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Acoustic and fluorescence data from: A marine zooplankton community vertically structured by light across diel to interannual timescales
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Antarctic minke whale acoustic data
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Fig. 2 in New acoustic and molecular data shed light on the poorly known Amazonian frog Adenomera simonstuarti (Leptodactylidae): implications for distribution and conservation
Fig. 2. Geographic distribution of the Adenomera simonstuarti species complex in northwestern South America; genetic lineage 3 corresponds to the nominal species. Phylogenetic relationships among the eight lineages are shown on the upper right. Black solid-filled symbols represent the localities reported in the original description (square = type locality at Camisea, Peru; circle = Pando, Bolivia). Blackdotted symbols indicate newly collected specimens from the Juruá River in the Brazilian Amazonia.
Fig. 1 in New acoustic and molecular data shed light on the poorly known Amazonian frog Adenomera simonstuarti (Leptodactylidae): implications for distribution and conservation
Fig. 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Adenomera Steindachner, 1867 inferred from a concatenated dataset of four genes (two mitochondrial + two nuclear), showing the eight major clades delimited by colors. The emphasis on the diversification within the A. simonstuarti species complex shows a deep genetic divergence, with eight distinct lineages (see Fig. 2 for geographic distribution). Symbols above branches indicate posterior probabilities of Bayesian inference (BI) and those below branches indicate bootstraps of maximum likelihood inference (ML). Low support values (BI <80 and ML <70) were omitted. Branch scale is indicated in number of substitution per site.
Fig. 5 in New acoustic and molecular data shed light on the poorly known Amazonian frog Adenomera simonstuarti (Leptodactylidae): implications for distribution and conservation
Fig. 5. Advertisement calls of (A–B) nominal Adenomera simonstuarti (Angulo & Icochea, 2010) (= genetic lineage 3) from the upper Juruá River, in southwestern Amazonia of the Brazilian state of Acre (voucher INPA-H 40976), and (C–D) the sympatric Adenomera sp. from Camisea, in the Region of Cusco, Peru (voucher MUSM 18219). A. Time-domain section containing a multi-note call (18 notes). B. Spectrogram and oscillogram of three notes (5th–7th) from the call in A. C. Time-domain section of two males in antiphonal calling (single-note calls). D. Spectrogram and oscillogram of the 4th note in C. Figures are equally scaled (ca 4.5 s on the x-axis of A and C, each marking corresponding to 1.0 s).
Fig. 4 in New acoustic and molecular data shed light on the poorly known Amazonian frog Adenomera simonstuarti (Leptodactylidae): implications for distribution and conservation
Fig. 4. Specimens of the genetic lineage 2 related to Adenomera simonstuarti (Angulo & Icochea, 2010) from the lower Juruá River, in Juruá, Brazilian state of Amazonas. A−B. Dorsolateral view of the adult male, SVL = 22.6 mm (INPA-H 39792) and the adult female, SVL = 26.1 mm (INPA-H 39814), respectively. C−D. Dorsal and ventral views of the female shown in B. Photographs by L.J.C.L. Moraes. Scale bar = 25 mm.
Avifaunal and Herpetofaunal point counts with recorded acoustic data
<b>Description: </b><p>A series of 20 minute avifaunal and herpetofaunal point counts conducted throughout the SAFE landscape across a land degradation gradient. Point counts were spread evenly throughout the 24 hours of the day. Associated with each point count is an audio recording file, so (theoretically) this could be used as a training dataset for automated bioacoustic studies. Jani Sleutel was responsible for avifaunal surveys and Adi Shabrani / Nursyamin Zulkifli for herpetofaunal data. This experiment was primarily designed by Sarab Sethi and Rob Ewers as part of the WWF Biome Health project. Full acoustic data is hosted elsewhere, contact Sarab for more information.</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/175"><b>Continuous bio-acoustic monitoring (2020 extension)</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (NERC SSCP DTP Studentship, <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/grantham/education/science-and-solutions-for-a-changing-planet-dtp/">https://www.imperial.ac.uk/grantham/education/science-and-solutions-for-a-changing-planet-dtp/</a>)</li><li>WWF (WWF biome health project, <a href="https://www.biomehealthproject.com/">https://www.biomehealthproject.com/</a>)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah research council (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2 JLD.8 (63))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3997172">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: Sarab_point_count_data_SAFE_formatted_aug_2020.xlsx</p><p><b>Sarab_point_count_data_SAFE_formatted_aug_2020.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 3 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Point count recordings</b> (described in worksheet Point_count_recordings)</p><p>Description: Audio files and collection</p><p>Number of fields: 9</p><p>Number of data rows: 1482</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Point_count_ID</b>: Point count location (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Audio_file</b>: Audio file ID (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Site</b>: Location in the SAFE landscape (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Date</b>: Date of recording (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Time</b>: Time of recording (Field type: time)</li><li><b>Weather</b>: Weather conditions of recording (Field type: comments)</li><li><b>Adi_Syamin</b>: Research assistant (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Jani</b>: Research assistant (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Notes</b>: Notes (Field type: comments)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Point count data</b> (described in worksheet Point_count_data)</p><p>Description: Animals visually and audially observed</p><p>Number of fields: 8</p><p>Number of data rows: 12985</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Point_count_ID</b>: Point count location (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Site</b>: Location in the SAFE landscape (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Species_common_name</b>: Common name of species seen and/or seen (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Est_distance</b>: Estimated distance of species (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>PC_time</b>: Time within the Point Count (0-20mins) (Field type: time)</li><li><b>Time_of_day</b>: The time of the observation (Field type: time)</li><li><b>Audio_visual</b>: Visual or Audio sighting (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Notes</b>: Notes (Field type: comments)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Audio moths</b> (described in worksheet Audio_moths)</p><p>Description: Location and collection of recorder </p><p>Number of fields: 9</p><p>Number of data rows: 81</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Audio_file</b>: Point count location (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Site</b>: Location in the SAFE landscape (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Audio_moth_ID</b>: Audio file ID (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Tree</b>: Location of recorder (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Setup_date</b>: Date the recorder was placed in forest (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Setup_time</b>: Time the recorder was set up in forest (Field type: time)</li><li><b>Collect_date</b>: Date the recorder was collected (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Collect_time</b>: Time the recorder was collected (Field type: time)</li><li><b>Notes</b>: Notes (Field type: comments)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2018-03-06 to 2020-03-01</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Animalia <br> -  -  Chordata <br> -  -  -  Aves <br> -  -  -  -  Passeriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leiothrichidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Eurylaimidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus javanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus ochromalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calyptomena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calyptomena viridis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pycnonotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus brunneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus melanoleucos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus atriceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus plumosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus eutilotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus erythropthalmos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus goiavier</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus finschii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus bres</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus phaeocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes criniger</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole crypta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pycnonotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus brunneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus melanoleucos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus atriceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus plumosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus eutilotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus erythropthalmos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus goiavier</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus finschii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus bres</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus phaeocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes criniger</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole crypta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chloropseidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis sonnerati</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis cyanopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus maculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus xanthopygius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum trigonostigma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum agile</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum chrysorrheum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus maculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus xanthopygius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum trigonostigma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum agile</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum chrysorrheum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muscicapidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichixos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichixos pyrropygus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Copsychus pyrropygus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficedula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficedula narcissina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus ruficapillus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus leschenaulti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa sibirica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa griseisticta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis superbus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis umbratilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis caerulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus saularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus malabaricus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus stricklandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chloropseidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis sonnerati</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis cyanopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nectariniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes rhodolaemus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga siparaja</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris jugularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma brasiliana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia singalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Monarchidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hypothymis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hypothymis azurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone incei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone affinis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nectariniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes rhodolaemus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga siparaja</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris jugularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma brasiliana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia singalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pycnonotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus brunneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus melanoleucos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus atriceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus plumosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus eutilotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus erythropthalmos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus goiavier</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus finschii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus bres</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus phaeocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes criniger</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole crypta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leiothrichidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leiothrichidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nectariniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes rhodolaemus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga siparaja</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris jugularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma brasiliana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia singalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hirundinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo tahitica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cisticolidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus ruficeps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus atrogularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus sericeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus ruficeps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus atrogularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus sericeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prinia flaviventris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Timaliidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pomatorhinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pomatorhinus montanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris nigricollis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris maculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris erythroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris poliocephala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus bornensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus ptilosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyridopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyridopsis rufifrons</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Corvidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corvus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corvus enca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platylophus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platylophus galericulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platysmurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platysmurus leucopterus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sturnidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplonis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplonis panayensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gracula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gracula religiosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pellorneidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron magnirostre</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron magnum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron cinereum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron affine</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum capistratum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichastoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichastoma bicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichastoma bicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichastoma rostratum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcippe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcippe brunneicauda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kenopia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kenopia striata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacocincla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacocincla malaccensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rhipiduridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tephrodornithidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tephrodornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tephrodornis virgatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma velata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma pyrhoptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus picatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus hirundinaceus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phylloscopidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phylloscopus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phylloscopus borealis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Acanthizidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gerygone</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gerygone sulphurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Campephagidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus igneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus speciosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lalage</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lalage fimbriata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Motacillidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Motacilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Motacilla cinerea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Locustellidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalurus palustris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Vireonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Erpornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Erpornis zantholeuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Estrildidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura atricapilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura fuscans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura punctulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicruridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicrurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicrurus aeneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Oriolidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus xanthonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus xanthonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Zosteropidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Yuhina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Yuhina everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Irenidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irena puella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Aegithinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aegithina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aegithina viridissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pittidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Erythropitta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Erythropitta ussheri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta sordida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Trogoniformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Trogonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes diardii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes kasumba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes duvaucelii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Apodiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Apodidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hemiprocnidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemiprocne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemiprocne comata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Piciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Capitonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Picidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Micropternus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Micropternus brachyurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysophlegma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysophlegma miniaceum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia abnormis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tukki</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tristis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtipicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtipicus validus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Piculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Piculus rubiginosus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Blythipicus rubiginosus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mulleripicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mulleripicus pulverulentus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus concretus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium rafflesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Picidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Micropternus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Micropternus brachyurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysophlegma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysophlegma miniaceum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia abnormis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tukki</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tristis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtipicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtipicus validus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Piculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Piculus rubiginosus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Blythipicus rubiginosus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mulleripicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mulleripicus pulverulentus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus concretus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium rafflesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ramphastidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon duvaucelii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon chrysopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon mystacophanos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon henricii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caloramphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caloramphus fuliginosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Accipitriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Accipitridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ictinaetus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ictinaetus malayensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spilornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spilornis cheela</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Accipiter</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Accipiter trivirgatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nisaetus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nisaetus cirrhatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pernis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pernis ptilorhynchus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Coraciiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Alcedinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo euryzona</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo meninting</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx erithaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx erithaca erithaca</i> (as synonym: <i>Ceyx rufidorsa</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lacedo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lacedo pulchella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Actenoides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Actenoides concretus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meropidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Merops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Merops viridis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctyornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctyornis amictus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Coraciidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurystomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurystomus orientalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Caprimulgiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Caprimulgidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caprimulgus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caprimulgus macrurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Podargidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Batrachostomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Batrachostomus cornutus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Strigiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tytonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phodilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phodilus badius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Strigidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ninox</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ninox scutulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bubo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bubo sumatranus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Otus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Otus rufescens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Bucerotiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bucerotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Berenicornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Berenicornis comatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anorrhinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anorrhinus galeritus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthracoceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthracoceros malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhyticeros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhyticeros undulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Buceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Buceros rhinoceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinoplax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinoplax vigil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Falconiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Falconidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhierax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhierax latifrons</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Galliformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phasianidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arborophila</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arborophila charltonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Coturnix</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Excalfactoria chinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Argusianus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Argusianus argus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophura ignita</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gallus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gallus gallus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Columbiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Columbidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Streptopelia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Streptopelia chinensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Spilopelia chinensis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps indica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps indica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Geopelia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Geopelia striata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Treron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Treron olax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ducula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ducula aenea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Cuculiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cuculidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus sinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus rectunguis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaenicophaeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus curvirostris</i> (as synonym: <i>Phaenicophaeus curvirostris</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus javanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hierococcyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hierococcyx fugax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hierococcyx vagans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis sonneratii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis merulinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysococcyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cuculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cuculus micropterus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhopodytes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhopodytes diardi</i> (as synonym: <i>Phaenicophaeus diardi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Surniculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Surniculus lugubris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinortha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinortha chlorophaea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Psittaciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Psittacidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Loriculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Loriculus galgulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psittacula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psittacula longicauda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis baudii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis schwaneri</i> <br> -  -  -  Mammalia <br> -  -  -  -  Scandentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tupaiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Artiodactyla <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cervidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa unicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus muntjak</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tragulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus kanchil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus javanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Suidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus barbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Rodentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sciuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Exilisciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Exilisciurus exilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Primates <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lorisidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nycticebus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hylobatidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylobates</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylobates muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cercopithecidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis rubicunda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca sylvanus</i> (as synonym: <i>Simia inuus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca nemestrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hominidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homo sapiens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Carnivora <br> -  -  -  -  -  Canidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Felidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Viverridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra tangalunga</i> <br> -  -  -  Aves <br> -  -  -  -  Passeriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leiothrichidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Eurylaimidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus javanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus ochromalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calyptomena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calyptomena viridis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pycnonotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus brunneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus melanoleucos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus atriceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus plumosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus eutilotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus erythropthalmos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus goiavier</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus finschii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus bres</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus phaeocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes criniger</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole crypta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pycnonotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus brunneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus melanoleucos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus atriceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus plumosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus eutilotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus erythropthalmos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus goiavier</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus finschii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus bres</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus phaeocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes criniger</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole crypta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chloropseidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis sonnerati</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis cyanopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus maculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus xanthopygius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum trigonostigma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum agile</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum chrysorrheum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus maculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus xanthopygius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum trigonostigma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum agile</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum chrysorrheum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muscicapidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichixos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichixos pyrropygus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Copsychus pyrropygus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficedula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficedula narcissina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus ruficapillus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus leschenaulti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa sibirica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa griseisticta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis superbus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis umbratilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis caerulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus saularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus malabaricus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus stricklandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chloropseidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis sonnerati</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis cyanopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nectariniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes rhodolaemus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga siparaja</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris jugularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma brasiliana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia singalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Monarchidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hypothymis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hypothymis azurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone incei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone affinis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nectariniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes rhodolaemus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga siparaja</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris jugularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma brasiliana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia singalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pycnonotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus brunneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus melanoleucos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus atriceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus plumosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus eutilotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus erythropthalmos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus goiavier</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus finschii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus bres</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus phaeocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes criniger</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole crypta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leiothrichidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leiothrichidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nectariniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes rhodolaemus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga siparaja</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cinnyris jugularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma brasiliana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia singalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hirundinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo tahitica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cisticolidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus ruficeps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus atrogularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus sericeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus ruficeps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus atrogularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus sericeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prinia flaviventris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Timaliidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pomatorhinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pomatorhinus montanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris nigricollis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris maculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris erythroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris poliocephala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus bornensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus ptilosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyridopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyridopsis rufifrons</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Corvidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corvus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corvus enca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platylophus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platylophus galericulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platysmurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platysmurus leucopterus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sturnidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplonis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplonis panayensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gracula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gracula religiosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pellorneidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron magnirostre</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron magnum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron cinereum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron affine</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum capistratum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichastoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichastoma bicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichastoma bicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichastoma rostratum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcippe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcippe brunneicauda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kenopia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kenopia striata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacocincla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacocincla malaccensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rhipiduridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tephrodornithidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tephrodornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tephrodornis virgatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma velata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma pyrhoptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus picatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus hirundinaceus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phylloscopidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phylloscopus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phylloscopus borealis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Acanthizidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gerygone</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gerygone sulphurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Campephagidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus igneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus speciosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lalage</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lalage fimbriata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Motacillidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Motacilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Motacilla cinerea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Locustellidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalurus palustris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Vireonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Erpornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Erpornis zantholeuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Estrildidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura atricapilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura fuscans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura punctulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicruridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicrurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicrurus aeneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Oriolidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus xanthonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus xanthonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Zosteropidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Yuhina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Yuhina everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Irenidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irena puella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Aegithinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aegithina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aegithina viridissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pittidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Erythropitta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Erythropitta ussheri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta sordida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Trogoniformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Trogonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes diardii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes kasumba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes duvaucelii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Apodiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Apodidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hemiprocnidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemiprocne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemiprocne comata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Piciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Capitonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Picidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Micropternus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Micropternus brachyurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysophlegma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysophlegma miniaceum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia abnormis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tukki</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tristis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtipicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtipicus validus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Piculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Piculus rubiginosus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Blythipicus rubiginosus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mulleripicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mulleripicus pulverulentus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus concretus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium rafflesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Picidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Micropternus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Micropternus brachyurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysophlegma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysophlegma miniaceum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia abnormis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tukki</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tristis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtipicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtipicus validus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Piculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Piculus rubiginosus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Blythipicus rubiginosus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mulleripicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mulleripicus pulverulentus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus concretus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium rafflesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ramphastidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon duvaucelii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon chrysopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon mystacophanos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psilopogon henricii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caloramphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caloramphus fuliginosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Accipitriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Accipitridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ictinaetus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ictinaetus malayensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spilornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spilornis cheela</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Accipiter</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Accipiter trivirgatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nisaetus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nisaetus cirrhatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pernis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pernis ptilorhynchus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Coraciiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Alcedinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo euryzona</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo meninting</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx erithaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx erithaca erithaca</i> (as synonym: <i>Ceyx rufidorsa</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lacedo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lacedo pulchella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Actenoides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Actenoides concretus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meropidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Merops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Merops viridis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctyornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctyornis amictus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Coraciidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurystomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurystomus orientalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Caprimulgiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Caprimulgidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caprimulgus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caprimulgus macrurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Podargidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Batrachostomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Batrachostomus cornutus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Strigiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tytonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phodilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phodilus badius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Strigidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ninox</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ninox scutulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bubo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bubo sumatranus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Otus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Otus rufescens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Bucerotiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bucerotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Berenicornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Berenicornis comatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anorrhinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anorrhinus galeritus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthracoceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthracoceros malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhyticeros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhyticeros undulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Buceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Buceros rhinoceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinoplax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinoplax vigil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Falconiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Falconidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhierax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhierax latifrons</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Galliformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phasianidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arborophila</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arborophila charltonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Coturnix</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Excalfactoria chinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Argusianus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Argusianus argus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophura ignita</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gallus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gallus gallus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Columbiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Columbidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Streptopelia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Streptopelia chinensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Spilopelia chinensis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps indica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps indica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Geopelia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Geopelia striata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Treron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Treron olax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ducula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ducula aenea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Cuculiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cuculidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus sinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus rectunguis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaenicophaeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus curvirostris</i> (as synonym: <i>Phaenicophaeus curvirostris</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus javanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hierococcyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hierococcyx fugax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hierococcyx vagans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis sonneratii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis merulinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysococcyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cuculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cuculus micropterus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhopodytes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhopodytes diardi</i> (as synonym: <i>Phaenicophaeus diardi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Surniculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Surniculus lugubris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinortha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinortha chlorophaea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Psittaciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Psittacidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Loriculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Loriculus galgulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psittacula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psittacula longicauda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis baudii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis schwaneri</i> <br> -  -  -  Mammalia <br> -  -  -  -  Scandentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tupaiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Artiodactyla <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cervidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa unicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus muntjak</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tragulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus kanchil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus javanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Suidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus barbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Rodentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sciuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Exilisciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Exilisciurus exilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Primates <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lorisidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nycticebus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hylobatidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylobates</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylobates muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cercopithecidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis rubicunda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca sylvanus</i> (as synonym: <i>Simia inuus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca nemestrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hominidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homo sapiens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Carnivora <br> -  -  -  -  -  Canidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Felidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Viverridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra tangalunga</i> <br> -  -  -  Amphibia <br> -  -  -  -  Anura <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rhacophoridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philautus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philautus hosii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kurixalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates macrotis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates otilophus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates leucomystax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctixalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctixalus pictus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus harrissoni</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus nigropalmatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus nigropalmatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ranidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pulchrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois guttatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois latopalmatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Odorrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Odorrana hosii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana erythraea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana picturata</i> (as synonym: <i>Pulchrana picturata</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meristogenys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meristogenys amoropalamus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meristogenys orphnocnemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicroglossidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fejervarya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fejervarya limnocharis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fejervarya limnocharis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes leporinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes kuhlii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes finchi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes palavanensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Megophryidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobrachella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptolalax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptolalax dringi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptolalax gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptolalax fritinniens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobrachium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobrachium abbotti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megophrys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megophrys nasuta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megophrys nasuta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hylidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litoria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litoria infrafrenata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litoria infrafrenata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Microhylidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhyla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhyla borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhyla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhyla borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kalophrynus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kalophrynus meizon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kaloula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kaloula baleata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chaperina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chaperina fusca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Metaphrynella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Metaphrynella sundana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bufonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia minuta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia longidigita</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia hanitschi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia spinulifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ingerophrynus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ingerophrynus divergens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phrynoidis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phrynoidis juxtaspera</i> <br> -  -  -  Reptilia <br> -  -  -  -  Squamata <br> -  -  -  -  -  Scincidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eutropis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eutropis multifasciata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eutropis multifasciata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sphenomorphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sphenomorphus sabanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Agamidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bronchocela</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bronchocela cristatella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gonocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gonocephalus bornensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphaniotis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphaniotis ornata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lamprophiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psammodynastes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psammodynastes pulverulentus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Gekkonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyrtodactylus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyrtodactylus consobrinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemidactylus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemidactylus frenatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gekko</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gekko smithii</i> (as synonym: <i>Gekko smithi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Pareatidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplopeltura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplopeltura boa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Natricidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xenochrophis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xenochrophis trianguligerus</i> <br> -  -  Arthropoda <br> -  -  -  Insecta <br> -  -  -  -  Hymenoptera <br> -  -  -  -  Hemiptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cicadidae <br> -  -  -  Diplopoda <br> -  -  -  -  Polydesmida <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chelodesmidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus</i> <br></div><p></p>
Data from: Anthropogenic noise reduces male reproductive investment in an acoustically signaling insect
<p>Rapidly changing environments impose novel selection pressures on organisms, and sometimes adaptive phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to survive and reproduce in the face of environmental change. However, plastic responses can also be maladaptive. In this study, we investigate whether male reproductive investment responds plastically to varied experience with traffic noise. We exposed male crickets chronically to one of three noise treatments from the 2<sup>nd</sup>-3<sup>rd</sup>instar until their natural death: masking traffic noise (including noise that overlaps in frequency with the male crickets' mating calls), non-masking traffic noise (an identical traffic noise track from which we digitally removed the frequencies that mask the crickets' mating call), and silence. We dissected and weighed their testes and spermatophore molds. Controlling for body mass, we found that the spermatophore molds of crickets reared in masking and non-masking noise were 29% and 24% lighter, respectively, than those of crickets reared in silence There were no differences in body mass adjusted testes mass among treatments. If spermatophore mold mass is positively associated with male reproductive output, this reduction in size could have negative fitness consequences for animals exposed to traffic noise. We encourage future work to investigate impacts of noise on reproductive investment in other study systems that are likely sensitive to anthropogenic noise (e.g., birds, frogs, singing insects).</p>
Data from: Estimating population density of insectivorous bats based on stationary acoustic detectors: a case study
<p>1. Automated recording units are commonly used by consultants to assess environmental impacts and to monitor animal populations. Although estimating population density of bats using stationary acoustic detectors is key for evaluating environmental impacts, estimating densities from call activity data is only possible through recently developed numerical methods, as the recognition of calling individuals is impossible.<br> 2. We tested the applicability of generalized random encounter models (gREMs) for determining population densities of three bat species (Common pipistrelle <em>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</em>, Northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii,, and Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri) based on passively collected acoustical data. To validate the results, we compared them to (i) density estimates from the literature and to (ii) Royle-Nichols (RN) models of detection/non-detection data.<br> 3. Our estimates for M. nattereri matched both the published data and RN-model results. For E. nilssonii, the gREM yielded similar estimates to the RN-models, but the published estimates were more than twice as high. This discrepancy might be because the high-altitude flight of E. nilssonii is not accounted for in gREMs. Results of gREMs for P. pipistrellus were supported by published data but were approximately 10 times higher than those of RN-models. RN-models use detection/non-detection data and this loss of information probably affected population estimates of very active species like P. pipistrellus.<br> 4. gREM models provided realistic estimates of bat population densities based on automatically recorded call activity data. However, the average flight altitude of species should be accounted for in future analyses. We suggest including flight altitude in the calculation of the detection range to assess the detection sphere more accurately and to obtain more precise density estimates.</p>
Data from: Phenotypic variation and covariation indicate high evolvability of acoustic communication in crickets
Studying the genetic architecture of sexual traits provides insight into the rate and direction at which traits can respond to selection. Traits associated with few loci and limited genetic and phenotypic constraints tend to evolve at high rates typically observed for secondary sexual characters. Here, we examined the genetic architecture of song traits and female song preferences in the field crickets Gryllus rubens and G. texensis. Song and preference data were collected from both species and interspecific F1 and F2 hybrids. We first analysed phenotypic variation to examine interspecific differentiation and trait distributions in parental and hybrid generations. Then, the relative contribution of additive and additive-dominance variation was estimated. Finally, phenotypic variance-covariance (P) matrices were estimated to evaluate the multivariate phenotype available for selection. Song traits and preferences had unimodal trait distributions and hybrid offspring were intermediate with respect to the parents. We uncovered additive and dominance variation in song traits and preferences. For two song traits we found evidence for X-linked inheritance. On one hand, the observed genetic architecture does not suggest rapid divergence, although sex-linkage may have allowed for somewhat higher evolutionary rates. On the other hand, P matrices revealed that multivariate variation in song traits aligned with major dimensions in song preferences, suggesting a strong selection response. We also found strong covariance between the main traits that are sexually selected and traits that are not directly selected by females, providing an explanation for the striking multivariate divergence in male calling songs despite limited divergence in female preferences.
Data from: Estimating colony sizes of emerging bats using acoustic recordings
The decline of bats demands more widespread monitoring of populations for conservation and management. Current censusing methods are either prone to bias or require costly equipment. Here, we report a new method using passive acoustics to determine bat count census from overall acoustic amplitude of the emerging bat stream. We recorded the video and audio of an emerging colony of Mexican free-tailed bats from two cave locations across multiple nights. Instantaneous bat counts were calculated from the video frames, and the bat stream's acoustic amplitude corresponding to each video frame was determined using three different methods for calculating acoustic intensity. We found a significant link between all three acoustic parameters and bat count, with the highest R2 of 0.742 linking RMS pressure and bat count. Additionally, the relationship between acoustics and population size at one cave location could accurately predict the population size at another cave location. The data were gathered with low-cost, easy-to-operate equipment, and the data analysis can be easily accomplished using automated scripts or with open-source acoustic software. These results are a potential first step towards creating an acoustic model to estimate bat population at large cave colonies worldwide.
Data from: Dispersal influences genetic and acoustic spatial structure for both males and females in a tropical songbird
1. Animals exhibit diverse dispersal strategies, including sex-biased dispersal, a phenomenon common in vertebrates. Dispersal influences the genetic structure of populations as well as geographic variation in phenotypic traits. Patterns of spatial genetic structure and geographic variation may vary between the sexes whenever males and females exhibit different dispersal behaviours. 2. Here, we examine dispersal, spatial genetic structure, and spatial acoustic structure in Rufous-and-white Wrens, a year-round resident tropical bird. Both sexes sing in this species, allowing us to compare acoustic variation between males and females, and examine the relationship between dispersal and song sharing for both sexes. 3. Using a long-term dataset collected over an 11-year period, we used banding data and molecular genetic analyses to quantify natal and breeding dispersal distance in Rufous-and-white Wrens. We quantified song-sharing and examined whether sharing varied with dispersal distance, for both males and females. 4. Observational data and molecular genetic analyses indicate that dispersal is female-biased. Females dispersed farther from natal territories than males, and more often between breeding territories than males. Furthermore, females showed no significant spatial genetic structure, consistent with expectations, whereas males showed significant spatial genetic structure. Overall, natal dispersal appears to have more influence than breeding dispersal on spatial genetic structure and spatial acoustic structure, given that the majority of breeding dispersal events resulted in individuals moving only short distances. 5. Song sharing between pairs of same-sex animals decreases with the distance between their territories for both males and females, although males exhibited significantly greater song-sharing than females. 6. Lastly, we measured the relationship between natal dispersal distance and song sharing. We found that sons shared fewer songs with their fathers the farther they dispersed from their natal territories, but that song sharing between daughters and mothers was not significantly correlated with natal dispersal distance. 7. Our results reveal cultural differences between the sexes, suggesting a relationship between culture and sex-biased dispersal
Data from: Signal diversification in Oecanthus tree crickets is shaped by energetic, morphometric, and acoustic trade-offs
Physiology, physics, and ecological interactions can generate trade-offs within species, but may also shape divergence among species. We tested whether signal divergence in Oecanthus tree crickets is shaped by acoustic, energetic, and behavioral trade-offs. We found that species with faster pulse rates, produced by opening and closing wings up to twice as many times per second, did not have higher metabolic costs of calling. The relatively constant energetic cost across species is explained by trade-offs between the duration and repetition rate of acoustic signals – species with fewer stridulatory teeth closed their wings more frequently such that the number of teeth struck per second of calling and the resulting duty cycle were relatively constant across species. Further trade-offs were evident in relationships between signals and body size. Calling was relatively inexpensive for small males, permitting them to call for much of the night, but at low amplitude. Large males produced much louder calls, reaching up to four times more area, but the energetic costs increased substantially with increasing size and the time spent calling dropped to only 20% of the night. These trade-offs indicate that the trait combinations that arise in these species represent a limited subset of conceivable trait combinations.
Data from: Evaluation of an acoustic telemetry transmitter designed to identify predation events
The field of acoustic telemetry has evolved rapidly and now permits the remote sensing of animal behaviour, movement, physiology and survival in environments and species not previously possible. However, an inability to detect when a telemetered animal is consumed by a predator can complicate accurate interpretation of telemetry data. Here, we describe efforts to test two generations of a novel prototype acoustic telemetry transmitter designed specifically to detect predation. Testing involved either staged predation events where tagged prey (Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Yellow Perch Perca flavescens) were fed to captive Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides, or false positive testing where prey fish were tagged and held without risk of predation. Metrics of interest were (a) the rate of correctly identifying predation events, (b) signal lag (i.e. the time required to detect a predation event), (c) tag retention time in the predator's gut, and (d) the rate of false positive triggering in both live and dead prey fishes. Staged predation events were successfully identified in 61/65 and 52/55 trials for generation 1 and 2 tags, respectively. Signal lag time was reduced in generation 1 tags (generally between 1 - 9 hours) relative to generation 2 (3 - 29 hours); although signal lag was highly variable. A generalized linear mixed model indicated strong evidence that signal lag and tag retention were both negatively correlated with water temperature, but were not affected by prey species and only slightly by individual predator traits. There was preliminary evidence that prey size may be an important determinant of both signal lag and tag retention. False positives in live fish were absent after 120 days for generation 1 tags (n=31), however rates were significantly higher (10/44) after only 66 days for generation 2 tags. False positives in dead fish suggested that 20% of generation 2 predation tags would falsely trigger 2-3 days post-mortem. Testing of the novel predation tags was encouraging however further testing is recommended. Predation tags will be an important contribution to the field of acoustic telemetry; permitting improved data interpretation and less subjective estimates of predation rates in biotelemetry studies.
Data from: Notes on the acoustic repertoire of Melanophryniscus klappenbachi Prigioni & Langone, 2000
The genus Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 currently comprises 25 recognized species (Frost 2012) arranged in three (Cruz & Caramaschi 2003) to four species groups (Cespedez & Motte 2001, quoted by Maneyro et al. 2008) on the basis of morphological characters. The Melanophryniscus stelzneri species group currently contains nine species, i.e. M. atroluteus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920), M. cupreuscapularis Céspedez & Alvarez, 2000, M. dorsalis (Mertens, 1933), M. fulvoguttatus (Mertens, 1937), M. klappenbachi Prigioni & Langone, 2000, M. krauczuki Baldo & Basso, 2004, M. montevidensis (Philippi, 1902), M. rubriventris (Vellard, 1947), and M. stelzneri (Weyenbergh, 1875). So far, advertisement calls of only four of these species have been described, i.e. those of M. atroluteus, M. dorsalis, M. krauczuki, and M. montevidensis (Kwet et al. 2005, Baldo & Basso 2004). Herein, we describe the courtship call and distress call of M. klappenbachi and compare it with the calls of other members of the group.
Data from: Ultra-low and ultra-broad-band nonlinear acoustic metamaterials
Linear acoustic metamaterials (LAMs)are widely used to manipulate sound, but it is challenging to obtain bandgaps withthe generalized width (the ratio of the bandgap width to its start frequency) γ>1 based on linear mechanisms.Here, we adopt both theoretical and experimental approaches todescribe the nonlinear chaotic mechanism in both one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D)nonlinear acoustic metamaterials (NAMs). This mechanismenables the strongly NAMsto reduce the transmission of wave by as much as 20-40dB in an ultra-low and ultra-broad bandthat consists of bandgaps and chaotic bands.With the subwavelength cells, the generalized width reachesγ=21 in a 1D NAM and it goes up to γ=39 in a 2D NAM, which overcomesthe limit of bandwidth for wave suppression in current LAMs.Our work allows for further progress in the understanding of the dynamics of NAMs and it opens up avenuesindouble-ultra acoustic manipulations.
Data from: Processing of simple and complex acoustic signals in a tonotopically organized ear
Processing of complex signals in the hearing organ remains poorly understood. This paper aims to contribute to this topic by presenting investigations on the mechanical and neuronal response of the hearing organ of the tropical bushcricket species Mecopoda elongata to simple pure tone signals as well as to the conspecific song as a complex acoustic signal. The high-frequency hearing organ of bushcrickets, the crista acustica (CA), is tonotopically tuned to frequencies between about 4 and 70 kHz. Laser Doppler vibrometer measurements revealed a strong and dominant low-frequency-induced motion of the CA when stimulated with either pure tone or complex stimuli. Consequently, the high-frequency distal area of the CA is more strongly deflected by low-frequency-induced waves than by high-frequency-induced waves. This low-frequency dominance will have strong effects on the processing of complex signals. Therefore, we additionally studied the neuronal response of the CA to native and frequency-manipulated chirps. Again, we found a dominant influence of low-frequency components within the conspecific song, indicating that the mechanical vibration pattern highly determines the neuronal response of the sensory cells. Thus, we conclude that the encoding of communication signals is modulated by ear mechanics.
Data from: Acoustic communication in zebra finches signals when mates will take turns with parental duties
Bi-parental care may involve both cooperation and conflict between parents. Parents adjust their workload to that of their partner and this ability is likely to affect reproductive success. Whether mates communicate, either to resolve the sexual conflict or to coordinate their joint investment in parental care is a largely unaddressed question which we examined by recording wild zebra finches at the nest during incubation. Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) partners produce vocal exchanges at the nest that can be characterized as duets. Some duets end in nest-relief (when birds take turns incubating and foraging) but some do not (when the foraging mate vocally interacts with its incubating partner by coming inside or in the vicinity of the nest). Our data indicate that the structure of the duet predicted its outcome (relief or not), with a parent calling differently before leaving or staying in the nest by modifying its vocal repertoire as well as the acoustic structure of one particular call type which is typically used inside the nest. Zebra finch partners may thus exchange on the time to take turns with parental duties. Our results show that acoustic communication between partners might be of importance in the organization of parental care and could help in understanding sexual conflict resolution or cooperation phenomena in future studies.
Data from: Rapid recovery following short-term acoustic disturbance in two fish species
Noise from human activities is known to impact organisms in a variety of taxa, but most experimental studies on the behavioural effects of noise have focused on examining responses associated with the period of actual exposure. Unlike most pollutants, acoustic noise is generally short-lived, usually dissipating quickly after the source is turned off or leaves the area. In a series of experiments, we use established experimental paradigms to examine how fish behaviour and physiology are affected, both during short-term (2 min) exposure to playback of recordings of anthropogenic noise sources and in the immediate aftermath of noise exposure. We considered the anti-predator response and ventilation rate of juvenile European eels (Anguilla anguilla) and ventilation rate of juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). As previously found, additional-noise exposure decreased eel anti-predator responses, increased startle latency and increased ventilation rate relative to ambient-noise-exposed controls. Our results show for the first time that those effects quickly dissipated; eels showed rapid recovery of startle responses and startle latency, and rapid albeit incomplete recovery of ventilation rate in the 2 min after noise cessation. Seabass in both laboratory and open-water conditions showed an increased ventilation rate during playback of additional noise compared with ambient conditions. However, within 2 min of noise cessation, ventilation rate showed complete recovery to levels equivalent to ambient-exposed control individuals. Care should be taken in generalizing these rapid-recovery results, as individuals might have accrued other costs during noise exposure and other species might show different recovery times. Nonetheless, our results from two different fish species provide tentative cause for optimism with respect to recovery following short-duration noise exposure, and suggest that considering periods following noise exposures could be important for mitigation and management decisions.
Data from: Singing whales generate high levels of particle motion: implications for acoustic communication and hearing?
Acoustic signals are fundamental to animal communication, and cetaceans are often considered bioacoustic specialists. Nearly all studies of their acoustic communication focus on sound pressure measurements, overlooking the particle motion components of their communication signals. Here we characterized the levels of acoustic particle velocity (and pressure) of song produced by humpback whales. We demonstrate that whales generate acoustic fields that include significant particle velocity components that are detectable over relatively long distances sufficient to play a role in acoustic communication. We show that these signals attenuate predictably in a manner similar to pressure and that direct particle velocity measurements can provide bearings to singing whales. Whales could potentially use such information to determine the distance of signalling animals. Additionally, the vibratory nature of particle velocity may stimulate bone conduction, a hearing modality found in other low-frequency specialized mammals, offering a parsimonious mechanism of acoustic energy transduction into the massive ossicles of whale ears. With substantial concerns regarding the effects of increasing anthropogenic ocean noise and major uncertainties surrounding mysticete hearing, these results highlight both an unexplored pathway that may be available for whale acoustic communication and the need to better understand the biological role of acoustic particle motion.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.