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Rare plant species are at a disadvantage when both herbivory and pollination interactions are considered in an alpine meadow
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FIGURE 8 in Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea
FIGURE 8. (a) Habrotrocha gracilis quadridens Schulte, 1954, feeding head and neck, dorsal view; (b) Habrotrocha ligula aligula Burger, 1948, feeding head and neck, dorsal view (scale bars: a–b = 25 μm).
FIGURE 6. Macrotrachela insulana Donner, 1962 in Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea
FIGURE 6. Macrotrachela insulana Donner, 1962. (a) feeding head and neck, dorsolateral view; (b) foot, spurs and toes, ventral view. Macrotrachela petulans Milne, 1916. (c) foot, spurs and toes, ventral view; (d) feeding head and neck, dorsal view (scale bars: a, d = 25 μm; b, c = 10 μm).
FIGURE 4 in Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea
FIGURE 4. Light microscopy photographs of Philodina verrucosa n. sp. (a) feeding, dorsal view; (b) creeping, dorsolateral view; (c) trunk, dorsal view; (d–e) foot, spurs and toes, ventral view (scale bars: a–c = 50 μm; d–e = 10 μm).
FIGURE 3. Philodina verrucosa n in Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea
FIGURE 3. Philodina verrucosa n. sp. (a) creeping, dorsal view; (b) feeding, dorsal view; (c) foot, spurs and toes, ventral view (scale bars: a = 50 μm; b = 25 μm; c = 10 μm).
FIGURE 5 in Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea
FIGURE 5. Philodina parvicalcar De Koning, 1947. (a) feeding head and neck, dorsolateral view; (b) foot, spurs and toes, ventral view (scale bars: a = 25 μm; b = 10 μm).
FIGURE 1. Philodina clypeata n in Descriptions of two new species of Philodina (Rotifera, Bdelloidea), with notes on seven rare bdelloids from Korea
FIGURE 1. Philodina clypeata n. sp. (a) creeping, dorsal view; (b) feeding head and neck, dorsal view; (c) foot, spurs and toes, dorsal view; (d) spurs and toes, ventral view (scale bars: a = 50 μm; b = 25 μm; c–d = 10 μm).
FIGURES 1–4 in A rare new species of Leptohyphes Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from the Lost World
FIGURES 1–4. Leptohyphes kukenan sp. nov. 1, female mature nymph, habitus; 2, female head, dorsal view; 3, male nearly mature nymph, habitus; 4, male head, dorsal view.
Data from: Rare species, Restionaceae, and the Cape flora
Aim: I test whether species range size variation is driven by the age of the species, their intrinsic traits, environment, or by historical-geographical patterns (eg the location of climatic or environmental refugia). Location: Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa. Taxon: Angiosperms, Restionaceae (restios). Methods: I determined the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of all restios in the GCFR, and derive a list of "single-site endemics" (SSE). I inferred a rate-corrected and dated phylogeny which includes 98% of the species. I explored the correlates of range size variation with phylogenetically corrected regressions, focussing on likely candidate traits (dispersal and fire survival modes), habitats (soil drainage, elevation), climatic variables (rainfall and temperature) and history (age of species). I calculated the species richness, community mean range sizes, and numbers of SSE for 49 sites and 938 10m diameter circular relevés across the GCFR, and sought correlates of these, specifically testing for historical-geographical patterns in relationship to the distance from the centre of the region. Results: Narrow-range restios are correlated with higher elevations, rainfall and rainfall seasonality; are found more likely in marshes and seepages; and are more likely killed by fire and have to re-establish from seed after fire. Wide-ranging species are found in areas with lower rainfall, at lower elevations, in well-drained habitats, and resprout after fire. Community mean ranges sizes are larger towards the eastern part of the GCFR; and relevé data show that sandstones, shale, laterite and granites are associated with wider distribution ranges, as are soils with pebbles or sandy soils without rocks, and limestones with smaller community mean ranges than other bedrock types. The number of SSE is largely correlated with species richness, except that SSE are more likely at higher elevations. Main Conclusion: Range size variation in the restios is largely driven by history (expressed as the distance from the Kogelberg region), suggesting that the Kogelberg region may have been most climatically stable during the Neogene and Pleistocene. The second-most important driver is the environment (i.e. rock type, elevation, rainfall), generally with spatially restricted habitats hosting range-restricted species.
Rare tree species have narrow environmental but not functional niches
<p><span>1. The majority of species in many communities are rare, and it is an enduring challenge to understand the mechanism of species rarity and commonness in local communities. The niche partitioning hypotheses posit that common species occupy wide and core positions, while rare species occupy narrow and outlying niche positions. We test these hypotheses here, simultaneously considering both an environmental and a functional perspective on niches.</span></p> <p class="1"><span>2. We examined how niches correlate with species abundance in environmental and functional space by quantifying relationships between species abundance and niche width and niche position. Environmental niches were defined as the section of an environmental gradient where each species occurred, and functional niches using species traits thought to be related to resource acquisition. Hypotheses were tested using a dataset including functional traits collected from 4302 individual trees of 423 species and environmental data in one subtropical and one tropical forest in China.</span></p> <p class="1"><span>3. Consistent with the niche partitioning hypotheses, rare species in our two study systems tended to occupy the edges of the functional and environmental niche space. This likely allows rare species to avoid competition from dominant species. On the other hand, rare species tended to have a similar or larger niche width than common species in functional space, which contrasts with their narrower niche width in environmental space.</span></p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our results support the prediction that rare species occupy outlying niches to avoid competition with common species. We found inconsistent evidence, though, about the niche width of rare species. Rare species may be less constrained in functional space, and persist by dint of their functional lability and ability to use a variety of resources. <span>Our work</span> supports previously hypothesized mechanisms underlying local species abundance patterns, but highlights new idiosyncrasies when considering environmental niche or functional space alone.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae)
FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of the Cladonotus species. For C. turrifer, marked with question mark, there are no confirmed localities. The pronotum silhouette is schematically shown in the legend for each species. Schemes are not in ratio.
FIGURE 1 in Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae)
FIGURE 1. The cockcomb-shaped twighopper, C. bhaskari sp. n. female in the natural habitat, the type locality, Sabaragamawa (rainforests of SW Sri Lanka: Sinharaja). Holotype female, and holotype collection label. Photo Tom Kirschey, November 19th, 2016.
FIGURE 2 in Cockscomb-shaped twighopper, Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n., a new and rare pygmy grasshopper species from Sri Lanka (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae)
FIGURE 2. The cockscomb-shaped twighopper in a museum collection. Holotype female of Cladonotus bhaskari sp. n. A—detail of the fronto-dorsal projection, B—lateral view, C—dorsal view, D—pulvilli of the hind tarsi, and E—head in frontal view.
FIGURE 25 in Caves as a key habitat for rare and endemic species of the west coast of North America: a taxonomic revision of the spider genus Oaphantes (Araneae Linyphiidae)
FIGURE 25. Distribution map of Oaphantes pallidulus (Banks 1904), O. cryophilus n. sp. and O. prometheus n. sp.
FIGURES 9–16. Oaphantes cryophilus. 9 in Caves as a key habitat for rare and endemic species of the west coast of North America: a taxonomic revision of the spider genus Oaphantes (Araneae Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 9–16. Oaphantes cryophilus. 9, endite and chelicera of male, lateral view (arrow points to setose tubercle); 10, face of male, frontal view (arrow points to mastidion); 11, male palp, retrolateral view; 12, male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to embolus dentation); 13, embolic division of male palp, prolateral view; 14, epigynum, ventral view; 15, internal genitalia, dorsal view, 16, epigynum of female, lateral view. Scale bars for figures 9–10, 14–16 = 0.5mm; figures 11–13 = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 1–8. Oaphantes pallidulus. 1 in Caves as a key habitat for rare and endemic species of the west coast of North America: a taxonomic revision of the spider genus Oaphantes (Araneae Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 1–8. Oaphantes pallidulus. 1, endite and chelicera of male, lateral view (arrow points to setose tubercle); 2, face of male, frontal view (arrow points to mastidion); 3, male palp, retrolateral view (arrow points to paracymbial keel); 4, male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to embolus spike): 5, embolic division of male palp, prolateral view; 6, epigynum, ventral view; 7, internal genitalia, dorsal view; 8, epigynum of female, lateral view. Scale bars for figures 1–4, 6–8 = 0.5mm, figure 5 = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 17–24. Oaphantes prometheus 17 in Caves as a key habitat for rare and endemic species of the west coast of North America: a taxonomic revision of the spider genus Oaphantes (Araneae Linyphiidae)
FIGURES 17–24. Oaphantes prometheus 17, face of male, frontal view (arrow points to mastidion); 18, face of female, frontal view; 19, male palp, retrolateral view (arrow points to paracymbial keel); 20, male palp, prolateral view (arrow points to embolus blunt spike); 21, embolic division of male palp, prolateral view; 22, epigynum, ventral view; 23, internal genitalia, dorsal view, 24, epigynum of female, lateral view. Scale bars for figures 17–18, 22–24 = 0.5mm; figures 19–21 = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Paratelmatobius mantiqueira Pombal & Haddad, 1999 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) New specimens and rectification of the type locality of a rare species from the Serra da Mantiqueira, southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. (A) Location records for Paratelmatobius mantiqueira: the original type locality in the state of São Paulo (SP) published by Pombal & Haddad (1999) (blue circle), the rectified type locality in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) (white star), the record from the municipality of Resende in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) (red circle), and the presently reported locality in the state of São Paulo (yellow circle). (B) A sign found on the dirt road from Sapucaí-Mirim to São Francisco Xavier, in the border area between the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo (C) Dorsolateral and (D) ventral views of an adult male of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (ZUEC-AMP 24836; 16 mm SVL), recently found in the sub-district of São Francisco Xavier, municipality of São José dos Campos, state of São Paulo.
FIGURE 19 in Three new species and DNA sequence data of the rare South American water beetle genus Adelphydraena Perkins, 1989 (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURE 19. Phylogenetic tree obtained with IQ-TREE. Numbers in nodes, ultrafast bootstrap / SH-like aLRT support.
FIGURES 14–15. 14 in Three new species and DNA sequence data of the rare South American water beetle genus Adelphydraena Perkins, 1989 (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)
FIGURES 14–15. 14. Geographical distribution of Adelphydraena species. 15. Type locality of Adelphydraena spinosa, in Guyana. Photo. by A. Short.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.