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Species of Acantholichen occurring only in the Neotropics show a high degree of endemism (Dal Forno et al. 2016). Of the seven species now recognized in this genus (Table 2), 71.4% (5) are known only from South America. As with Dictyonema, Acantholichen seem to be specific to substrate type and appears in the Andean small forest occurring on mosses in tree bark inhabiting mostly exposed habitats. Cyphellostereum is also represented by a high number of species restricted to the Neotropics [6 (66.6%)], while one is known only from North America, one from Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico, and another species is known only from Borneo and Fiji (Table 2). It is probably due to their unusual appearance that these lichens are getting confused with free-living cyanobacteria colonies, and that there are still undescribed species in the Neotropics. in Eight new species of lichenized Basidiomycota in the genera Acantholichen, Cyphellostereum and Dictyonema s.str. (Agaricales, Hygrophoraceae) from northern South America
Species of Acantholichen occurring only in the Neotropics show a high degree of endemism (Dal Forno et al. 2016). Of the seven species now recognized in this genus (Table 2), 71.4% (5) are known only from South America. As with Dictyonema, Acantholichen seem to be specific to substrate type and appears in the Andean small forest occurring on mosses in tree bark inhabiting mostly exposed habitats. Cyphellostereum is also represented by a high number of species restricted to the Neotropics [6 (66.6%)], while one is known only from North America, one from Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico, and another species is known only from Borneo and Fiji (Table 2). It is probably due to their unusual appearance that these lichens are getting confused with free-living cyanobacteria colonies, and that there are still undescribed species in the Neotropics.
Supplementary material 1 from: Bourret A, Nozères C, Parent E, Parent GJ (2023) Maximizing the reliability and the number of species assignments in metabarcoding studies using a curated regional library and a public repository. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e98539. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.98539
Creation of Gulf of St. Lawrence regional library (GSL-rl) and creation of an eDNA metabarcoding dataset
FIGURE 4 in Where to set the bar? Recent descriptions inflate species number in South American toad-headed turtles (Mesoclemmys)
FIGURE 4. Comparison of the mean of the head width (HW), the carapace width (CW), and the plastron length (PL) relative to carapace length (CL) in four adults of Mesoclemmys jurutiensis and M. sabiniparaensis. The data was retrieved from table 4 in Cunha et al. (2021) and table 6 in Cunha et al. (2022). The percentile method was used to generate 95% confidence intervals around the mean (black circle) by bootstrapping 1000 times the observations (grey points). The means of the outgroups M. gibba (dotted horizontal line), M. raniceps (dashed horizontal line), and M. perplexa (dot-dashed horizontal line) were retrieved from table 7 in Cunha et al. (2022).
FIGURE 1 in Where to set the bar? Recent descriptions inflate species number in South American toad-headed turtles (Mesoclemmys)
FIGURE 1. (A) Maximum likelihood tree redrawn from Cunha et al. (2022); (B) maximum likelihood tree using a concatenated alignment (1261 bp; 675 bp COI, 586 bp 16S) combining sequences from Cunha et al. (2021, 2022); (C) topology of the corresponding clades redrawn from Thomson et al. (2021) derived from a Bayesian analysis of 15 nuclear loci. Taxa not represented in Cunha et al. (2021, 2022) are shown in grey. Nomenclature for genera follows TTWG (2021).
FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree using a in Where to set the bar? Recent descriptions inflate species number in South American toad-headed turtles (Mesoclemmys)
FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree using a COI alignment (675 bp) expanding the alignment from Cunha et al. (2021, 2022). Sequences used by Cunha et al. (2021, 2022) in bold. Codes preceding taxon names are GenBank accession numbers. Nomenclature for genera follows TTWG (2021).
FIGURE 2 in Where to set the bar? Recent descriptions inflate species number in South American toad-headed turtles (Mesoclemmys)
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood trees for the COI (675 bp) and 16S (586 bp) alignments corresponding to the datasets of Cunha et al. (2021, 2022). Codes preceding taxon names are GenBank accession numbers. Nomenclature for genera follows TTWG (2021).
Dataset and correlation matrix of topography, water quality and the number of species of macrophytes in the Akan Caldera lakes, Japan (2013–2014).
<p>Akan Caldera lakes_1: Dataset of topography, water quality, and the number of species of macrophytes in the Akan Caldera lakes.</p> <p>Akan Caldera lakes_2: Diagram illustrating the classification of the watershed variables.</p> <p>Akan Caldera lakes_3: Correlation matrix of topography, water quality, and the number of species of macrophytes in the Akan Caldera lakes.</p>
FIGURE 2. Call measurements: 1) number of frequency peaks; 2) maximum frequency; 3) rising or falling call; 4) start frequency; 5) amplitude of the largest modulation; 6) duration up to the largest modulation; 7) minimum frequency; 8) end frequency; 9) call duration. in --Molecular--and--acoustic--evidence--support--the--species--status--of--Anthus rubescens rubescens and--Anthus [rubescens] japonicus--(Passeriformes:--Motacillidae)
FIGURE 2. Call measurements: 1) number of frequency peaks; 2) maximum frequency; 3) rising or falling call; 4) start frequency; 5) amplitude of the largest modulation; 6) duration up to the largest modulation; 7) minimum frequency; 8) end frequency; 9) call duration.
Data from: Chromosome numbers, Sudanese wild forms, and classification of the watermelon genus Citrullus, with 50 names allocated to seven biological species
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Data from: Reliable effective number of breeders/adult census size ratios in seasonal-breeding species: opportunity for integrative demographic inferences based on capture-mark-recapture data and multilocus genotypes
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A dataset of ovariole number from more than 2,000 insect species
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Data from: Small founding number and low genetic diversity in an introduced species exhibiting limited invasion success (speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus)
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Data from: Taxonomic quality of species descriptions varies over time and with the number of authors, but unevenly among parasitic taxa
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Figure 1 from: Kuznetsova VG, Maryańska-Nadachowska A, Khabiev GN, Karagyan G, Krivokhatsky VAK (2019) Variation in the number of testicular follicles and ovarioles among 18 lacewing species of the families Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae, and Nemopteridae (Insecta, Neuroptera, Myrmeleontiformia). ZooKeys 894: 33-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.894.47040
Figure 1 The proposed ancestral numbers of follicles per testis (white circles) and ovarioles per ovary (black circles) and limits of their variation across the families Myrmeleontidae, Ascalaphidae, and Nemopteridae (Myrmeleontiformia)
Appendix Measurements for species of Breviphysoderes gen. nov., Macrophysoderes gen. nov., Nanophysoderes gen. nov., Paraphysoderes Villiers, 1962 and Physoderes Westwood, 1945 (in mm). Numbers in parentheses beside mean values refer to sample size. SD = Standard deviation. In the USI column, UCR _ ENT catalogue numbers are referred to by the number only. in Uncovering hidden diversity: phylogeny and taxonomy of Physoderinae (Reduviidae, Heteroptera), with emphasis on Physoderes Westwood in the Oriental and Australasian regions
<p><b>Appendix</b> Measurements for species of <i>Breviphysoderes</i> gen. nov., <i>Macrophysoderes</i> gen. nov., <i>Nanophysoderes</i> gen. nov., <i>Paraphysoderes</i> Villiers, 1962 and <i>Physoderes</i> Westwood, 1945 (in mm). Numbers in parentheses beside mean values refer to sample size. SD = Standard deviation. In the USI column, UCR _ENT catalogue numbers are referred to by the number only.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Species</th><th>Sex</th><th>USI</th><th>Total Length</th><th>Head length</th><th>Eye length</th><th>Eye width</th><th>Anterior lobe (l)</th><th colspan="2">Pronotum Anterior Posterior lobe (w) lobe (l)</th><th>Posterior lobe (w)</th><th>Hemelytron length</th><th>Scape length</th><th>Interocular distance</th><th>Postocular lobe width</th><th>Abdomen width</th></tr><tr><th colspan="16"><b><i>Breviphysoderes</i> gen. nov.</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>B. decora</i></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.19</td><td>2.02</td><td>0.40</td><td>1.06</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.18</td><td>1.08</td><td>2.96</td><td>5.41</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.76</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.20</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.81</td><td>1.79</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.99</td><td>0.90</td><td>2.06</td><td>0.89</td><td>2.75</td><td>5.12</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.56</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.53</td><td>2.24</td><td>0.46</td><td>1.11</td><td>1.09</td><td>2.32</td><td>1.26</td><td>3.14</td><td>5.63</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.94</td><td>4.05</td></tr><tr><th><i>B. mjoebergi</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (3)</td><td>7.91</td><td>1.62</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.96</td><td>0.89</td><td>2.02</td><td>1.11</td><td>2.74</td><td>4.41</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.83</td><td>3.31</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.23</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.49</td><td>1.39</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.77</td><td>1.96</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.61</td><td>3.96</td><td>0.50</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.79</td><td>3.06</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.35</td><td>1.82</td><td>0.39</td><td>1.00</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.08</td><td>1.38</td><td>2.88</td><td>4.77</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.50</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.76</td><td>1.82</td><td>0.47</td><td>1.03</td><td>1.00</td><td>2.23</td><td>1.08</td><td>2.91</td><td>5.03</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.76</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.40</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.91</td><td>1.68</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.87</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.63</td><td>4.36</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.31</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.23</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.38</td><td>1.07</td><td>1.50</td><td>3.18</td><td>1.24</td><td>3.35</td><td>6.20</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.93</td><td>4.07</td></tr><tr><th><i>B. vestita</i></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.13</td><td>1.84</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.06</td><td>2.29</td><td>1.09</td><td>2.89</td><td>5.46</td><td>0.60</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.95</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.74</td><td>1.57</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.99</td><td>1.01</td><td>2.05</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.73</td><td>5.26</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.83</td><td>3.73</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.54</td><td>2.04</td><td>0.38</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.12</td><td>2.46</td><td>1.18</td><td>3.08</td><td>5.58</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.92</td><td>4.15</td></tr><tr><th><b><i>Macrophysoderes</i> gen. nov.</b></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>M. cirripilosa</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (16)</td><td>8.7</td><td>1.66</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.98</td><td>0.95</td><td>2.24</td><td>1.01</td><td>2.82</td><td>5.32</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.25</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.8</td><td>1.45</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.81</td><td>1.88</td><td>0.77</td><td>2.4</td><td>4.71</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.72</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.85</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.39</td><td>1.05</td><td>1.14</td><td>2.62</td><td>1.32</td><td>3.16</td><td>6.05</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.75</td><td>0.91</td><td>3.62</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (21)</td><td>9.04</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.35</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.23</td><td>1.05</td><td>2.88</td><td>5.61</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.7</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>1.12</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.42</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.16</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.88</td><td>0.72</td><td>1.79</td><td>0.69</td><td>2.43</td><td>4.04</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.81</td><td>2.91</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>11.01</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.46</td><td>1.17</td><td>1.15</td><td>2.79</td><td>1.28</td><td>3.47</td><td>7.04</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.79</td><td>1.04</td><td>4.43</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. elongata</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>10.29 0.47 9.98 11.11</td><td>1.77 0.13 1.57 1.88</td><td>0.36 0.03 0.32 0.39</td><td>1.02 0.03 0.97 1.06</td><td>1.06 0.15 0.91 1.29</td><td>2.78 0.25 2.49 2.98</td><td>1.33 0.06 1.24 1.4</td><td>3.28 0.17 3.04 3.49</td><td>6.64 0.37 6.36 7.28</td><td>0.52 0.03 0.49 0.57</td><td>0.65 0.05 0.57 0.69</td><td>0.94 0.01 0.93 0.96</td><td>3.74 0.2 3.51 4.03</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (4) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>9.89 0.4 9.47 10.41</td><td>1.77 0.1 1.66 1.86</td><td>0.33 0.04 0.28 0.38</td><td>0.99 0.02 0.98 1.02</td><td>0.98 0.13 0.87 1.13</td><td>2.49 0.11 2.34 2.61</td><td>1.12 0.05 1.05 1.15</td><td>3.07 0.15 2.93 3.21</td><td>6.39 0.42 6.08 7</td><td>0.45 0.06 0.37 0.5</td><td>0.66 0 0.65 0.66</td><td>0.91 0.04 0.85 0.95</td><td>3.76 0.19 3.51 3.91</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. finisterre</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>8.85 0.38 8.4 9.36</td><td>1.66 0.1 1.51 1.76</td><td>0.33 0.04 0.3 0.38</td><td>0.96 0.05 0.89 1.02</td><td>0.92 0.04 0.89 0.99</td><td>2.14 0.14 1.92 2.29</td><td>1.11 0.15 0.94 1.32</td><td>2.81 0.14 2.59 2.96</td><td>5.36 0.38 4.97 5.84</td><td>0.48 0.04 0.43 0.54</td><td>0.62 0.01 0.6 0.64</td><td>0.82 0.06 0.75 0.9</td><td>3.23 0.19 2.92 3.38</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>9.12 0.48 8.53 9.8</td><td>1.74 0.02 1.71 1.76</td><td>0.35 0.04 0.3 0.4</td><td>0.99 0.04 0.95 1.04</td><td>0.98 0.07 0.91 1.08</td><td>2.14 0.13 2.05 2.36</td><td>1.12 0.14 0.98 1.35</td><td>2.86 0.18 2.74 3.18</td><td>5.52 0.39 4.94 5.97</td><td>0.48 0.05 0.43 0.55</td><td>0.64 0.04 0.6 0.67</td><td>0.85 0.04 0.8 0.92</td><td>3.7 0.25 3.43 4.11</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. histrionica</i></th><td>♂</td><td>00018520</td><td>8.5</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2.8</td><td>5</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. grandis</i> gen. et sp. nov.</th><td>♂ ♀</td><td>00052314 00073625</td><td>11.58 12.66</td><td>1.59 2.02</td><td>0.48 0.5</td><td>1.31 1.33</td><td>1.03 1.33</td><td>2.65 2.82</td><td>1.64 1.69</td><td>3.74 4.03</td><td>7.71 8.21</td><td>0.75 0.75</td><td>0.62 0.67</td><td>1.01 1.01</td><td>4.28 4.86</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. modesta</i></th><td>♂ ♀</td><td>00069386 00069384</td><td>9.45 -1.82</td><td>1.94 2.13</td><td>0.35 0.36</td><td>1.06 1.28</td><td>1.08 1.24</td><td>2.14 2.56</td><td>1.27 1.52</td><td>2.95 3.71</td><td>5.49 7.37</td><td>0.52 0.58</td><td>0.59 0.73</td><td>0.88 0.96</td><td>3.46 4.47</td></tr><tr><th><i>M. monticola</i></th><td>♂ ♀</td><td>00069387 Mean (3) SD Minimum Maximum</td><td>10.34 9.88 0.72 9.11 10.53</td><td>1.81 1.98 0.11 1.89 2.11</td><td>0.29 0.35 0.01 0.34 0.37</td><td>1.06 1.08 0.06 1.02 1.13</td><td>0.96 0.93 0.09 0.84 1</td><td>2.29 2.32 0.2 2.1 2.48</td><td>1.37 1.26 0.22 1.06 1.49</td><td>3.36 3.24 0.29 2.93 3.51</td><td>6.35 5.99 0.3 5.65 6.21</td><td>0.49 0.47 0.02 0.44 0.49</td><td>0.63 0.66 0.04 0.62 0.69</td><td>0.91 0.93 0.02 0.91 0.96</td><td>4.19 4 0.34 3.68 4.36</td></tr><tr><th><b><i>Nanophysoderes</i> gen. nov.</b> <i>N. dentiscutum</i></th><td>♂</td><td>00037370</td><td>7.66</td><td>1.55</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.76</td><td>1.86</td><td>0.86</td><td>2.34</td><td>4.58</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><th><i>Paraphysoderes</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pa. popeye</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>00073584</td><td>7.09</td><td>1.27</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.78</td><td>1.57</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.22</td><td>4.35</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.69</td><td>2.56</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>7.89</td><td>1.55</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.98</td><td>1</td><td>1.96</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.61</td><td>4.69</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.76</td><td>3.32</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.14</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.47</td><td>1.25</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.95</td><td>0.95</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.76</td><td>2.5</td><td>4.46</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.75</td><td>3.17</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.41</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.1</td><td>2.25</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.77</td><td>5.02</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.78</td><td>3.54</td></tr><tr><th><i>Physoderes</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>P.anamalaiensis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.27</td><td>1.93</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.33</td><td>2.85</td><td>0.87</td><td>2.83</td><td>5.44</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.56</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.91</td><td>1.87</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.98</td><td>1.23</td><td>2.45</td><td>0.73</td><td>2.64</td><td>5.17</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.82</td><td>3.41</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.82</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.35</td><td>1.05</td><td>1.46</td><td>3.1</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.96</td><td>5.62</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.74</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.13</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.97</td><td>1.13</td><td>2.51</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.84</td><td>5.24</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.77</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.92</td><td>1.85</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.94</td><td>1.07</td><td>2.31</td><td>0.77</td><td>2.75</td><td>5.03</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.55</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.59</td><td>2.14</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.03</td><td>1.17</td><td>2.72</td><td>1.1</td><td>2.99</td><td>5.48</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.91</td><td>4.07</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. azrael</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.58</td><td>1.63</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.58</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.75</td><td>5.29</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.13</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.39</td><td>1.52</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.33</td><td>0.83</td><td>2.6</td><td>5.11</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.94</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.76</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.91</td><td>1.05</td><td>2.71</td><td>1</td><td>2.87</td><td>5.49</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.61</td><td>1.61</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.86</td><td>2.13</td><td>0.92</td><td>2.68</td><td>5.41</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.86</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.19</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.14</td><td>1.51</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.83</td><td>0.8</td><td>2.04</td><td>0.85</td><td>2.55</td><td>5.13</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.13</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.83</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.91</td><td>2.22</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.77</td><td>5.64</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.26</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. brevipennis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>6.61</td><td>1.77</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.93</td><td>1.28</td><td>2.98</td><td>0.78</td><td>2.6</td><td>2.72</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.44</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>6.08</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.88</td><td>1.21</td><td>2.76</td><td>0.71</td><td>2.47</td><td>2.41</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.81</td><td>3.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>7.07</td><td>2.01</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.98</td><td>1.44</td><td>3.25</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8</td><td>3.05</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.91</td><td>3.83</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>6.53</td><td>1.69</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.96</td><td>1.11</td><td>2.49</td><td>0.81</td><td>2.54</td><td>2.71</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.8</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.32</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>6.29</td><td>1.49</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.19</td><td>0.73</td><td>2.31</td><td>2.31</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.42</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>6.73</td><td>1.87</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.01</td><td>1.2</td><td>2.65</td><td>0.91</td><td>2.66</td><td>2.97</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.68</td><td>0.93</td><td>4.14</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. curculionis</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (7)</td><td>7.64</td><td>1.56</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.86</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.53</td><td>0.78</td><td>2.59</td><td>4.48</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.81</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.21</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.37</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.82</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.37</td><td>0.64</td><td>2.5</td><td>4.15</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.78</td><td>2.68</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>7.9</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.88</td><td>1.11</td><td>2.74</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.69</td><td>4.63</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.83</td><td>3.35</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (9)</td><td>7.47</td><td>1.52</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.91</td><td>2.19</td><td>0.86</td><td>2.54</td><td>4.46</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.82</td><td>3.14</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.26</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.23</td><td>1.38</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.82</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.07</td><td>0.72</td><td>2.46</td><td>4.12</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.77</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>7.68</td><td>1.61</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.92</td><td>1.07</td><td>2.36</td><td>1.01</td><td>2.7</td><td>4.68</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.39</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. fuliginosa</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>10.47</td><td>2.01</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.99</td><td>1.45</td><td>3.42</td><td>1.15</td><td>3.31</td><td>6.24</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.82</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.28</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.84</td><td>1.89</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.93</td><td>1.22</td><td>2.85</td><td>1.06</td><td>3.1</td><td>5.84</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.54</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>11.03</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.69</td><td>4</td><td>1.28</td><td>3.63</td><td>6.56</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.74</td><td>1.01</td><td>4.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>10.14</td><td>2</td><td>0.38</td><td>1.01</td><td>1</td><td>2.39</td><td>1.34</td><td>3.2</td><td>6.2</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.92</td><td>4.04</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.26</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.59</td><td>1.92</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.19</td><td>1.22</td><td>3</td><td>5.72</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.8</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.89</td><td>2.03</td><td>0.44</td><td>1.12</td><td>1.1</td><td>2.6</td><td>1.54</td><td>3.4</td><td>6.68</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.98</td><td>4.47</td></tr><tr><th><i>P.minime</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.64</td><td>2.01</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.89</td><td>1.23</td><td>2.83</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.74</td><td>4.72</td><td>0.52</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.86</td><td>3.3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.28</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.1</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.31</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.88</td><td>1.18</td><td>2.73</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.64</td><td>4.54</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.03</td><td>2.12</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.9</td><td>1.28</td><td>2.97</td><td>1.07</td><td>2.82</td><td>5.13</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.46</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>8.29</td><td>1.88</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.87</td><td>0.89</td><td>2.07</td><td>1.04</td><td>2.6</td><td>4.77</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.58</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.1</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.79</td><td>0.81</td><td>1.98</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.48</td><td>4.48</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.82</td><td>3.31</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.54</td><td>2.05</td><td>0.38</td><td>0.94</td><td>0.98</td><td>2.15</td><td>1.19</td><td>2.7</td><td>5.11</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.71</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. muluensis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (4)</td><td>7.35</td><td>1.73</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.9</td><td>1.95</td><td>0.95</td><td>2.43</td><td>3.96</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.83</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>6.99</td><td>1.46</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.77</td><td>1.82</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.26</td><td>3.61</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.74</td><td>2.61</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>7.59</td><td>1.87</td><td>0.33</td><td>0.96</td><td>1.04</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.99</td><td>2.56</td><td>4.35</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.93</td><td>3.01</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (3)</td><td>7.92</td><td>1.75</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.95</td><td>1</td><td>2.05</td><td>0.95</td><td>2.59</td><td>4.32</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.34</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>7.67</td><td>1.72</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.95</td><td>1.98</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.55</td><td>4.02</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.81</td><td>3.28</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.21</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.99</td><td>1.06</td><td>2.15</td><td>1.06</td><td>2.62</td><td>4.5</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.69</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.43</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. mysorensis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (3)</td><td>10.82</td><td>2.05</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.07</td><td>1.62</td><td>3.69</td><td>1.12</td><td>3.54</td><td>6.43</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.72</td><td>0.93</td><td>4.14</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.21</td><td>0</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.32</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>10.69</td><td>1.92</td><td>0.27</td><td>1.03</td><td>1.51</td><td>3.44</td><td>1.01</td><td>3.41</td><td>6.3</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.92</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.96</td><td>2.14</td><td>0.42</td><td>1.12</td><td>1.71</td><td>3.95</td><td>1.21</td><td>3.63</td><td>6.67</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.97</td><td>4.37</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (2)</td><td>10.7</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.08</td><td>1.45</td><td>3.11</td><td>1.17</td><td>3.56</td><td>6.48</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.66</td><td>1</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.01</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>10.52</td><td>2</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.35</td><td>3.05</td><td>1.05</td><td>3.51</td><td>6.45</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.58</td><td>1</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.88</td><td>2.15</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.12</td><td>1.56</td><td>3.16</td><td>1.29</td><td>3.61</td><td>6.52</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.74</td><td>1.01</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><th><i>P.nigripennis</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.12</td><td>1.89</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.17</td><td>1.24</td><td>2.95</td><td>5.27</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.59</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.42</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.22</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.76</td><td>1.77</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.96</td><td>0.83</td><td>2.04</td><td>1.13</td><td>2.82</td><td>5.09</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.53</td><td>0.79</td><td>3.16</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.48</td><td>1.95</td><td>0.36</td><td>1.09</td><td>1</td><td>2.28</td><td>1.32</td><td>3.07</td><td>5.45</td><td>0.65</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.89</td><td>3.72</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>10.05</td><td>1.9</td><td>0.35</td><td>1.13</td><td>0.94</td><td>2.3</td><td>1.4</td><td>3.32</td><td>6.07</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.64</td><td>0.92</td><td>4.17</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.14</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.6</td><td>1.88</td><td>0.33</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.83</td><td>2.22</td><td>1.32</td><td>3.2</td><td>5.65</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.89</td><td>4.05</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.65</td><td>1.97</td><td>0.37</td><td>1.16</td><td>1.05</td><td>2.4</td><td>1.56</td><td>3.49</td><td>6.8</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.93</td><td>4.41</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. nigroalbus</i></th><td>♀</td><td>00040566</td><td>9.74</td><td>1.88</td><td>0.29</td><td>1</td><td>1.03</td><td>2.24</td><td>1.17</td><td>2.95</td><td>6.01</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.94</td><td>3.66</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. notata</i></th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.94</td><td>1.81</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.02</td><td>1.24</td><td>3.17</td><td>1.25</td><td>3.14</td><td>6.08</td><td>0.45</td><td>0.63</td><td>0.91</td><td>3.61</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.44</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.97</td><td>1.12</td><td>2.89</td><td>1.17</td><td>3.06</td><td>5.75</td><td>0.41</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.34</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.22</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.34</td><td>1.08</td><td>1.35</td><td>3.51</td><td>1.4</td><td>3.26</td><td>6.3</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.66</td><td>1.01</td><td>3.87</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.94</td><td>1.8</td><td>0.32</td><td>1.05</td><td>0.96</td><td>2.45</td><td>1.31</td><td>3.17</td><td>6.28</td><td>0.46</td><td>0.66</td><td>0.93</td><td>3.73</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.23</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>9.54</td><td>1.62</td><td>0.3</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.35</td><td>1.06</td><td>3</td><td>5.93</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.62</td><td>0.88</td><td>3.38</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.3</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.37</td><td>1.1</td><td>1.12</td><td>2.57</td><td>1.51</td><td>3.33</td><td>6.51</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.73</td><td>0.98</td><td>3.94</td></tr><tr><th><i>P.ractepilosa</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (2)</td><td>8.93</td><td>1.86</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.13</td><td>1</td><td>2.74</td><td>5.51</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.39</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.15</td><td>0.03</td><td>0</td><td>0.17</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.14</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.25</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.59</td><td>1.75</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.77</td><td>2.04</td><td>0.79</td><td>2.64</td><td>5.09</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>9.27</td><td>1.96</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.86</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.21</td><td>1.21</td><td>2.83</td><td>5.93</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.9</td><td>3.57</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (5)</td><td>9.19</td><td>1.99</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.23</td><td>1.1</td><td>2.99</td><td>5.47</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.55</td><td>0.84</td><td>3.86</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.67</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.21</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.26</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.32</td><td>1.83</td><td>0.34</td><td>0.89</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.02</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.66</td><td>4.89</td><td>0.44</td><td>0.43</td><td>0.81</td><td>3.44</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.19</td><td>2.08</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.97</td><td>0.97</td><td>2.37</td><td>1.27</td><td>3.22</td><td>6.2</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.85</td><td>4.1</td></tr><tr><th><i>P. tricolor</i> sp. nov.</th><td>♂</td><td>Mean (2)</td><td>8.66</td><td>1.58</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.99</td><td>2.47</td><td>1.17</td><td>2.65</td><td>5.3</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.84</td><td>2.92</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td><td>0</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.17</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.55</td><td>1.56</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.88</td><td>0.93</td><td>2.42</td><td>1.16</td><td>2.61</td><td>5.26</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.51</td><td>0.82</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>8.77</td><td>1.61</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.95</td><td>1.05</td><td>2.52</td><td>1.17</td><td>2.68</td><td>5.33</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.86</td><td>3.04</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>♀</td><td>Mean (3)</td><td>9.33</td><td>1.7</td><td>0.31</td><td>0.92</td><td>0.9</td><td>2.17</td><td>1.13</td><td>2.77</td><td>5.6</td><td>0.39</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.85</td><td>3.2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>SD</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.19</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Minimum</td><td>8.7</td><td>1.67</td><td>0.29</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.88</td><td>2.07</td><td>1.02</td><td>2.66</td><td>5.44</td><td>0.35</td><td>0.58</td><td>0.8</td><td>2.98</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Maximum</td><td>10.15</td><td>1.73</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.93</td><td>0.92</td><td>2.25</td><td>1.28</td><td>2.86</td><td>5.76</td><td>0.42</td><td>0.61</td><td>0.87</td><td>3.34</td></tr></tbody></table>
Palm-primate interactions: Number of palm species and palm species identity in primate diets according to region (Africa, Asia, Madagascar, Neotropics); Parts of palm species consumed by primates according to region; palm species of high importance in primate diets according to region; palm seed dispersal by primates according to region
<p>We compiled data on palms in the diets of primates and on palm seed dispersal by primates to criticially discuss the hypothesis by Onstein et al. 2020 (Proc R Soc B) that "the interactions between primates and palms are related to the co-evolutionary dynamics of primate colour vision systems and palm fruit colours". Our copilation of data on interactions between palms and primates suggests that the mutualism-dependent co-diversification scenario deployed by Onstein et al. is not supported in view of the low<br> level of extant primate-palm interactions in Africa.</p>
Numbers of sperm associated with the perivitelline layer of seabird (and other bird species) eggs
<p>Following copulation, females of many seabird species spend a prolonged period of time away from the colony, building up reserves for egg formation and incubation. Here, we report that the number of sperm associated with eggs of single-egg clutch seabirds was almost an order of magnitude greater than predicted from the relationship between ovum size and sperm numbers in multi-egg clutch non-seabirds. Sperm numbers were also several times greater than the estimated number necessary for maximal fertilisation success. Our results are consistent with three unusual features of seabird reproduction: (1) single egg clutches, (2) prolonged sperm storage, and (3) a lag period between the end of yolk formation and ovulation. We hypothesise that sperm release from storage is under precise temporal control in these species, with high sperm numbers acting as an insurance against infertility in single-egg clutches. If true, the lag period may have evolved to provide sufficient time for sperm to be released simultaneously from storage and accumulate at the site of fertilization prior to ovulation.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Klotz W, von Rintelen T, Wowor D, Lukhaup C, von Rintelen K (2021) Lake Poso's shrimp fauna revisited: the description of five new species of the genus Caridina (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) more than doubles the number of endemic lacustrine species. ZooKeys 1009: 81-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1009.54303
Table S1. Sample provenience and accession numbers
Supplementary material 2 from: Klotz W, von Rintelen T, Wowor D, Lukhaup C, von Rintelen K (2021) Lake Poso's shrimp fauna revisited: the description of five new species of the genus Caridina (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) more than doubles the number of endemic lacustrine species. ZooKeys 1009: 81-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1009.54303
Supplementary figures
Figure 3 from: Klotz W, von Rintelen T, Wowor D, Lukhaup C, von Rintelen K (2021) Lake Poso's shrimp fauna revisited: the description of five new species of the genus Caridina (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) more than doubles the number of endemic lacustrine species. ZooKeys 1009: 81-122. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1009.54303
Figure 3 Living specimens of Caridina spp in Lake Poso 2. A, BCaridina mayamareenae sp. nov. CC. lilianae sp. nov. D Two snail species Celetaia persculpta and Tylomelania sp. on soft substrate. Empty shells of these species are shelter for C. mayamareenae sp. nov. E, FC. poso sp. nov. GC. marlenae sp. nov. HC. fusca sp. nov. Not to scale. All photographs: W. Klotz.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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