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447 results for “parasitic nematode”
Data from: Getting there and around: host range oscillations during colonisation of the Canary Islands by the parasitic nematode Spauligodon
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A highly divergent Wolbachia with a tiny genome in an insect-parasitic tylenchid nematode
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Data from: No evidence for behavioural adaptations to nematode parasitism by the fly Drosophila putrida
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Data from: The contrasting hidden consequences of parasitism: effects of a hematophagous nematode (Uncinaria sp.) in the development of a marine mammal swimming behavior.
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Towards genetic modification of plant-parasitic nematodes: Delivery of macromolecules to male germlines and expression of exogenous mRNA in second stage juveniles
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Nematode parasites of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and cod (Gadus spp.) from waters near Kodiak Island Alaska, USA
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Data from: Abundance of an economically important nematode parasite increased in Puget Sound between 1930 and 2016: evidence from museum specimens confirms historical data
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Figure 2 from: González-Solís D, Soler-Jiménez LC, Aguirre-Macedo ML, Mclaughlin JP, Shaw JC, James AK, Hechinger RF, Kuris AM, Lafferty KD, Vidal-Martínez VM (2019) Parasitic nematodes of marine fishes from Palmyra Atoll, East Indo-Pacific, including a new species of Spinitectus (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae). ZooKeys 892: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38447
Figure 2 Spinitectus (Paraspinitectus) palmyraensis sp. nov. scanning electron micrographs. A, B anterior end of gravid female, apical and subapical views, respectively C detail of mouth, apical view D anterior end body, lateral view (arrow indicates deirids) E region of excretory pore, ventral view (arrow indicates the excretory pore) F deirids. Abbreviations: b submedian papilla, l labium, p pseudolabium, s sublabium.
Figure 3 from: González-Solís D, Soler-Jiménez LC, Aguirre-Macedo ML, Mclaughlin JP, Shaw JC, James AK, Hechinger RF, Kuris AM, Lafferty KD, Vidal-Martínez VM (2019) Parasitic nematodes of marine fishes from Palmyra Atoll, East Indo-Pacific, including a new species of Spinitectus (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae). ZooKeys 892: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38447
Figure 3 Spinitectus (Paraspinitectus) palmyraensis sp. nov. scanning electron micrographs. A transition zone of spination, lateral view B larger spines with pore-like on bases C posterior end of male showing area rugosa, sublateral view D tail of male, ventral view E region of cloaca, ventral view (asterisks indicate precloacal papillae) F tail tip of male, ventral view G posterior end female, lateral view (arrow indicates phasmid) H detail of tail tip.
Figure 1 from: González-Solís D, Soler-Jiménez LC, Aguirre-Macedo ML, Mclaughlin JP, Shaw JC, James AK, Hechinger RF, Kuris AM, Lafferty KD, Vidal-Martínez VM (2019) Parasitic nematodes of marine fishes from Palmyra Atoll, East Indo-Pacific, including a new species of Spinitectus (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae). ZooKeys 892: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.892.38447
Figure 1 Spinitectus (Paraspinitectus) palmyraensis sp. nov. A anterior extremity of male, lateral view B, C cephalic end, apical and lateral views, respectively D region of vulva, lateral view E spines from different parts of body F anterior end, showing incomplete rows of spines G region of mid-body, showing missing spines H tail of female, ventral view I small spicule, lateral view J posterior end of male, lateral view.
Figure 2 in Two new species of nematode (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae) parasites of Passalus interstitialis Escholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Passalidae) from Cuba and a new locality for Longior similis Morffe, Garcia & Ventosa, 2009
Figure 2. Hystrignathus splendidus sp. n. female. A Esophageal region B Cephalic end, internal view C Last cervical spines D Unreflexed tip of the posterior ovary E Tail, lateral view. Scale bars: B–D 0.05 mm E 0.1 mm A 0.2 mm.
Figure 4 in Two new species of nematode (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae) parasites of Passalus interstitialis Escholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Passalidae) from Cuba and a new locality for Longior similis Morffe, Garcia & Ventosa, 2009
Figure 4. Lepidonema magnum sp. n. female. A Habitus, lateral view B Cephalic end C Spines from the cephalic end D Last spines and commence of lateral alae (arrows show the end of spines and the commence of lateral alae, respectively) E Excretory pore (arrow shows the nuclei of the excretory cell) F Vulva, lateral view G Egg. Scale bars: B–G 0.05 mm A 0.1 mm.
Figure 3 in Two new species of nematode (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae) parasites of Passalus interstitialis Escholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Passalidae) from Cuba and a new locality for Longior similis Morffe, Garcia & Ventosa, 2009
Figure 3. Lepidonema magnum sp. n. female. A Esophageal region, lateral view B Cephalic end, internal view C Cephalic end, external view D Spines at level of basal bulb E Tail, lateral view F Vulva, lateral view G Egg H Genital tract I Habitus, lateral view.
Data from: Gene copy number variations as signatures of adaptive evolution in the parthenogenetic, plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita
Adaptation to changing environmental conditions represents a challenge to parthenogenetic organisms and until now, how phenotypic variants are generated in clones in response to the selection pressure of their environment remains poorly known. The obligatory parthenogenetic root-knot nematode species Meloidogyne incognita has a worldwide distribution and is the most devastating plant-parasitic nematode. Despite its asexual reproduction, this species exhibits an unexpected capacity of adaptation to environmental constraints, e.g., resistant hosts. Here we used a genome-wide comparative hybridization strategy to evaluate variations in gene copy numbers between genotypes of M. incognita resulting from two parallel experimental evolution assays on a susceptible vs. resistant host plant. We detected gene copy number variations (CNVs) associated with the ability of the nematodes to overcome resistance of the host plant, and this genetic variation may reflect an adaptive response to host resistance in this parthenogenetic species. The CNV distribution throughout the nematode genome is not random and suggests the occurrence of genomic regions more prone to undergo duplications and losses in response to the selection pressure of the host resistance. Furthermore, our analysis revealed an outstanding level of gene loss events in nematode genotypes that have overcome the resistance. Overall, our results support the view that gene loss could be a common class of adaptive genetic mechanism in response to a challenging new biotic environment in clonal animals.
Data from: Nematode parasite diversity in birds: the role of host ecology, life history and migration
Previous studies have found that migratory birds generally have a more diverse array of pathogens such as parasites, as well as higher intensities of infection. However, it is not clear whether this is driven by the metabolic and physiological demands of migration, differential selection on host life-history traits or basic ecological differences between migratory and non-migratory species. Parasitic helminths can cause significant pathology in their hosts, and many are trophically transmitted such that host diet and habitat use play key roles in the acquisition of infections. Given the concurrent changes in avian habitats and migratory behaviour, it is critical to understand the degree to which host ecology influences their parasite communities. We examined nematode parasite diversity in 153 species of Anseriformes (water birds) and Accipitriformes (predatory birds) in relation to their migratory behaviour, diet, habitat use, geographic distribution and life history using previously published data. Overall, migrators, host species with wide geographic distributions and those utilizing multiple aquatic habitats had greater nematode richness (number of species), and birds with large clutches harboured more diverse nematode fauna with respect to number of superfamilies. Separate analyses for each host order found similar results related to distribution, habitat use and migration; however, herbivorous water birds played host to a less diverse nematode community compared to those that consume some animals. Birds using multiple aquatic habitats have a more diverse nematode fauna relative to primarily terrestrial species, likely because there is greater opportunity for contact with parasite infectious stages and/or consumption of infected hosts. As such, omnivorous and carnivorous birds using aquatic habitats may be more affected by environmental changes that alter their diet and range. Even though there were no overall differences in their ecology and life history compared with non-migrators, migratory bird species still harboured a more diverse array of nematodes, suggesting that this behaviour places unique demands on these hosts and warrants further study.
Data from: Limiting opportunities for cheating stabilizes virulence in insect parasitic nematodes
Cooperative secretion of virulence factors by pathogens can lead to social conflict when cheating mutants exploit collective secretion, but do not contribute to it. If cheats outcompete cooperators within hosts, this can cause loss of virulence. Insect parasitic nematodes are important biocontrol tools that secrete a range of significant virulence factors. Critically, effective nematodes are hard to maintain without live passage, which can lead to virulence attenuation. Using experimental evolution we tested whether social cheating might explain unstable virulence in the nematode Heterorhabditis floridensis by manipulating relatedness via multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the scale of competition. Passage at high MOI, which should reduce relatedness, led to loss of fitness: virulence and reproductive rate declined together and all eight independent lines suffered premature extinction. As theory predicts, relatedness treatments had more impact under stronger global competition. In contrast, low MOI passage led to more stable virulence and increased reproduction. Moreover, low MOI lineages showed a trade-off between virulence and reproduction, particularly for lines under stronger between-host competition. Overall, this study indicates that evolution of virulence theory is valuable for the culture of biocontrol agents: effective nematodes can be improved and maintained if passage methods mitigate possible social conflicts.
Data from: Genetic conflict with a parasitic nematode disrupts the legume-rhizobia mutualism
Genetic variation for partner quality in mutualisms is an evolutionary paradox. One possible resolution to this puzzle is that there is a tradeoff between partner quality and other fitness-related traits. Here, we tested whether a susceptibility to parasitism is one such tradeoff in the mutualism between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia). We performed two greenhouse experiments with the legume Medicago truncatula. In the first, we inoculated each plant with the rhizobia Ensifer meliloti and with one of 40 genotypes of the parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla. In the second experiment, we inoculated all plants with rhizobia and half of the plants with a genetically variable population of nematodes. Using the number of nematode galls as a proxy for infection severity, we found that plant genotypes differed in susceptibility to nematode infection, and nematode genotypes differed in infectivity. Second, we showed that there was a genetic correlation between the number of mutualistic structures formed by rhizobia (nodules) and the number of parasitic structures formed by nematodes (galls). Finally, we found that nematodes disrupt the rhizobia mutualism: nematode-infected plants formed fewer nodules and had less nodule biomass than uninfected plants. Our results demonstrate that there is genetic conflict between attracting rhizobia and repelling nematodes in Medicago. If genetic conflict with parasitism is a general feature of mutualism, it could account for the maintenance of genetic variation in partner quality and influence the evolutionary dynamics of positive species interactions.
Data from: Effector gene birth in plant parasitic nematodes: neofunctionalization of a housekeeping glutathione synthetase gene
Plant pathogens and parasites are a major threat to global food security. Plant parasitism has arisen four times independently within the phylum Nematoda, resulting in at least one parasite of every major food crop in the world. Some species within the most economically important order (Tylenchida) secrete proteins termed effectors into their host during infection to re-programme host development and immunity. The precise detail of how nematodes evolve new effectors is not clear. Here we reconstruct the evolutionary history of a novel effector gene family. We show that during the evolution of plant parasitism in the Tylenchida, the housekeeping glutathione synthetase (GS) gene was extensively replicated. New GS paralogues acquired multiple dorsal gland promoter elements, altered spatial expression to the secretory dorsal gland, altered temporal expression to primarily parasitic stages, and gained a signal peptide for secretion. The gene products are delivered into the host plant cell during infection, giving rise to "GS-like effectors". Remarkably, by solving the structure of GS-like effectors we show that during this process they have also diversified in biochemical activity, and likely represent the founding members of a novel class of GS-like enzyme. Our results demonstrate the re-purposing of an endogenous housekeeping gene to form a family of effectors with modified functions. We anticipate that our discovery will be a blueprint to understand the evolution of other plant-parasitic nematode effectors, and the foundation to uncover a novel enzymatic function.
Data from: You are where you live: parasitic nematode mitochondrial genome size is associated with the thermal environment generated by hosts
There exists remarkable interspecific variation in mitochondrial sequence evolution rates and in mitochondrial genome sizes. A number of hypotheses based on the forces of mutation and selection have been proposed to explain this variation. Among such hypotheses, we test three: 1) the 'longevity-dependent selection', 2) the 'functional constraints' and 3) the 'race for replication' hypotheses, using published mtDNA genomic sequences of 47 Nematoda species. We did not find any relationship between body size (used as a proxy for longevity) and genome size or the substitution rate of protein sequences, providing little evidence for the first hypothesis. Parasitic species from different thermal habitats, as determined by their definitive host type (ectothermal vs. endothermal), did not differ in their rates of protein evolution. Therefore, little support was obtained for the second hypothesis. However, we revealed that mitogenomes of parasites of endotherms were significantly smaller than those of parasites of ectotherms, supporting the race for replication hypothesis. As mitochondrial genomes of endothermal animals are usually more compact than those of ectothermal animals, intriguingly, nematode parasites of endotherms and ectotherms exhibit similar patterns of mtDNA length variation to their hosts.
Fig. 4 in Nematodes Of The Genus Trichuris (Nematoda, Trichuridae), Parasitizing Sheep In Central And South-Eastern Regions Of Ukraine
Fig. 4. Cuticle surface of Ơ and ♀ in Т. globulosa (a); Т. оvis (b); T. skrjabini (c); × 100, × 400.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.