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Fig. 7. Sample sites for barcodes for the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 7. Sample sites for barcodes for the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880, colour-coded for the order in which the samples of selected barcoded individuals were added to the analyses, from blue (2011) to red (2019) (specimens may be much older). Spherical projection with the North Pole shown as a star, international boundaries as recognized by the UN shown as grey lines. Map projected in ArcGIS using the World_Shaded_Relief basemap © 2014 ESRI.

Figs 1‒6 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 1‒6. Individuals of the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880 (with photo credits). 1. Bombus eximius Smith, 1852, queen, Thailand (CT). 2. B. simillimus Smith, 1852, worker, IndiaKashmir (RR). 3. B. prshewalskyi Morawitz, 1880, worker, China-Gansu (PW). 4. B. eriophorus Klug, 1807, queen, Georgia (I. Popov). 5. B. semenovianus (Skorikov, 1914), male, India-Kashmir (PW). 6. B. ladakhensis Richards, 1928, male, China-Gansu (PW). Some images reversed.

Fig. 10. October 2019 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 10. October 2019 (Fig. 8) Bayesian PTP analysis of MrBayes tree of unique COI barcodes (UHFPTP). Symbols as in Fig. 9.

Fig. 24 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Fig. 24. (Most likely ancestral ranges for lineages of the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880. reconstructed with DIVALIKE+J (BioGeoBEARS) using the short-distance dispersal (no jumps) model in Fig. 23, the estimate of species phylogeny in Fig. 22, and with B. nobilis representing the outgroup (not shown). Letters represent the area units defined in Table 5 and in Fig. 23: letter combinations in grey below terminals show species' current distributions; letter combinations above the nodes show the most likely reconstructions for ancestral distributions (with four selected dispersal events numbered), with the probabilities of these solutions for these ancestors shown below the nodes. Species groups discussed in the text are labelled in circles: rp = rufipes-group; fs = festivus-group; rf = rufofasciatus- group; tg = tanguticus-group; la = lapidarius-group; si = sichelii-group; and ke = keriensis-group. Inset map shows sequenced samples for the species groups (blue = the rufipes-group and festivus-group; green = the rufofasciatus-group; yellow = the tanguticus-group and lapidarius-group; orange = the sichelii-group; and red = the keriensis-group) with arrows showing the four numbered dispersal events.

Figs 14‒16 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 14‒16. Maps of sequenced samples as in Figs 12–13. 14. The tanguticus-group and the lapidarius- group. 15. The sichelii-group. 16. The keriensis-group.

Figs 181‒189 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 181‒189. Morphology of the male genitalia for species of the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880 from the dorsal aspect, anterior at the bottom of the image, posterior at the top. 181. Bombus eximius Smith, 1852, China-Guangxi. 182. B. rufipes Lepeletier, 1835, IndonesiaJava. 183. B. festivus Smith, 1861, Nepal. 184. B. simillimus Smith, 1852, India-Himachal Pradesh. 185. B. miniatus Bingham, 1897, Bhutan. 186. B. eurythorax Wang, 1982 stat. rev., India-Kashmir. 187. B. prshewalskyi Morawitz, 1880 stat. rev., China-Sichuan. 188. B. rufofasciatus Smith, 1852, IndiaKashmir. 189. B. richardsiellus (Tkalců, 1968), Burma (left volsella distal part missing). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figs 64–102 in Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Figs 64–102. Simplified diagrams for the colour patterns of the hair on the dorsum for the species from the integrative analysis. The dorsum is divided into regions, each of which shows only the predominant or most apparent colour for that region using a simplified colour palette, with olive indicating a mixture of black and yellow hair, and grey indicating a mixture of black and white hair. The rufofasciatus-group. 64. Queen, China-Yunnan. 65. Queen, China-Sichuan. 66. Worker, China-Xizang. 67. Worker, ChinaXizang. 68. Worker, China-Gansu. 69. Male, China-Yunnan. 70. Male, China-Xizang. 71. Queen, IndiaKashmir. 72. Queen, India-Kashmir. 73. Queen, Pakistan. 74. Worker, India-Kashmir. 75. Worker, IndiaKashmir. 76. Male, Pakistan. 77. Male, India-Kashmir. 78. Queen, Burma. 79. Worker, Burma. 80. Worker, China-Xizang. 81. Worker, China-Xizang. 82. Male, Burma. 83. Queen, China-Sichuan. 84. Worker, China-Sichuan. 85. Worker, China-Sichuan. 86. Worker, China-Sichuan. 87. Worker, China-Sichuan. 88. Worker, China-Xizang. 89. Male, China-Sichuan. 90. Male, China-Sichuan. 91. Queen, China-Beijing. 92. Queen, China-Beijing. 93. Worker, China-Shanxi. 94. Worker, China-Beijing. 95. Worker, ChinaBeijing. 96. Male, China-Beijing. 97. Male, China-Beijing. 98. Queen, China-Taiwan. 99. Worker, ChinaTaiwan. 100. Worker, China-Taiwan. 101. Worker, China-Taiwan. 102. Male, China-Taiwan.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Data from: Altitude shapes the environmental drivers of large-scale variation in abundance of a widespread mammal species

Habitat quality and heterogeneity directly influence the distribution and abundance of organisms at different spatial scales. Determining the main environmental factors driving the variation in species abundance is crucial to understand the underlying ecological processes and this is especially important for widely distributed species living in contrasting environments. However, the responses to environmental variation are usually described at relatively small spatial scales. Here, we studied the variation in abundance of a widely distributed mustelid, the European badger (Meles meles), across France. We used (1) direct detections of 9,439 dead and living badgers, from 2006 to 2009, to estimate badger relative abundance in 703 small agricultural regions of metropolitan France and (2) a Bayesian modelling approach to identify the main environmental determinants influencing badger abundance. Despite a continuous distribution of badger in France, we found large variation in badger abundance between regions, explained by environmental factors. Among a set of 13 environmental variables, we demonstrated that badger abundance in lowlands (< 400 m a.s.l.) was mostly driven by biotic factors such as potential food resources (earthworm abundance and fruits crops) and forest fragmentation. Conversely, in mountainous areas, abiotic factors (i.e. soil texture and climate) drove the variation in badger relative abundance. These results underline the importance of mapping the abundance of wildlife species based on environmental suitability, and highlight the complexity of drivers influencing species abundance at such large spatial scales. Altitude shaped the environmental drivers (biotic vs. abiotic) that most influenced relative abundance of a widespread species. In the case of badger, such abundance maps are crucial to identify critical areas for species management as this mustelid is a main wild vector of bovine tuberculosis in several countries.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Leaf photosynthetic, economics and hydraulic traits are decoupled among genotypes of a widespread species of eucalypt grown under ambient and elevated CO2

Leaf economics and hydraulic traits strongly influence photosynthesis. While the level of coordination among these traits can differ between sets of species, leaf functional trait coordination within species remains poorly understood. Furthermore, elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 commonly influence the expression of leaf photosynthetic, economics and hydraulic traits in contrasting ways, yet the effect of variable concentrations of atmospheric CO2 on patterns of trait coordination within species remains largely untested. We examined the relationships among key leaf photosynthetic (e.g. net photosynthesis and photosynthetic biochemistry), economics and water-use (e.g. leaf mass per unit area and stomatal conductance) and hydraulic traits (e.g. vein density) in 14 genotypes of Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown in ambient (aCO2) and elevated (eCO2) [CO2]. We examined the level of coordination among leaf traits in aCO2 and then assessed whether growth in eCO2 altered that coordination. We found that leaf traits related to photosynthetic capacity, economics and water-use, and hydraulics were decoupled among genotypes grown in aCO2, yet strong relationships were generally observed among suites of traits within each 'functional group'. Significant responses to growth in eCO2 were observed for most leaf photosynthetic and economics and water-use traits, with the magnitude and direction of the response varying among traits. In contrast, leaf hydraulics traits were unaffected by variable growth CO2. Despite this, growth in eCO2 did not substantially alter patterns of leaf trait coordination observed in aCO2. These results suggest suites of leaf traits associated with photosynthetic capacity, economics and water-use and hydraulics, respectively, can form independent axes of variation among genotypes of a single species, regardless of growth CO2. Although growth in eCO2 did not substantially alter patterns of trait coordination, decoupling of leaf functional traits among genotypes may allow genetically distinct populations to produce novel combinations of traits that may be adaptive in response to changes in their local environment.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Genotyping by sequencing data of five legume tree species widespread in the rainforests of West and Central Africa

Although today the forest cover is continuous in Central Africa this may have not always been the case, as the scarce fossil record in this region suggests that arid conditions might have significantly reduced tree density during the Ice Ages. Our aim was to investigate whether the dry ice-age periods left a genetic signature on tree species that can be used to infer the date of the past fragmentation of the rainforest. We sequenced reduced representation libraries of 182 samples representing five widespread Legume trees and seven outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses identified an early divergent lineage for all species in West Africa (Upper Guinea), and two clades in Central Africa: Lower Guinea-North and Lower Guinea-South. As the structure separating the Northern and Southern clades -congruent across species- cannot be explained by geographic barriers, we tested other hypotheses with demographic model testing using ∂a∂I. The best estimates indicate that the two clades split between the Upper Pliocene and the Pleistocene, a date compatible with forest fragmentation driven by ice-age climatic oscillations. Furthermore, we found remarkably older split dates for the shade-tolerant tree species with non-assisted seed dispersal than for light-demanding species with long-distance wind dispersal. Different recolonisation abilities after recurrent cycles of forest fragmentation seem to explain why species with long-distance dispersal show more recent genetic admixture between the two clades than species with limited seed dispersal. Despite their old history, our results depict the African rainforests as a dynamic biome where tree species have expanded relatively recently after the last glaciation.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Widespread correlations between climatic niche evolution and species diversification in birds

The adaptability of species' climatic niches can influence the dynamics of colonisation and gene flow across climatic gradients, potentially increasing the likelihood of speciation, or reducing extinction in the face of environmental change. However, previous comparative studies have tested these ideas using geographically, taxonomically and ecologically restricted samples, yielding mixed results, and thus the processes linking climatic niche evolution with diversification remain poorly understood. Focusing on birds, the largest and most widespread class of terrestrial vertebrates, we test whether variation in species diversification among clades is correlated with rates of climatic niche evolution, and the extent to which these patterns are modified by underlying gradients in biogeography and species' ecology. We quantified climatic niches, latitudinal distribution and ecological traits for 7657 (~75%) bird species based on geographical range polygons, and then used Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to test whether niche evolution was related to species richness and rates of diversification across genus and family-level clades. We found that the rate of climatic niche evolution has a positive linear relationship with both species richness and diversification rate at two different taxonomic levels (genus and family). Furthermore, this positive association between labile climatic niches and diversification was detected regardless of variation in clade latitude or key ecological traits. Our findings suggest either that rapid adaptation to unoccupied areas of climatic niche space promotes avian diversification, or that diversification promotes adaptation. Either way, we propose that climatic niche evolution is a fundamental process regulating the link between climate and biodiversity at global scales, irrespective of the geographical and ecological context of speciation and extinction.

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Populations of a widespread invader and co-occurring native species vary in phenotypic plasticity

Phenotypic plasticity can promote plant invasions and enhance impacts on native species but little is known about variation in plasticity among invader populations compared to native species. Variation in plasticity among invader populations could inform more precise predictions of invader spread and impacts across heterogeneous resource environments. We used a common garden experiment with sun and shade treatments to test for variation in plasticity among 12 populations of an invasive grass, and to determine if the invader exhibited greater plasticity than six native species that co-occur in the Southeast US. Principal component analysis revealed that invader populations from different native ranges consistently varied from each other and native species in traits linked to more favorable phenotypes under resource limitation. Overall, the invader exhibited greater plasticity than native species, as demonstrated by higher plasticity index values for traits such as plant height, leaf mass ratio, and root shoot ratio. Variation in phenotypic plasticity among invader populations suggests the potential for evolution of plasticity, and greater plasticity of invader populations than native species may underlie invader dominance. Differences in plasticity among populations appears to play an important role in predictions of the spread and potentially the impacts of invasive species.

opennotspecifiedDec 2016View details →

FIGURE 67 in A new widespread European bee species of the genus Dasypoda Latreille (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

FIGURE 67. Distribution map of Dasypoda morawitzi sp. nov.

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

FIGURE 11 in DNA barcodes reveal that the widespread European tortricid moth Phalonidia manniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a mixture of two species

FIGURE 11. Larval gallery and larva of Phalonidia udana in stem of Lysimachia thyrsiflora.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Figure 2 in Revalidation of Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872) (Porifera, Calcarea): a widespread species in the tropical western Atlantic

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on 890 bp of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA. Values on branches are bootstrap supports from ML, maximum parsimony, and neighbor-joining. Asterisks indicate bootstrap values below 50.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Figure 4 in Revalidation of Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872) (Porifera, Calcarea): a widespread species in the tropical western Atlantic

Figure 4. Leucetta cf. floridana from Brazil. A, live specimen (photo: F. Moraes); B, triactine I; C, triactine II and several triactines I; D, tetractine I; E, detail of the apical actine of tetractine I; F, sagittal tetractine I; G, tetractine II and several triactines I; H, detail of the apical actine of tetractine II. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B–H = 100 Mm.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Autumn larval cold tolerance does not predict the northern range limit of a widespread butterfly species

Climate change is driving range shifts, and a lack of cold tolerance is hypothesized to constrain insect range expansion at poleward latitudes. However, few, if any, studies have tested this hypothesis during autumn when organisms are subjected to sporadic low temperature exposure but may not have become cold tolerant yet. In this study, we integrated organismal thermal tolerance measures into species distribution models for larvae of the Giant Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes, living at the northern edge of its actively expanding range. Cold hardiness of field-collected larvae was determined using three common metrics of cold-induced physiological thresholds: the supercooling point (SCP), critical thermal minimum (CTmin), and survival following cold exposure. P. cresphontes larvae in autumn have a CTmin of 2.14°C, and were determined to be tolerant of chilling. These larvae have a SCP of -6.6°C and can survive prolonged exposure to -2°C. They generally die, however, at temperatures below their SCP (-8°C), suggesting they are chill tolerant or modestly freeze avoidant. Using this information, we examined the importance of low temperatures at a broad scale, by comparing species distribution models of P. cresphontes based only on environmental data derived from other sources to models that also included the cold tolerance parameters generated experimentally. Our modelling revealed that growing degree-days and precipitation best predicted the distribution of P. cresphontes, while the cold tolerance variables did not explain much variation in habitat suitability. As such, the modelling results were consistent with our experimental results: low temperatures in autumn are unlikely to limit the distribution of P. cresphontes. Further investigation into the ecological relevance of the physiological thresholds determined here will help determine how climate limits the distribution of P. cresphontes. Understanding the factors that limit species distributions is key to predicting how climate change will drive species range shifts.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Figure 9 from: Maddison DR, Anderson R (2016) Hidden species within the genus Ocys Stephens: the widespread species O. harpaloides (Audinet-Serville) and O. tachysoides (Antoine) (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiini). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 63(2): 287-301. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.63.10748

Figure 9 - Spermatheca. A, B, Ocys harpaloides (A: Bos Ter Rijst, Schorisse, Belgium, voucher DNA0569, B: Beuda, Girona, Spain, voucher V100984) C, D. Ocys tachysoides (B: Murlough NNR, Co. Down, Northern Ireland, voucher V100983, D: Mount Stewart, Co. Down, Northern Ireland, voucher V100982). A bubble of air has been digitally removed from within the spermatheca shown in C. Scale bar 0.1 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Figure 7 from: Maddison DR, Anderson R (2016) Hidden species within the genus Ocys Stephens: the widespread species O. harpaloides (Audinet-Serville) and O. tachysoides (Antoine) (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiini). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 63(2): 287-301. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.63.10748

Figure 7 - Microsculpture at center of disc of left elytron, third and fourth intervals. A, B, Ocys harpaloides, both from Colliery Bay, Ballycastle, Northern Ireland (A: voucher V100670, B: voucher V100672). C, D. Ocys tachysoides (C: Murlough NNR, Co. Down, Northern Ireland, voucher DNA2899, D: Mount Stewart, Co. Down, Northern Ireland, voucher DNA2898). Scale bar 0.1 mm.