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FIGURE 5 in Unexpected diversity in the Pseudepipona lativentris species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)
FIGURE 5. Pseudepipona falsa (Kostylev). A–C, E, ♀, Uzbekistan; D, ♀, Tajikistan; F–H, J, ♂, lectotype; I, ♂, Tajikistan. A, F, habitus in dorsal view; B, H, I, head in front view; C, D, pronotum and anterior part of scutum in dorsal view; E, T1 and T2 in dorsal view; G, labels; J, apex of flagellum (t, tyloid). Scale bars 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Unexpected diversity in the Pseudepipona lativentris species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)
FIGURE 10. Male genitalia of Pseudepipona spp. A–C, Pseudepipona beckeri (Morawitz), Crimea; D–F, P. cretensis Blüthgen, Crete; G–I, P. cypria Blüthgen, Cyprus; J, L, M, P. falsa (Kostylev), Uzbekistan; K, P. falsa, lectotype; N–P, P. gineri (von Schulthess), Ibiza; Q–S, P. lativentris (de Saussure), Spain; T, P. rubricans Kurzenko, Kazakhstan; U–W, P. rubricans, China; X–Z, P. vicina Gusenleitner, Kyrgyzstan. A, D, G, J, N, Q, T, U, X, left paramere and volsella in medial view (d, digitus); B, E, H, K, L, O, R, V, Y, aedeagus in dorsal view (me, median expansion); C, F, I, M, P, S, W, Z, aedeagus in lateral view (vl, ventral lobe). Scale bar 0.5 mm (not exactly applied to D–F and N–P).
FIGURES 78–83 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 78–83. Immature stages of South African Gracillariidae. 78, Phodoryctis tephrosiella, mines on Tephrosia rhodesica (Fabaceae). Gauteng, Tshwane, A. Sharp leg. 79, Conopobathra carbunculata, mines on Peltophorum africanum (Fabaceae), Limpopo, York, A. & I. Sharp leg. 80, Phyllonorycter grewiella, mine on Grewia hexamita (Malvaceae), A. & I. Sharp leg. 81, P. pseudogrewiella sp. nov., mines on Grewia flavescens (Malvaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 82, P. pseudogrewiella sp. nov., larva, ibidem. 83, P. pseudogrewiella sp. nov., mines and pupae, ibidem.
FIGURES 67–72 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 67–72. Immature stages of South African Gracillariidae. 67, Conopomorphina aptata, mine on Schotia brachypetala (Fabaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 68, Acrocercops syzygiena, mine on Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae), Gauteng, Tshwane, A. & I. Sharp leg. 69, A. syzygiena, larva, ibidem. 70, A. combreticola, mine on Combretum zeyheri (Combretaceae) Gauteng, Tshwane, A. Sharp leg. 71, Cryptolectica capnodecta, larva on Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 72, C. terminalina, mine on Terminalia sericea (Combretaceae), A. & I. Sharp leg.
FIGURES 84−88 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 84−88. Immature stages of South African Gracillariidae species. 84, Cameraria melhaniella sp. nov., larva on Melhania acuminata (Malvaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 85, Metriochroa pergulariae, mine on Pergularia daemia (Apocynaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 86, Phyllocnistis allisonae, mine on Protea rubropilosa (Proteaceae), Limpopo, Lopez Vaamonde leg. 87, Phyllocnistis magalismontani sp. nov., mine on Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sapotaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, leg. A. & I. Sharp. 88, Phyllocnistis faureae, mine on Faurea saligna (Proteaceae), Gauteng, Tshwane, leg. A. Sharp.
FIGURES 61−66 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 61−66. Immature stages of South African Gracillariidae. 61, Caloptilia sp., larva on Cryptocarya transvaalensis (Lauraceae), Limpopo, Lekgalameetse N. R., A. & I. Sharp leg. 62, C. cataractias, larva on Rhynchosia minima (Fabaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 63, Macarostola noellineae, larva on Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 64, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., larva on Spirostachys africana (Euphorbiaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 65, Cuphodes melanostola, mine on Euclea divinorum (Ebenaceae), Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 66, Conopomorphina ochnivora, Gauteng, Magaliesburg, on Ochna pretoriensis, (Ochnaceae), H. Staude leg.
FIGURES 58–60 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 58–60. Female genitalia of South African Gracillariidae. 58-59, Phyllocnistis magalismontani sp. nov., paratype: 58, lateral view; 59, signa. 60, P. allisonae sp. nov., holotype: ventral view. (All scale bar 190 μm).
FIGURES 56–57 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 56–57. Female genitalia of South African Gracillariidae. 56, Telamoptilia cordati sp. nov., paratype: ventral view. 57, Phyllonorycter pseudogrewiella sp. nov., holotype: lateral view. (All scale bar 190 μm).
FIGURES 44–46 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 44–46. Male genitalia of South African Gracillariidae. Phodoryctis tephrosiella sp. nov.: 44, holotype, ventral view; 45, phallus with bulbus ejaculatorius; 46, segment VIII in ventral view (ae: aedeagus; pb: phallobase; be: bulbus ejaculatorius). (All scale bars 190 μm).
FIGURES 25−30 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 25−30. Forewing pattern of South African Gracillariidae. 25, Leucocercops curatellifoliae sp. nov., Limpopo. 26, Phodoryctis tephrosiella sp. nov., Gauteng. 27, Telamoptilia cordati sp. nov., South Africa, Limpopo. 28, Telamoptilia sp., Madagascar. 29, Cameraria melhaniella sp. nov., Limpopo. 30, Phyllonorycter pseudogrewiella sp. nov., Limpopo.
FIGURES 13–18 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 13–18. Adults of South African Gracillariidae. 13, Cryptolectica capnodecta, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 14, C. terminalina, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 15, Dialectica pyramidota, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 16, Amblyptila cynanchi, Western Cape, Knysna, S. Mecenero leg. 17, Leucocercops dasmophora, Gauteng, Tshwane, A. & I. Sharp leg. 18, L. curatellifoliae sp. nov. Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg.
FIGURES 32–34 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 32–34. Forewing pattern of the South African Phyllocnistinae. 32, Phyllocnistis magalismontani sp. nov., drawn by holotype; 33, P. allisonae sp. nov., holotype; 34, P. faureae, holotype.
FIGURE 31 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURE 31. Forewing pattern of the Afrotropical Phyllocnistinae. A, Phyllocnistis pharetrucha; B, P. saligna; C, P. magalismontani sp. nov.; D, P. faureae sp. nov.; E, P. loxosticha; F, P. citrella; G, P. allisonae sp. nov..
FIGURES 1−6 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 1−6. Adults of South African Gracillariidae. 1, Caloptilia sp., Limpopo, Lekgalameetse N. R., A. & I. Sharp leg. 2, Caloptilia rhusina, Western Cape, Robberg Nature Reserve, S. Mecenero leg. 3, Macarostola noellineae, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 4, Caloptilia cataractias, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, leg. A. & I. Sharp. 5, Ectropina spirostachydis sp. nov., Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 6, Graphiocephala barbitias, Gauteng, Tshwane, A. Sharp leg.
FIGURES 7–12 in Exploring the diversity of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) in South Africa: host plants, distribution, and DNA barcoding analysis, with the description of nine new species
FIGURES 7–12. Adults of South African Gracillariidae. 7, Semnocera procellaris, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 8, Conopomorphina ochnivora, Gauteng, Magaliesburg, A. & I. Sharp leg. 9, C. aptata, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 10, Cuphodes melanostola, Limpopo, Hoedspruit, A. & I. Sharp leg. 11, Acrocercops syzygiena, Gauteng, Tshwane, A. Sharp leg. 12, A. combreticola, Gauteng, Tshwane, A. Sharp leg.
Data from: Molecular evidence shows low species diversity of coral-associated hydroids in Acropora corals
A novel symbiosis between scleractinians and hydroids (Zanclea spp.) was recently discovered using taxonomic approaches for hydroid species identification. In this study, we address the question whether this is a species-specific symbiosis or a cosmopolitan association between Zanclea and its coral hosts. Three molecular markers, including mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S ribosomal genes, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), were utilized to examine the existence of Zanclea species from 14 Acropora species and 4 other Acroporidae genera including 142 coral samples collected from reefs in Kenting and the Penghu Islands, Taiwan, Togian Island, Indonesia, and Osprey Reef and Orpheus Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 16S and 28S genes showed that Acropora-associated Zanclea was monophyletic, but the genus Zanclea was not. Analysis of the ITS, and 16S and 28S genes showed either identical or extremely low genetic diversity (with mean pairwise distances of 0.009 and 0.006 base substitutions per site for the 16S and 28S genes, respectively) among Zanclea spp. collected from diverse Acropora hosts in different geographic locations, suggesting that a cosmopolitan and probably genus-specific association occurs between Zanclea hydroids and their coral hosts.
Data from: Patterns and controlling factors of species diversity in the Arctic Ocean
AIM: The Arctic Ocean is one of the last near-pristine regions on Earth and although human activities are expected to impact on Arctic ecosystems, we know very little about baseline patterns of Arctic Ocean biodiversity. This paper aims to describe Arctic Ocean-wide patterns of benthic biodiversity and to explore factors related to the large-scale species diversity patterns. LOCATION: Arctic Ocean. METHODS: We used large ostracode and foraminiferal datasets to describe the biodiversity patterns and apply comprehensive ecological modelling to test the degree to which these patterns are potentially governed by environmental factors, including temperature, productivity, seasonality, ice cover, and others. To test environmental control of the observed diversity patterns, subsets of samples for which all environmental parameters were available were analysed with multiple regression and model averaging. RESULTS: Well-known negative latitudinal species diversity gradients (LSDGs) were found in metazoan Ostracoda, but the LSDGs were unimodal with an intermediate maximum with respect to latitude in protozoan foraminifera. Depth species diversity gradients were unimodal, with peaks in diversity shallower than those in other oceans. Our modelling results showed that several factors are significant predictors of diversity, but the significant predictors were different among shallow marine ostracodes, deep-sea ostracode, and deep-sea foraminifera. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of these Arctic Ocean-wide comprehensive datasets, we document large-scale diversity patterns with respect to latitude and depth. Our modelling results suggest that the underlying mechanisms causing these species diversity patterns are unexpectedly complex. The environmental parameters of temperature, surface productivity, seasonality of productivity, salinity, and ice cover are not necessarily mutually exclusive as controlling factors of large-scale diversity patterns, depending on ecological preferences of taxa and oceanographic characteristics of regions. These results suggest that a multiplicity of variables appears to be related to community structure in this system.
Data from: Phylogenetic diversity reveals hidden patterns related to population source and species pools during restoration
A phylogenetic perspective of community assembly can reveal new insights into how variation within dominant species interacts with the local species pool to influence the structure of restored plant communities. Many studies have examined the effect of dominant species in structuring plant communities, but few have investigated their effect on phylogenetic diversity (PD). We established grassland in a post-agricultural field using two population sources (cultivars and local ecotypes) of three dominant grasses (Sorghastrum nutans, Andropogon gerardii and Schizachyrium scoparium) with three unique pools of subordinate species that varied in PD but not taxonomic or life-form diversity. We tested the effect of the population source treatment on two metrics of community PD (net relatedness index [NRI] and nearest taxon index [NTI]) during the first 4 years of restoration. The NRI measures the overall pairwise phylogenetic distance between all pairs of taxa in a community. By contrast, NTI measures the pairwise distance between closely related taxa in a community. Population sources had a transitory effect on community phylogenetic structure over time. Local ecotypes decreased the abundance of closely related eudicots, monocots (low +NRI and +NTI values) and volunteer species (−NTI) more than cultivars. However, population sources did not affect ecologically conservative species (i.e. species with intermediate-to-poor ecological tolerance and a high degree of fidelity to prairie habitats). Thus, cultivars might have a positive effect on community phylogenetic diversity more than local ecotypes by decreasing the abundance of a phylogenetically diverse community of less closely related volunteer species. Differences in PD of seed mixes were maintained in the community of high-fidelity species, but did not affect PD of the unsown (volunteer) species in the assembling community. Synthesis and applications. This is the first experiment to show consequences of using different seed sources on phylogenetic diversity (PD) in grassland restoration. Phylogenetics can reveal the effects of population sources on the abundance of volunteer species not evident through traditional analyses of species diversity. The PD of seed mixes or establishing communities, or other assessments of phylogenetic relationships, by restoration practitioners is recommended as a metric to allow consequences of the evolutionary patterns among species to be included in conservation planning. Increased accessibility of phylogenetic tools will allow the application of PD in restoration monitoring.
Data from: Biomechanical diversity of mating structures among harvestmen species is consistent with a spectrum of precopulatory strategies
Diversity in reproductive structures is frequently explained by selection acting at individual to generational timescales, but interspecific differences predicted by such models (e.g., female choice or sexual conflict) are often untestable in a phylogenetic framework. An alternative approach focuses on clade- or function-specific hypotheses that predict evolutionary patterns in terms neutral to specific modes of sexual selection. Here we test a hypothesis that diversity of reproductive structures in leiobunine harvestmen (daddy longlegs) of eastern North America reflects two sexually coevolved but non-overlapping precopulatory strategies, a primitive solicitous strategy (females enticed by penis-associated nuptial gifts), and a multiply derived antagonistic strategy (penis exerts mechanical force against armature of the female pregenital opening). Predictions of sexual coevolution and fidelity to precopulatory categories were tested using 10 continuously varying functional traits from 28 species. Multivariate analyses corroborated sexual coevolution but failed to partition species by precopulatory strategy, with multiple methods placing species along a spectrum of mechanical antagonistic potential. These findings suggest that precopulatory features within species reflect different co-occurring levels of solicitation and antagonism, and that gradualistic evolutionary pathways exist between extreme strategies. The ability to quantify antagonistic potential of precopulatory structures invites comparison with ecological variables that may promote evolutionary shifts in precopulatory strategies.
Data from: High species diversity and turnover in granite inselberg floras highlight the need for a conservation strategy protecting many outcrops
Determining patterns of plant diversity on granite inselbergs is an important task for conservation biogeography due to mounting threats. However, beyond the tropics there are relatively few quantitative studies of floristic diversity, or consideration of these patterns and their environmental, biogeographic and historical correlates for conservation. We sought to contribute broader understanding of global patterns of species diversity on granite inselbergs and inform biodiversity conservation in the globally significant Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR). We surveyed floristics from 16 inselbergs (478 plots) across the climate gradient of the SWAFR stratified into three major habitats on each outcrop. We recorded 1060 species from 92 families. At the plot level, local soil and topographic variables affecting aridity were correlated with species richness in herbaceous (HO) and woody vegetation (WO) of soil-filled depressions, but not in woody vegetation on deeper soils at the base of outcrops (WOB). At the outcrop level, bioclimatic variables affecting aridity were correlated with species richness in two habitats (WO and WOB) but, contrary to predictions from island biogeography, were not correlated with inselberg area and isolation in any of the three habitats. Species turnover in each of the three habitats was also influenced by aridity, being correlated with bioclimatic variables and with inter-plot geographic distance, and for HO and WO habitats with local site variables. At the outcrop level, species replacement was the dominant component of species turnover in each of the three habitats, consistent with expectations for long-term stable landscapes. Our results therefore highlight high species diversity and turnover associated with granite outcrop flora. Hence, effective conservation strategies will need to focus on protecting multiple inselbergs across the entire climate gradient of the region.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.