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FIGURE 9. A–G in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 9. A–G. Athleta (Volutocorbis) burtoni Vredenburg, 1923, A (CPAG.RAN.I.31, dorsal view, stn 2), B (CPAG.RAN.I.32, ventral view, stn 3), C (CPAG.RAN.I.33, dorsal view, stn 1), D–F (MNHN.F.J13433, Cossmann coll., ventral (D) and dorsal (E) views, enlarged view of the spire (F), Jhirak), G (MNHN.F.J13434, Cossmann coll., dorsal view, Jhirak); H–L. Athleta (Volutocorbis) cf. wynnei Cox, 1930, H–I (CPAG.RAN.I.35, dorsal view (H) and enlarged view of the spire (I), stn 4), J (CPAG.RAN.I.36, ventral view, stn 4), K–L (CPAG.RAN.I.34, ventral (K) and dorsal (L) views). Scale bars: A–E, G–H, J–L = 10 mm; F, I = 5 mm.

FIGURE 6. A–F in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 6. A–F. Lyrischapa blanfordi (Vredenburg, 1923), A–C (CPAG.RAN.I.17, ventral (A), dorsal (B) and apical (C) views, stn 4), D–E (CPAG.RAN.I.16, ventral (D) and dorsal (E) views, stn 4), F (CPAG.RAN.I.15, ventral view, stn 4); G–I. Lyrischapa brevispira sp. nov., holotype, CPAG.RAN.I.18, ventral (G), dorsal (H) and apical (I) views, stn 4. Scale bars: A–H = 10 mm.

FIGURE 5. A–H in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 5. A–H. Lyrischapa vredenburgi sp. nov., A–B (paratype 1, CPAG.RAN.I.12, protoconch and first teleoconch whorl in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views, stn 4), C–E (holotype, CPAG.RAN.I.11, ventral (C), dorsal (D) and apical (E) views, stn 4), F (paratype 2, CPAG.RAN.I.13, ventral view, stn 4), G (paratype 3, CPAG.RAN.I.14, ventral view, stn 4), H (paratype MNHN.F.J12751, Cossmann coll., Jhirak). Scale bars: A–H = 10 mm.

FIGURE 10. A–D in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 10. A–D. Athleta (Volutocorbis) lasharii sp. nov., A–C (holotype, CPAG.RAN.I.37, dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views, enlarged view of the spire (C), stn 4), D (paratype, CPAG.RAN.I.38, dorsal view, stn 4); E–H. Volutilithes welcommei sp. nov., E (paratype 1, CPAG.RAN.I.40, dorsal view, stn 4), F (paratype 2, CPAG.RAN.I.41, juvenile, dorsal view, stn 4), G–H (holotype, CPAG.RAN.I.39, ventral (G) and (H) dorsal views. Scale bars: A–B, D–E, G–H = 10 mm; C, F = 5 mm.

FIGURE 7. A–D in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 7. A–D. Lyrischapa brevispira sp. nov., A–B (paratype 2, CPAG.RAN.I.20, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views, stn 4), C–D (paratype 1, CPAG.RAN.I.19, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views, stn 4); E–J. Athleta (Volutopupa) intercrenatus (Cossmann & Pissarro, 1909), E–F (CPAG.RAN.I.22, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, stn 4), G (CPAG.RAN.I.21, ventral view, stn 4), H (CPAG.RAN.I.23, ventral view, stn 4), I-J (CPAG.RAN.I.24, ventral view (I) and enlarged view of the spire (J), stn 4). Scale bars: A–I = 10 mm; J = 5 mm.

FIGURE 4. A in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 4. A. Lyria sp., CPAG.RAN.I.1, stn 5; B–H. Mitreola brohii sp. nov., B–C (holotype, CPAG.RAN.I.2, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views, stn 4), D (paratype 1, CPAG RAN.I.3, ventral view, stn 4), E–F (paratype 2, CPAG.RAN.I.4, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, stn 4), G–H (paratype 3, CPAG.RAN.I.5, juvenile, ventral view (G) and enlarged view of the spire (H), stn 4); I–K. Lyriopsis cossmanni (Vredenburg, 1923), I–J (CPAG.RAN.I.6, ventral view (I) and enlarged view of the spire (J), stn 4), K (CPAG.RAN.I.7, ventral view, stn 4); L. Lyrischapa haimei (d'Archiac & Haime, 1853), CPAG.RAN.I.8, ventral view, stn 6; M–N. Lyrischapa sismondai (d'Archiac & Haime, 1853), M (CPAG.RAN.I.10, ventral view, stn 6), N (CPAG.RAN.I.9, dorsal view, stn 3). Scale bars: B–G, I, K–N = 10 mm; A, H, J = 5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 3. Stratigraphic ranges of Pakistani volutid species in the Kadhro Formation (Danian), Hangu and Bara Formations (Selandian-Thanetian) and Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Ypresian). Blue lines: probable autochthonous species descending from the Indo-Pakistan stock; black line, species persisting from formation to another one; red lines: probable invaders. Note that the low species richness found in the Uppermost Bara Formation results to the poor preservation of the shell material (decalcified shells) and thus corresponds to taphonomic bias.

FIGURE 11. A–E in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 11. A–E. Volutilithes sindhiensis sp. nov., A–B (holotype, CPAG.RAN.I.42, dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views, stn 4), C–D (paratype 1, CPAG.RAN.I.43, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views, stn 4), E (paratype 2, CPAG.RAN.I.44, juvenile, ventral view, stn 4); F–I. Pseudaulicina coxi sp. nov., F–G (holotype, CPAG.RAN.I.45, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views, stn 4), H (paratype 2, CPAG.RAN.I.47, juvenile, dorsal view, stn 4), I (paratype 1, CPAG.RAN.I.46, ventral view, stn 4). Scale bars: A–D, F–G, I = 10 mm; E, H = 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 1. Location of the fossil localities (stn 1 to 6) in a simplified geological map showing the Ranikot Group in the Jimpir-Jhirak Area (JJA) and the Lakhra Dome (LD).

FIGURE 8. A–D in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 8. A–D. Athleta (Volutopupa) citharopsis sp. nov., A–B (holotype, CPAG.RAN.I.25, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views, stn 4), C (paratype 1, CPAG.RAN.I.26, dorsal view, stn 4), D (paratype 2, CPAG.RAN.I.27, enlarged view of the spire, stn 4); E–J. Athleta (Volutocorbis) eugeniae Vredenburg, 1923, E–F (CPAG.RAN.I.29, dorsal view (E) and enlarged view of the spire (F), stn 4), G–H (CPAG.RAN.I.28, dorsal (G) and ventral (H) views, stn 4), I–J (CPAG.RAN.I.30, dorsal (I) and ventral (J) views, stn 4). Scale bars: A–E, G–J = 10 mm; F = 5 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Volutidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Lakhra Formation (Earliest Eocene, Sindh, Pakistan): systematics, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography

FIGURE 2. Volutids embedded in the bioclastic sandstone of the Lakhra Formation (stn 4, sample 2014). A. A specimen of Lyrischapa vredenburgi sp. nov. showing only a part of its first whorls. The white arrow indicates the location of the protoconch. B. A specimen of Lyrischapa blanfordi (Vredenburg, 1923) partially (base and columellar folds) embedded in the sedimentary matrix. Scale bars: 50 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new Triodopsis juxtidens subspecies (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from West Virginia, U. S. A.

FIGURE 3. Comparison of seven Triodopsis species shells (left) to a series of six Triodopsis j. robinae subsp. nov. shells (right). The Triodopsis species representatives have similar shells to the new subspecies or are geographically near. To the left, from top to bottom, are: a, T. juxtidens, Durham, NC, 11 August 2008 (W. Frank, personal collection); b, T. juxtidens also from Durham Co., NC (H.G. Lee, personal collection); c, T. rugosa from Logan Co., WV (FMNH264690); d, T. anteridon from Wyoming Co., WV (FMNH264768); e, T. picea from Pocahontas Co., WV (FMNH266426); f, T. pendula from Iredell Co., NC (FMNH266352), and g, T. discoidea from Crawford Co., IN (H.G. Lee, personal collection). To the right are paratype h, Triodopsis j. robinae subsp. nov. from Brush Creek (CM97548); paratypes i, j, Brush Creek (CM97549; two shells); k, the holotype from Brush Creek (CM103371); paratype l, Pipestem State Park (CM141101); and paratype m, Brush Creek (CM85754). Adapted from Frank and Lee (2014), with permission, and with photography of Triodopsis j. robinae subsp. nov. specimens by Charles F. Sturm.

FIGURE 2 in A new Triodopsis juxtidens subspecies (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from West Virginia, U. S. A.

FIGURE 2. View of the aperture and basal denticle of Triodopsis j. robinae subsp. nov. holotype (CM103371). Photographed by Charles F. Sturm.

FIGURE 1 in A new Triodopsis juxtidens subspecies (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from West Virginia, U. S. A.

FIGURE 1. Shell of Triodopsis j. robinae subsp. nov. holotype from Brush Creek, Mercer Co., West Virginia (CM103371). Photographed by Charles F. Sturm.

FIGURE 1 in Leiostyla beatae n. sp. from eastern Georgia (Gastropoda: Lauriidae)

FIGURE 1. Shells of Leiostyla species. A–C. Leiostyla beatae n. sp., Georgia: Lagodekhishevi valley 2 km upstream of Lagodekhi; A. holotype (ZMH 101605); B. paratype (NHMW); C. paratype (ZMH 101606); D. Leiostyla silicea (Schileyko, 1975), Georgia: Tekhuri valley 6.7 km towards Lebarde (ZMH 86618); E. Leiostyla paulinae (Lindholm, 1913), Georgia: Kintrishi valley, Chakhati (ZMH 81306); F. Leiostyla caucasica (L. Pfeiffer, 1857), Georgia: Pasanauri, lower valley of Shavi Aragvi river (ZMH 81326). Scale bar = 1.0 mm for all figures except oblique view into aperture; scale bare = 0.5 mm for oblique view into aperture.

FIGURE 2 in Leiostyla beatae n. sp. from eastern Georgia (Gastropoda: Lauriidae)

FIGURE 2. Separation of Leiostyla beatae n. sp., Leiostyla silicea and Leiostyla paulinae according to the first two discriminant functions based on shell measurements.

FIGURE 2. a–k. Typhinellus jacolombi n in Description of a new species of Typhinellus (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Typhinae) from the Western Atlantic

FIGURE 2. a–k. Typhinellus jacolombi n. sp. a–c. Panama, Portobelo Bay, 37–74 m, holotype MNHN IM-2000-30465, length: 19.2 mm; d–f. Panama, Portobelo Bay, 60 m, muddy substrate, coll. 1989, paratype RH, length: 28.7 mm; g–h. Panama, Portobelo, 19–37 m, paratype JC, length: 19.3 mm; i–j. Panama, Caribbean (no other data), paratype JC, length: 21.7 mm; k. Protoconch of specimen figured in i–j (scale bar 500 µm). l–n. Typhinellus lamyi Garrigues & Merle, 2014, Guadeloupe, Port Louis, 66 m, holotype MNHN- IM-2013-7776, length: 13.1 mm.

FIGURE 1. Spiral cord morphology. a–c. Typhinellus jacolombi n in Description of a new species of Typhinellus (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Typhinae) from the Western Atlantic

FIGURE 1. Spiral cord morphology. a–c. Typhinellus jacolombi n. sp. a. Panama, Portobelo Bay, 37–74 m, holotype MNHN IM- 2000-30465, length: 19.2 mm; b. Panama, Portobelo Bay, 60 m, muddy substrate, coll. 1989, paratype RH, length: 28.7 mm; c. Panama, Portobelo, 19–37 m, paratype JC, length: 19.3 mm; d. Typhinellus labiatus (Cristofori & Jan, 1832), Kerkennah, Tunisia, 0.5 m, RH, length: 20.1 mm; e. Typhinellus lamyi Garrigues & Merle, 2014, Guadeloupe, Port Louis, 66 m, holotype MNHN-IM-2013- 7776, length: 13.1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Description of a new species of Typhinellus (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Typhinae) from the Western Atlantic

FIGURE 3. Typhinellus labiatus (Cristofori & Jan, 1832). a–c. Kerkennah, Tunisia, 0.5 m, RH, length: 20.1 mm; d–f. Kerkennah, Tunisia, 0.5 m, RH, length: 19.7 mm; g–h. Kerkennah, Tunisia, 0.5 m, RH, length: 18.1 mm; i. Mallorca, Porto Colom, 1978, RH, length: 16.6 mm; j. Italy, Livorno, 26 m, 1978, RH, length: 13.6 mm; k–m. Sardinia, RH, 14.4 mm; n. Protoconch, Sicily, Brucoli, 1990, RH (scale bar 500 µm).

FIGURE 11 in Revision of the genus Pseudopomatias and its relatives (Gastropoda: Cyclophoroidea: Pupinidae)

FIGURE 11. Distribution of Pseudopomatias species. Filled circle: P. pe g ue ns i s (Theobald, 1864); open triangle, top up: P. nitens n. sp.; open circle: P. amoenus Möllendorff 1885 s.l.; empty square: P. e o s Pilsbry & Hirase 1905; script "Shan States": Pseudopomatias shanensis n. sp. The meaning of the numbers: 1: Sandoway, 2: Pegu, 3: locality of P. amoenus near Jiuxiang Fengjingqu, 4: locality of P. amoenus near Kongshan Cun, 5: Northern Vietnamese and Chinese localities of P. amoenus and P. nitens n. sp., 6: Mau Son, That Khé and the new localities of "typical fulvus" (= P. amoenus), 7: Xuan Son National Park; 8: Cuc Phuong National Park, 9: Chengkou (type locality of Fargesia cornea), 10: locality near Mufu Cun (new locality of typical P. amoenus), 11: Badong (type locality of P. amoenus), 12: Changyang (locality of P. nitens n. sp.), 13: Hengshan (possible position of the type locality of P. amoenus var. tumidula), 14: Guiyan Xian (possible position of the type locality of P. amoenus var. tumidula), 15: Nanling Guojia (see Hu et al. 2004).