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518 results for “life history traits”
Figure 2 in Establishment of an isogenic strain of the desiccationsensitive tardigrade Isohypsibius myrops (Parachela, Eutardigrada) and its life history traits
Figure 2. Specimens of cultured Im1 strain. A, live differential interference contrast (DIC) image of an adult individual. The specimen was largely transparent, making it easy to inspect the internal structures. B, dorsal view of the head region. Arrowheads indicate two fatty droplets. C, exuviae containing five embryos. The eggshell has a smooth surface. D, DIC image of the pharyngeal apparatus. Three macroplacoids were visible (ma1, ma2, ma3). No microplacoids were observed. E, DIC image of flattened preparation of the pharyngeal apparatus clearly showing separation of macroplacoids (ma1, ma2, ma3). Scale bars = 100 µm (A, C) and 20 µm (B, D, E). Anterior is left in all panels.
Figure 4 in No rest for the weary: restricted resting behaviour of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at a deep-neritic foraging area influences expression of life history traits
Figure 4. Depth versus duration of resting bouts for (a) each individual turtle (n = 12), and (b) average dive depth vs. dive duration for all resting dives by each individual turtle ± 1 standard deviation (R2 = 0.36).
Figure 3 in No rest for the weary: restricted resting behaviour of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at a deep-neritic foraging area influences expression of life history traits
Figure 3. Dive depth vs. dive duration for (a) all non-resting dives by all turtles (R2 = 0.26, slope = 0.72) and (b) all resting dives by all turtles (R2 = 0.31, slope = 0.43).
Figure 2 in No rest for the weary: restricted resting behaviour of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at a deep-neritic foraging area influences expression of life history traits
Figure 2. Map of Bahίa de los Angeles study area along the eastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico (inset); 10-m baythmetric contours represented by dashed lines; Capture sites: 1. El Barco, 2. La Silica, 3. El Bajo, 4. El Cardon, 5. Pedregal de la Blanca and 6. Playa Blanca.
Figure 1 in Life-history traits of the Brazilian litter-dwelling scorpion: post-embryonic development and reproductive behaviour in Ananteris mauryi Lourenço, 1982 (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Figure 1. The courtship and mating sequences in Ananteris mauryi Lourenço (1982). (a) Initiation; (b) promenade à deux; (c) insemination and separation. M, male; F, female.
Predictors of individual performance and evolutionary potential of life-history traits in a hematophagous ectoparasite
<p>Little is known about the intraspecific variation of parasite life-history traits and on how this variation may affect parasite fitness and evolution. We investigated how life-history traits predict success of individual tree-hole ticks <i>Ixodes arboricola</i> and estimated their evolutionary potential, as well as genetic correlations within stages and phenotypic correlations within and across stages. Ticks were followed individually over two generations while allowed to feed on great tits <i>Parus major</i>. After accounting for host and tick maternal effects, we found that short feeding times and high engorgement weights strongly increased moulting success. Also, moulting time was positively correlated with feeding success in adults. In larvae and nymphs we found negative phenotypic correlations between engorgement weight and both feeding and moulting time, the latter supported by a negative genetic correlation. We found sex-related differences in feeding time (longer in male nymphs) and moulting time (longer in male larvae but shorter in male nymphs). Also, time since the last feeding event (set experimentally) reduced larval and nymphal fitness while it increased adult female fitness. Furthermore, we found significant heritability and evolvability, i.e. the potential to respond to selection, for engorgement weight and moulting time across all stages but no significant heritability for feeding time. Our findings suggest that variation in tick fitness is shaped by consistent individual differences in tick quality, for which engorgement weight is a good proxy, rather than by life-history trade-offs.</p>
Data from: Variation in seasonal timing traits and life history along a latitudinal transect in Mimulus ringens
<p>Seasonal timing traits are commonly under recurrent, spatially-variable selection, and are therefore predicted to exhibit clinal variation. Temperate perennial plants often require vernalization to prompt growth and reproduction; however, little is known about whether vernalization requirements change across the range of a broadly distributed species. We performed a critical vernalization duration study in <i>Mimulus ringens, </i>coupled with population genomic analysis. Plants from 8 populations spanning the latitudinal range were exposed to varying durations of 4°C vernalization between 0-56 days, and flowering response was assessed. RADSeq was also performed to generate 1,179 polymorphic SNPs, which were used to examine population structure. We found unexpected life history variation, with some populations lacking vernalization requirement. Population genomic analyses show that these life history variants are highly divergent from perennials, potentially revealing a cryptic species. For perennial populations, minimum vernalization time was surprisingly consistent. However, once vernalized, northern populations flowered almost 3 weeks faster than southern. Further, southern populations exhibited sensitivity to vernalization times beyond flowering competency, suggesting an ability to respond adaptively to different lengths of winter. <i>M. ringens</i> therefore reveals evidence of clinal variation, and provides opportunities for future studies addressing mechanistic and ecological hypotheses both within and between incipient species.</p>
Figure 1 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits
Figure 1. Breeding site used by Paratelmatobius mantiqueira observed in Reserva das Araucárias, municipality of São José dos Campos, São Francisco Xavier subdistrict, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (a) In site I, the puddles used for breeding were always below rocks and contained the sandy substrate without organic matter. (b) The area of site I is permanently muddy and has a spring between rocks in a rocky outcrop that retains water throughout the year. (c) At site II, the puddle they used for reproduction was in a sandy substrate with more organic matter accumulation. In addition, it was not located under rocks as in site I.
Figure 3 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits
Figure 3. Tadpoles of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira observed in Reserva das Araucárias, municipality of São José dos Campos, São Francisco Xavier subdistrict, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (a–c) Sequence of a tadpole ingesting atmospheric air from bubbles. Tadpoles swam quickly to the surface of the water, captured an atmospheric air bubble and released it shortly after sinking to the bottom of the puddle. (d) Tadpoles foraged in any substrate in the ponds: under leaves, branches, and rocks. (e) Tadpole alive in the aquarium and (g) post-metamorphic.
Figure 4 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits
Figure 4. Reproductive behaviour of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira observed in Reserva das Araucárias, municipality of São José dos Campos, São Francisco Xavier subdistrict, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (a) Individual 30 of P. mantiqueira vocalising at the reproductive site: a small pond (3 cm deep) under a rocky outcrop. (b) Axillary amplexus of unidentified individuals. Note the female's darker colour pattern and larger body size. (c) Egg clutch with six eggs. (d) Tadpoles of P. mantiqueira in the puddle; (e) the same puddle with the spawning and the male of Bokermannohyla luctuosa.
Figure 6 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits
Figure 6. Rose diagram representing the occurrence of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira throughout the year. The length and direction of the arrow indicate the amount of data concentration throughout the year, showing that the highest occurrence concentration is distributed in the rainy season. The solid circle in the centre of the diagram indicates the Rayleigh confidence interval for the length of the arrow.
Figure 2 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits
Figure 2. External morphology of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira tadpoles at stage 40: (a) lateral; (b) dorsal; and (c) ventral view (scale bar = 5 mm). (d) Detail of spiracular aperture, with yellow arrows indicating neuromasts (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Right nare with an elevated marginal rim (scale bar = 0.1 mm). (f) Vent tube (scale bar = 0.2 mm). (g) Open oral disc (scale bar = 0.2 mm). Tadpoles were stained with methylene blue to highlight structures.
Figure 5 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits
Figure 5. Call repertoire of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira. (a) The advertisement call is composed of pulsed notes, with varied pulse intervals (voucher specimen ZUEC-AMP 24836). Generally, a shorter pulse interval was observed at the beginning and ending of the notes. (b) While in antiphony, the advertisement call had an increase in call rate due to a reduction in intercall duration, notes per call, and internote duration. (c) The release call was composed of pulsed notes and had a visible harmonic structure. (d) The aggressive call had a high number of pulses per note and variable pulse interval.
Ladybird beetles' life history traits
<p>1. The balance between risk and benefit of exploiting resources drives life history evolution in organisms. Predators are naturally recognized as major drivers of the life history evolution of their prey. Although prey may also influence the life history evolution of their predators in the context of an evolutionary arms race, there is far more evidence of the role of predators than of prey. </p> <p>2. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of prey in life history evolution of predators using ladybird beetle predators of aphids and coccids. These particular ladybirds and their prey were chosen because literature shows that the pace of life of aphids is faster than that of coccids and this difference is reflected in the life histories of the ladybirds that specialize on feeding on aphids or coccids.</p> <p>3. Thirty-four species of ladybird predators of aphids and eight of coccids belonging to five different tribes were collected and reared in the laboratory. The females were weighed as well as their eggs, and their reproductive investment estimated as the number of ovarioles. Phylogenetic relatedness was controlled for in the statistical analyses.</p> <p>4. Controlling for female mass revealed that ladybird predators of aphids lay bigger eggs than ladybird predators of coccids. This difference is not influenced by phylogenetic relatedness but only by the type of prey eaten. We suggest that ladybird predators of coccids lay smaller eggs because neonate larvae do not have to search, catch, and subdue prey. Both types of ladybirds have a similar reproductive investment relative to their body mass when phylogeny is controlled for. </p> <p>5. Recognizing the influence of prey on the life history evolution of predators is important for understanding food web dynamics. From an applied perspective, this fine evolutionary tuning of prey-predator relationships should be used to guide and increase the efficiency of biological control programmes.</p>
Data from: Observed and dark diversity dynamics over millennial time scales: Fast-life history traits linked to expansion lags of plants in northern Europe
<p>Global change drivers (e.g. climate and land use) affect the species and functional traits observed in a local site but also its dark diversity—the set of species and traits locally suitable but absent. Dark diversity links regional and local scales and, over time, reveals taxa under expansion lags by depicting the potential biodiversity that remains suitable but is absent locally. Since global change effects on biodiversity are both spatially and temporally scale dependent, examining long-term temporal dynamics in observed and dark diversity would be relevant to assessing and foreseeing biodiversity change. Here, we used sedimentary pollen data to examine how both taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity changed over the past 14500 years in northern Europe. We found that taxonomic and functional observed and dark diversity increased over time, especially after the Late Glacial and during the Late Holocene. However, dark diversity dynamics revealed expansion lags related to species' functional characteristics (dispersal limitation and stress intolerance) and an extensive functional redundancy when compared to taxa in observed diversity. We highlight that assessing observed and dark diversity dynamics is a promising tool to examine biodiversity change across spatial scales, its possible causes, and functional consequences.</p>
Repeated elevational clines of early life-history traits and their proximate mechanisms in brown trout
<p><span>1. Climate warming imposes a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems, which are dominated by ectotherms such as fish and aquatic insects. To better predict the effects of climate warming on thermally sensitive ecosystems, information on how temperature affects individual traits </span><span>within populations</span><span> is fundamental.</span></p> <p><span>2. Patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients provide valuable information. </span><span>Immediate</span><span> temperature effects on individual traits can be inferred from the shape of the thermal reaction norm. </span><span>The way that</span><span> temperature and associated environmental conditions </span><span>(</span><span>to which populations have been exposed over generations</span><span>)</span><span> affect individual traits through </span><span>transgenerational plasticity in</span><span>,</span><span> and/or </span><span>natural selection on</span><span>,</span><span> </span><span>these</span><span> traits can also be inferred from patterns of trait variation along </span><span>a</span><span> geographic thermal gradient. </span></p> <p><span>3. Many studies have documented patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients. However, most previous studies cannot exclude the possibility that the observed geographic patterns are solely explained by random processes, such as isolation by distance, due to the lack of </span><span>replication of</span><span> geographic gradients. Here, we show consistent patterns in intraspecific trait variation along geographic thermal gradients using <em>Salmo</em> <em>trutta</em> </span><span>(</span><span>brown trout</span><span>)</span><span>, which is an ecologically and economically important fish in alpine streams. </span></p> <p><span>4. We kept trout embryos collected from 52 families from 14 populations along wide and replicated elevational gradients from three Alpine drainages (Danube, Po, and Rhine) in two temperature treatments (3.2 and 6.2 °C). Timing and body size at emergence from the nest, which are key early life-history traits of trout affecting their early growth and survival, were measured. </span></p> <p><span>5. </span><span>Besides faster embryonic development at warmer temperatures, we found that offspring from low-elevation parents took</span><span> very</span><span> slightly more days to </span><span>reach</span><span> emergence </span><span>from fertilisation</span><span> and were larger than offspring from high-elevation parents. Importantly, this was evident for all three drainages. Further analyses found that the higher number of days until- and larger body length at- emergence of low-elevation trout were mainly due to the larger eggs laid by low-elevation females, which </span><span>had</span><span> larger body size than high-elevation females. </span></p> <p><span>6.</span><span> Trout female body size, which is positively correlated with egg size, is susceptible to temperatures and associated environmental conditions. </span><span>Consequently</span><span>, climate warming </span><span>may</span><span> not only </span><span>immediately</span><span> accelerate development rate but also shift timing and size at emergence through egg-size-mediated maternal effects within a relatively short time scale.</span></p>
Effects of food plants on life-history traits of the newly invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda
<p><strong>Background:</strong>The fall armyworm (FAW) <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) has invaded Jiangxi Province, Southeast China for the past three years. Although the FAW displays a wide host range, its main host plants in Jiangxi Province is field corn. Understanding the population dynamics of the FAW on different host plants is critical for developing an appropriate control strategy.</p> <p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study investigated the effects of food plants (corn, peanut, soybean and sugarcane) on life-history traits of FAW and tested the leaf contents of the total flavonoids, reducing sugars, sucrose and C/N ratio of these host plants.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the FAW fed on corn leaves exhibited significantly shorter larval and pupal development times, larger body weight, higher growth rate, lower weight loss, smaller sexual size dimorphism, shorter preoviposition period and higher fecundity than those fed on peanut, soybean and sugarcane leaves. The FAW showed a protogyny phenomenon because the pupal development stage was significantly longer in males than females. Food plants changed the relationships between larval development time and pupal weight and between fecundity and longevity. The corn leaves showed significantly higher contents of reducing sugars and sucrose, lower content of the total flavonoids and a moderate C/N ratio compared with the other leaves, suggesting that the corn leaf tissues are more nutritious.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results provide the most comprehensive information about the life-history traits of this newly invasive pest. These findings may help us understand why the FAW mainly infests corn plants and may be critical for the development of strategies to predict infestation levels.</p>
Data from: Environmental filtering of life-history trait diversity in urban populations of Arabidopsis thaliana
<p>The challenges to which plants are exposed in urban environments represent, in miniature, the challenges plants face as a result of global environmental change. Hence, urban habitats provide a unique opportunity to assess whether processes of local adaptation are taking place despite the short temporal and geographical scales that characterize the Anthropocene. We quantified the ecological diversity of urban habitats hosting A. thaliana populations. Using plant community indicators, we show that these patches differ in their levels of soil nutrient content and disturbance. Accordingly, plants in each patch displayed a range of flowering time, size and fitness. Using a deep sampling approach coupled with reduced genome-sequencing, we demonstrate that most individuals can be assigned to a limited set of clonal lineages; the genetic diversity of these lineages is a sample of the diversity observed in western European populations of the species, indicating that established urban populations originate from a broad regional pool of lineages. We assessed the genetic and phenotypic diversity of these lineages in a set of common garden experiments. We report marked genetic differences in life-history traits, including time of primary and secondary dormancy as well as of flowering. These genetic differences in life-history traits are not randomly distributed but sorted out by ecological differences among sites of origin.</p> <p>Synthesis: Our study shows that the genetically diverse phenology of a regional A. thaliana gene pool is not randomly distributed but filtered by heterogeneity in the urban environment. To out knowledge, this report is the first to show a pattern indicative of environmental filtering enhancing local genetic adaptation within urban environments. We conclude that environmental filtering helps maintain functional diversity within species.</p>
Data from: Indirect genetic and environmental effects on behaviours, morphology, and life-history traits in a wild Eastern chipmunk population
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Data from: Experimental migration upward in elevation is associated with strong selection on life history traits
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Allen Brain Atlas
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