hosts raised on a food quality gradient to mated female parasitoids and measured the number of hosts parasitized and parasitoid life history traits at the scale of host stage- and age-structure. Our results suggest host food quality does not cascade to impact idiobiont parasitoid life histories despite large food quality effects on host life history. Instead, variation in host life histories across host developmental stages better predicts parasitoid efficacy and life histories, suggesting finding a host in a specific instar is more important for idiobiont parasitoids than finding hosts on or within higher quality resources.</span></p>
Data for: Predicting age and mass at maturity from feeding behavior and diet in M. sexta: An empirical test of a life history model
<p>Feeding for most animals involves bouts of active ingestion alternating with bouts of no ingestion. In insects, the temporal patterning of bouts varies widely with resource quality and is known to affect growth, development time, and fitness. However, the precise impacts of resource quality and feeding behavior on insect life history traits is poorly understood. To explore and better understand the connections between feeding behavior, resource quality and insect life history traits, we combined laboratory experiments with a recently proposed mechanistic model of insect growth and development for a larval herbivore, <em>Manduca sexta</em>. We ran feeding trials for 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> instar larvae across different diet types (two hostplants and artificial diet) and used these data to parameterize a joint model of age and mass at maturity that incorporates both insect feeding behavior and hormonal activity. We found that the estimated durations of both feeding and non-feeding bouts were significantly shorter on low- than on high-quality diets. We then explored how well the fitted model predicted historical out-of-sample data on age and mass of <em>M</em>.<em> sexta</em>. We found that the model accurately described qualitative outcomes for the out-of-sample data, notably that a low-quality diet results in reduced mass and later age at maturity compared to high-quality diets. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of diet quality on multiple components of insect feeding behavior (feeding and non-feeding), and partially validate a joint model of insect life history. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to insect herbivory and discuss ways in which our model could be improved or extended to other systems.</p>
Raw data drosophila parasitoids sampled in 2008 life history traits
<p>Sampling of parasitoids in 2008 and 2011</p> <p>Life history and physiological traits measurements at different temperatures : developement time, fecundity, mass, metabolic rate, etc.</p> <p> </p>
Data for: Simulated climate change causes asymmetric responses in insect life history timing potentially disrupting a classic ecological speciation system
<p>Climate change may alter phenology within populations with cascading consequences for community interactions and ongoing evolutionary processes. Here, we measured the response to climate change in two sympatric, recently diverged (~170 years) populations of <em>Rhagoletis</em> <em>pomonella</em> flies specialized on different host fruits (hawthorn and apple) and their parasitoid wasp communities. We tested whether warmer temperatures affect dormancy regulation and its consequences for synchrony across trophic levels and temporal isolation between divergent populations. Under warmer temperatures, both fly populations developed earlier. However, warming significantly increased the proportion of maladaptive pre-winter development in apple, but not hawthorn, flies. Parasitoid phenology was less affected, potentially generating ecological asynchrony. Observed shifts in fly phenology under warming may decrease temporal isolation, potentially limiting ongoing divergence. Our findings of complex sensitivity of life-history timing to changing temperatures predict that coming decades may see multifaceted ecological and evolutionary changes in temporal specialist communities.</p>
Figure 4 in Contribution to the life history and morphology of the water mitePanisellus thienemanni (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Hydryphantidae)
Figure 4 Impression of the study area, 14 Apr. 2019: face of the headwater stream bank of the Mosbeek at Hezingen, with trickles seeping down towards the stream. Photo Rink Wiggers.
Figure 6 in Contribution to the life history and morphology of the water mitePanisellus thienemanni (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Hydryphantidae)
Figure 6 Genital field of a female (left) and male (right) ofP. thienemanni. Males possess only one genital acetabulum anterior to each genital plate, whereas in females a pair of acetabula is present anterior to each plate (red arrow). Photo Christophe Brochard.
Figure 5 in Contribution to the life history and morphology of the water mitePanisellus thienemanni (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Hydryphantidae)
Figure 5 In the spring of 2012 fifteen pitfall traps were placed at the site, consisting of a container
Copepod life history evolution under high and low food regimes
<p>Copepods play a critical role in the carbon cycle of the planet – they mediate the sequestration of carbon into the deep ocean, and are the trophic link between phytoplankton and marine foodwebs. Global change stressors that decrease copepod productivity create the potential for catastrophic positive feedback loops. Accordingly, a growing list of studies examine the evolutionary capacity of copepods to adapt to the two primary stressors associated with global change: warmer temperatures and lower pH. But the evolutionary capacity of copepods to adapt to changing food regimes, the third major stressor associated with global change, remains unknown. We used experimental evolution to explore how a 10-fold difference in food availability affects life history evolution in the copepod, <em>Tisbe</em> sp. over two years, and spanning 30+ generations. Different food regimes evoked evolutionary responses across the entire copepod life history: we observed evolution in body size, size-fecundity relationships, and offspring investment strategies. Our results suggest that changes to food regimes reshape life histories and that cryptic evolution in traits such as body size is likely. We demonstrate that evolution in response to changes in ocean productivity will alter consumer life histories, and may distort trophic links in marine foodchains. Evolution in response to changing phytoplankton productivity may alter the efficacy of the global carbon pump in ways that have not been anticipated until now.</p>
Evolution of reproductive isolation in a long-term evolution experiment with Drosophila melanogaster: 30 years of divergent life history selection
<p>We ask if three decades and over 1,500 generations of divergent life history selection on age at reproduction has resulted in the evolution of reproductive isolation (RI) between laboratory populations of <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em>. We tested for premating, postmating-prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation between 3 replicate population pairs. Large evolved differences in body size between selection treatments suggested the potential for prezygotic barriers driven by sexual selection or physical incompatibilities between the sexes. Although a simple prediction would be preference for larger size, creating directional isolation, our results from individual mate choice trials indicate that populations from both selection treatments show a marked bias towards homotypic mate choice; indicative of prezygotic RI driven by sexual selection or sexual conflict. Hybridization between the focal populations resulted in the production of viable adult flies with intermediate size and developmental traits. We observed a suggestive but statistically non-significant trend of fitness decline in the F2 generation of hybrids, but no significant evidence suggesting the evolution of postmating-prezygotic or postzygotic RI. Our findings are in accord with extant literature that posits that premating RI evolves before postmating forms of RI.</p>
Figure 1 in Rediscovery and life history of Bathromelas hyaloscopa (Meyrick & Lower, 1907) Lepidoptera: Psychidae: Oiketicinae
Figure 1. Adult male Bathromelas hyaloscopa (Meyrick & Lower, 1907) dorsal view, ventral, and data labels, A-C, holotype, D-F, specimen in QM from Injune, Qld., photos © Geoff Thompson, G-H, reared specimen in ANIC, J-L, reared specimen in EPBC. Scale bar 10 mm.
Figure 2. Bathromelas hyaloscopa A-C in Rediscovery and life history of Bathromelas hyaloscopa (Meyrick & Lower, 1907) Lepidoptera: Psychidae: Oiketicinae
Figure 2. Bathromelas hyaloscopa A-C, larva, D-F, male pupa, G-I, female pupa, J-L, female, M-P, male genitalia EPB-155, Q, male abdomen tergites and sternites, R, female genitalia EPB-154, S, female head and thorax, cleared, T, male legs. Scale bars A-L 10 mm, M-P, R-T 1 mm, Q 2 mm.. Abbreviations are as follows: aa – apophyses anteriores, ap – apophyses posteriores, dr – dorsal ridge, ey – eye, fe – femur, lg – leg, ma – membranous area of uncus, SII-SVIII – sternite two to sternite eight, ta – tarsus, tg – tegumen, th – thoracic hump, ti – tibia, TI-TVIII – tergite one to tergite eight, un – uncus, va – valva, vi – vinculum.
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