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FIGURE 1 in Notes on the morphology of two species of Limnocoris Stål (Heteroptera: Naucoridae) from South America

FIGURE 1. Limnocoris pallescens (Stål), (A) dorsal and (B) ventral habitus of brachypterous male from Sucre (CMNH), white arrow indicates pronotum posterolateral corner, shagreened area of propleuron highlighted, (C) dorsal habitus of brachypterous male from Monagas (UMC), (D) dorsal habitus of holotype brachypterous female from Colombia (NHRS), (E) dorsal habitus of brachypterous female from Aragua (MZUSP) with part of right hemelytron removed, white arrow indicates suppressed intraclaval suture, (F) dorsal habitus of macropterous female from Aragua (UMC), white arrow indicates rounded posterior indentation, (G) part of thorax in ventral view, meso- and metasternal carinae highlighted, specimen from Monagas (UMC), (H) terminal abdominal sterna of female from Monagas (UMC), subgenital plate highlighted; dotted lines in figures A, D and F indicate angle measured on the embolium. cs = claval suture, em = embolium, hw = hindwing, is = intraclaval suture, ms = mesosternal carina, mt = metasternal carina.

FIGURE 6. Hyalella cuyana n in South America stygobiont crustaceans: a new species of Hyalellidae (Amphipoda) and new reports of Stygocarididae (Anaspidacea) and Protojaniridae (Isopoda) from Calingasta Valley, Pre-Andean region, San Juan, Argentina

FIGURE 6. Hyalella cuyana n. sp., male holotype (FML-CRUST 01282). A pereiopod 3 B pereiopod 4 C pereiopod 5 D pereiopod 6 E pereiopod 7.

FIGURE 3 in Notes on the morphology of two species of Limnocoris Stål (Heteroptera: Naucoridae) from South America

FIGURE 3. (A–F) Limnocoris pectoralis Montandon, (A) dorsal and (B) ventral habitus of male lectotype (NHMW), (C) lectotype labels, (D–E) female paralectotypes and their respective labels (BMNH), (F) terminal abdominal sterna of female from Cusco (UMC), subgenital plate highlighted. (G) Limnocoris peruvianus Melin, terminal abdominal sterna of holotype female from San Martín (NHRS).

FIGURE 1 in South America stygobiont crustaceans: a new species of Hyalellidae (Amphipoda) and new reports of Stygocarididae (Anaspidacea) and Protojaniridae (Isopoda) from Calingasta Valley, Pre-Andean region, San Juan, Argentina

FIGURE 1. Map showing distribution of type locality of Hyalella cuyana n. sp. and records of Cuyojanira riojana, Cuyojanira ischicuca, Cuyojanira sp. (Isopoda), Parastygocaris andina (Anaspidacea), Hyalella rionegrina (Amphipoda) in Argentina within the biogeographic scheme of Arana et al. (2017).

FIGURE 11 in South America stygobiont crustaceans: a new species of Hyalellidae (Amphipoda) and new reports of Stygocarididae (Anaspidacea) and Protojaniridae (Isopoda) from Calingasta Valley, Pre-Andean region, San Juan, Argentina

FIGURE 11. Habitus (photograph) Parastygocaris andina (FML-CRUST 01292) (Anaspidacea, Stygocarididae).

FIGURE 4. Hyalella cuyana n in South America stygobiont crustaceans: a new species of Hyalellidae (Amphipoda) and new reports of Stygocarididae (Anaspidacea) and Protojaniridae (Isopoda) from Calingasta Valley, Pre-Andean region, San Juan, Argentina

FIGURE 4. Hyalella cuyana n. sp., male holotype (FML-CRUST 01282). A left maxilliped B labrum C lower lip D left mandible E right mandible F internal lateral view of maxilla 1 G maxilla 1 H maxilla 2. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Hyalella cuyana n in South America stygobiont crustaceans: a new species of Hyalellidae (Amphipoda) and new reports of Stygocarididae (Anaspidacea) and Protojaniridae (Isopoda) from Calingasta Valley, Pre-Andean region, San Juan, Argentina

FIGURE 3. Hyalella cuyana n. sp., male holotype (FML-CRUST 01282). A paratype male (FML-CRUST 01283), habitus lateral view B Epimeral plates C antenna 1 D antenna 2

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Multiple locus phylogeography to evaluate the diversity of the Cold Water Soft Coral Alcyonium spp. (Anthozoa, Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) between South America and West Antarctic Peninsula

The Antarctic marine environment has a unique geologic and climatic history that has contributed to the evolution of a diverse range of species. With the environment undergoing warming trends, it is critical to understand the history of Antarctic species to anticipate the effect of environmental changes on ecosystem functioning. Soft corals are a crucial component of the benthic marine assemblage of the Southern Ocean, which is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot. Nevertheless, our comprehension of the biogeographical patterns and distribution of this group in the Southern Ocean is insufficient. In this study, we used molecular phylogenetic reconstructions, divergence estimations, and species delimitations to examine the spatial patterns of genetic diversity in shallow-sea octocorals of the Alcyonium spp. in the Southern Ocean and adjacent regions, utilizing DNA sequences (mtMutS-COI and 28S) and Genomic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. The study revealed significant genetic differences between different populations, with a clear genetic break observed between SA and WAP populations. We also identified four putative species or evolutionary independent units (EIUs), with one putative species found in the West Antarctic Peninsula, one in the Patagonian region, and two found in Burdwood Bank and Falkland Island, respectively. The divergence time estimation indicated that the diversification process of Alcyonium began about 7.2 million years ago, with the initial separation occurring between WAP and SA populations. Furthermore, the study emphasized the critical role played by the Scotia Sea islands, especially Burdwood Bank, in the evolution of Southern Ocean biota. Overall, the findings provide evidence for the existence of multiple species within the genus Alcyonium and information on the evolutionary history of this group for the first time in the Southern Ocean.

FIGURE 5 in Novelties in Macrolobium (Detarioideae, Fabaceae) for Northern South America: Two new species and new chorological records from Colombia and Ecuador

FIGURE 5. Macrolobium longistipitatum: A. Flowering branch, B. Leaflets (arrow indicates the abaxial surface), C. Flower, D. Bract abaxially, E. Bracteoles abaxially, F. Pedicel, hypanthium, base of filament and ovary (arrow indicates the indument of filament), G. Sepals adaxially, H. Petal adaxially, I. Petalodia adaxially, J. Filament, K. Anthers (left abaxial, right adaxial) L. Staminodes, M. Stigma, N. Fruit, O. Seed. [A, C, H, M from J. J. Hernandez et al. 487, B from P. A. Morales 308, D–G, I–L from J. G. Ramírez et al. 708, N from leaf A. Cogollo et al. 223 & right A. Cogollo et al. 320, O from J. G. Ramírez et al. 631. Digital plate by Y. Londoño.]

FIGURE 3 in Novelties in Macrolobium (Detarioideae, Fabaceae) for Northern South America: Two new species and new chorological records from Colombia and Ecuador

FIGURE 3. Geographical distribution of Macrolobium ceriferum and M. longistipitatum, and of M. machaerioides from Colombia and Ecuador (type locality georeferenced, indicated with *).

FIGURE 2 in Novelties in Macrolobium (Detarioideae, Fabaceae) for Northern South America: Two new species and new chorological records from Colombia and Ecuador

FIGURE 2. Macrolobium ceriferum: A. Vegetative branchlet and part of floriferous branch, B. Detail of leaflet abaxially, C. Inflorescence (arrow indicates the insertion of the inflorescence), D. Flower, E. Pedicel and hypanthium, F. Pedicel, G. Bracteole (left abaxial, right adaxial), H. Detail of bracteole adaxially, I. Sepal (left abaxial, right adaxial), J. Petal adaxially, K. Filament, L. Detail of filament, M. Anthers (left adaxial, right abaxial), N. Gynoecium, O. Hypanthium and detail of ovary, P. Fruit. [A from Al Gentry 35466, Source: National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institute, US2981970, Available: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/36927828c-0644-4363- bfb3-0f09e8304f55, B–P from the holotype. Digital plate by Y. Londoño.]

Figure 10 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 10. Augochlora phoenicis (Vachal, 1911): (A) small female, frontal view of head; (B) mediumsized female, frontal view of head; (C) large, macrocephalic female, frontal view of head; (D) male, frontal view of head; € male, lateral view of mesosoma; (F) male, dorsal view of metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.

Figure 5 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 5. Augochlora lamellata sp. nov.: (A–C) holotype female; (D–F) paratype male, (A) Female, oblique view of head, arrow: lamellate preoccipital carina; (B) female, dorsal view of mesosoma; (C) female, dorsal view of metasoma; (D) male, lateral view of head, arrow: lamellate preoccipital carina; (E) male, dorsal view of mesosoma; (F) male, dorsal view of metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.

Figure 4 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 4. Augochlora laevinota sp. nov.: (A–C) holotype female; (D–F) paratype male. (A) Female, frontal view of head; (B) female, dorsal view of mesosoma; (C) female, dorsal view of metasoma; (D) male, frontal view of head; (E) male, dorsal view of mesosoma; (F) male, dorsal view of metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.

Figure 2 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 2. Theholotype female of Augochlora brevipilosa sp.nov., (A) frontal view of head; (B) dorsal view of mesosoma; (C) obliqueview of habitus, red arrows showing S4–5 short pubescence. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.

Figure 7 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 7. The holotype female of Augochlora meloi sp. nov.: (A) frontal view of head; (B) dorsal view of mesosoma; (C) dorsal view of metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.

Figure 1 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 1. Augochlora almeidai sp. nov., (A– B) holotype female; (C–E) paratype male; (A) female, lateral view of head, red arrow showing thehypostomal lamella; (B) female, dorsal view of mesosoma and metasoma; (C) male, lateral view of head, red arrow showing the hypostomallamella; (D) male, dorsal view of mesosoma; (E) male, dorsal view ofmetasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.

Figure 9 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 9. Augochlora obidensis sp. nov.: (A–C) holotype female; (D–F) paratype male. (A) Female, frontal view of head; (B) female, lateral view of mesosoma; (C) female, dorsal view of metasoma; (D) male, frontal view of head; (E) male, lateral view of mesosoma; (F) male, dorsal view of metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.

Figure 6. Augochlora matucanensis Cockerell, 1914 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 6. Augochlora matucanensis Cockerell, 1914: (A) female, frontal view of head; (B) female, dorsal view of mesosoma and metasoma; (C) male, lateral view of head; (D) male, dorsal view of mesosoma and metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.

Figure 13 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species

Figure 13. Map of distribution records for Oxystoglossella of the A. aurinasis and A. modica species groups: (A) A. almeidai, A. aurinasis and A. meloi sp. nov.; (B) A. eucnemis, A. lamellata sp. nov., A. mineira sp. nov. and A. rightmyerae; (C) A. mendax and A. modica; (D) A. simplex sp. nov. and A. tenax.