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1,103 results for “Actinopterygii”
FIG. 8. — Lepidotes tanyrhis n in Les Lepidotes (Actinopterygii, Semionotiformes) du Crétacé inférieur (Barrémien) de Las Hoyas (Province de Cuenca, Espagne)
FIG. 8. — Lepidotes tanyrhis n. sp., crâne en vue latérale, holotype (MCCM LH-7410). Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 4. — Lepidotes microrhis n in Les Lepidotes (Actinopterygii, Semionotiformes) du Crétacé inférieur (Barrémien) de Las Hoyas (Province de Cuenca, Espagne)
FIG. 4. — Lepidotes microrhis n. sp., crâne en vue latérale (ADR- 219). Échelle: 1 cm.
FIG. 7. — Lepidotes tanyrhis n in Les Lepidotes (Actinopterygii, Semionotiformes) du Crétacé inférieur (Barrémien) de Las Hoyas (Province de Cuenca, Espagne)
FIG. 7. — Lepidotes tanyrhis n. sp., corps, holotype (MCCM LH-7410). Échelle: 2 cm.
Astyanax cavefish body shape coordinates from: Phylogeographic relationships and morphological evolution between cave and surface Astyanax mexicanus populations (De Fillipi 1853) (Actinopterygii, Characidae)
<p>The <em>Astyanax mexicanus</em> complex includes two different morphs, a surface and a cave-adapted ecotype, found at three mountain ranges in Northeastern Mexico: Sierra de El Abra, Sierra de Guatemala, and Sierra de la Colmena (Micos). Since their discovery, multiple studies have attempted to characterize the timing and the number of events that gave rise to the evolution of these cave-adapted ecotypes. Here, using RAD-seq and genome-wide sequencing, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and gene flow events between the cave and surface <em>Astyanax</em> <em>mexicanus</em> populations, to estimate the time and mode of evolution of the cave-adapted ecotypes. We also evaluated the body shape evolution across different cave lineages using geometric morphometrics to examine the role of phylogenetic signal vs. environmental pressures. We found strong evidence of parallel evolution of cave-adapted ecotypes derived from two separate lineages of surface fish and hypothesize that there may be up to four independent invasions of caves from surface fish. Moreover, a strong congruence between the genetic structure and geographic distribution was observed across the cave populations, with the Sierra de Guatemala the region exhibiting most genetic drift among the cave populations analyzed. Interestingly, we found no evidence of phylogenetic signal in body shape evolution, but we found support for parallel evolution in body shape across independent cave lineages, with cavefish from the Sierra de El Abra reflecting the most divergent morphology relative to surface and other cavefish populations.</p>
Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)
<p>Classification of the tremendous diversity of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) began with the designation of taxonomic groups based on morphological similarity. Starting in the late 1960s morphological phylogenetics became the basis for the classification of Actinopterygii but failed to resolve many relationships, particularly among lineages within the hyperdiverse Percomorpha. The introduction of molecular phylogenetics led to a dramatic reconfiguration of actinopterygian phylogeny. Refined phylogenetic resolution afforded by molecular studies revealed an uneven diversity among actinopterygian lineages, resulting in a proliferation of redundant group names in Linnean-ranked classifications. Here we provide an unranked phylogenetic classification for actinopterygian fishes based on a summary phylogeny of 830 lineages of ray-finned fishes that includes all currently recognized actinopterygian taxonomic families and 287 fossil taxa. We provide phylogenetic definitions for 90 clade names and review seven previously defined names. For each of the 97 clade names we review the etymology of the clade name, clade species diversity and constituent lineages, clade diagnostic morphological apomorphies, a review of synonyms, and discuss the clade's nomenclatural and systematic history. The new classification is free of redundant group names and includes only one new name among the 97 clade names we review and describe, yielding a comprehensive classification that is based explicitly on the phylogeny of ray-finned fishes that has emerged in the 21st century and rests on the foundation of the previous 200 years of actinopterygian systematic research.</p>
A new Lower Permian ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) from South Dakota and the use of tree space to find rogue taxa in phylogenetic analysis of morphological data
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Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)
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Astyanax cavefish body shape coordinates from: Phylogeographic relationships and morphological evolution between cave and surface Astyanax mexicanus populations (De Fillipi 1853) (Actinopterygii, Characidae)
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Parallel and non-parallel divergence within polymorphic populations of brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans (Actinopterygii: Gasterosteidae)
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Supplementary Information for Phylogenetic analyses of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) using collagen type I protein sequences
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FIGURE 6. Gamispatulus ferrilongus n in Two Gamispatulus Thatcher & Boger, 1984 (Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) from Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski (Actinopterygii: Anostomidae), with description of a new species
FIGURE 6. Gamispatulus ferrilongus n. sp.—adult female. A urosome, ventral view. B intercoxal sclerites and intercoxal plates. C fifth pedigerous somite and genital double-somite, dorsal view. D antenna, second endopodal segment with a distal pore (white arrowhead) and middle claw with fossa on concave margin (black arrowhead). Ap = anterior processes. isI to isIV = first to fourth intercoxal sclerites. ipI to ipIII = first to third intercoxal plates. P5 = fifth leg. Pp = posterior processes. S1 to S4 = seta 1 to seta 4. A, B, C, D—holotype INPA 2521. Scale bars in micrometers (µm).
FIGURE 5. Gamispatulus ferrilongus n in Two Gamispatulus Thatcher & Boger, 1984 (Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) from Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski (Actinopterygii: Anostomidae), with description of a new species
FIGURE 5. Gamispatulus ferrilongus n. sp.—adult female. A body, dorsal view. B cephalothorax, dorsal view. C second pedigerous somite, dorsal view, with paired integumental windows laterally on tergite (arrowhead). D rostral spine. E antennule. Ae = aesthetascs. A, C—holotype INPA 2521. B, D—paratype INPA 2522a. E—paratype INPA 2524a. Scale bars in micrometers (µm).
FIGURE 3 in Two Gamispatulus Thatcher & Boger, 1984 (Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) from Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski (Actinopterygii: Anostomidae), with description of a new species
FIGURE 3. Gamispatulus schizodontis Thatcher & Boeger, 1984—adult female. A buccal apparatus. B labrum. C mandible. D maxilla, syncoxa with pore (arrowhead). Ab = anterior blade. Pb = posterior blade. A, C, D, E—Specimen INPA 2529b. Scale bars in micrometers (µm).
FIGURE 2 in Two Gamispatulus Thatcher & Boger, 1984 (Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) from Schizodon intermedius Garavello & Britski (Actinopterygii: Anostomidae), with description of a new species
FIGURE 2. Gamispatulus schizodontis Thatcher & Boeger, 1984—adult female. A intercoxal sclerites and intercoxal plates, ventral view. B urosome, ventral view. C antenna, middle claw with fossa on concave margin (arrowhead). D antennule. Ae = aesthetascs. isI to isIV = first to fourth intercoxal sclerites. ipI to ipIII = first to third intercoxal plates. P5 = fifth leg. S1 = seta 1. S2 = seta 2. A, B, C—Specimen INPA 2527a. D—Specimen INPA 2529a. Scale bars in micrometers (µm).
Data from: Phylogeny and biogeography of the Poecilia sphenops species complex (Actinopterygii, Poeciliidae) in Central America
We inferred the phylogenetic relationships among members of the Poecilia sphenops species complex to resolve the colonization process and radiation of this group in Central America. We analyzed 2550 base pairs (bp) of mitocondrial DNA (mtDNA), including ATP synthase 6 and 8, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes, and 906 bp of the nuclear S7 ribosomal protein of 86 ingroup individuals from 61 localities spanning most of its distribution from Mexico to Panama. Our mitochondrial data rendered a well-supported phylogeny for the P. sphenops complex that differed with the nuclear data set topology, which did not recover the monophyly of the P. mexicana mitochondrial lineage. Coalescent-based simulations tests indicated that, although hybridization cannot be completely ruled out, this incongruence is most likely due to incomplete lineage sorting in this group, which also showed the widest geographic distribution. A single colonization event of Central America from South America was estimated to have occurred between the early Paleocene and Oligocene (53 – 22 million years ago). Subsequently, two largely differentiated evolutionary lineages diverged around the Early Oligocene-Miocene (38 – 13 million years ago), which are considered two separate species complexes: P. sphenops and P. mexicana, which can also be distinguished by their tricuspid and unicuspid inner jaw teeth, respectively. Ultimately, within lineage diversification occurred mainly during the Miocene (22 – 5 million years ago). All major cladogenetic events predated the final closure of the Isthmus of Panama. The allopatric distribution of lineages together with the long basal internodes suggest that vicariance and long term isolations could be the main evolutionary forces promoting radiation in this group, although dispersal through water barriers might also have occurred. Lastly, our results suggest the need to review the current species distribution and taxonomy of the P. sphenops complex sensu lato.
Data from: Increasing the fish diversity of the Triassic faunas of Gondwana: a new redfieldiiform (Actinopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of Argentina and its palaeobiogeographical implications
A new actinopterygian, Calaichthys tehul gen. et sp. nov. is described on the basis of a few, well-preserved specimens from the Anisian Cerro de Las Cabras Formation, Cuyo Basin in Mendoza Province. The new genus shows a combination of primitive characters (e.g. deep posterior region of the maxilla contacting the preopercle, a suspensorium backwardly oriented) and more advanced characters (e.g. distally segmented fin rays, hemiheterocercal caudal fin) and is thus considered to be a 'subholostean' fish. The new taxon is assigned to Redfieldiiformes on the basis of its single branchiostegal plate-like ray, a median gular plate, pectoral fins with stout, stiff, mainly non-segmented and distally branched fin rays, long and robust fringing fulcra in all fins, basal fulcra bordering both lobes of the caudal fin, and opposite dorsal and anal fins. Calaichthys is characterized by a combination of characters some of which are unique among redfieldiiforms (i.e. strongly ornamented but thin scales with a serrated posterior margin, smooth skull roof bones, extrascapulars with a bifid posterior margin, three suborbital bones, a hatchet-shaped preopercle, rectangular and slender opercle, deep mouth gape, entopterygoid and ectopterygoid with small pointed teeth disposed in several series, unornamented rostral bone, massive pectoral fins and delicate dorsal, pelvic and anal fins). Calaichthys provides novel information about the anatomy of redfieldiiforms, in particular in relation with the fins and associated scaly elements, as well as the scale morphology and their disposition over the body. Our work confirms for the first time that redfieldiiforms occur in South America. Redfieldiiforms seem to have originated in Gondwana and shown two diversity peaks: in the Anisian and the Carnian. Calaichthys is coeval with those redfieldiiforms of the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Africa and Australia dwelling in ephemeral lakes.
Data from: Re-evaluation of the ontogeny and reproductive biology of the Triassic fish Saurichthys (Actinopterygii, Saurichthyidae)
Viviparity has evolved independently at least 12 times in ray-finned fishes. However, the fossil record of actinopterygian viviparity is poor, with only two documented occurrences. Both of these are from the non-teleost actinopterygian Saurichthys, and include S. curionii and S. macrocephalus from the Middle Triassic Meride Limestone (Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland). Here, we present new data on the reproductive biology of these species, giving unprecedented insights into their life-history. Based on positional and preservational criteria, six specimens were identified as unambiguously gravid. Embryos were positioned dorsal to the gastrointestinal tract, parallel to the axial skeleton and to each other, in the posterior two-thirds of the abdominal region. A minimum of 16 embryos are preserved in the most fecund females and, based on the largest preserved embryos and smallest preserved neonates, birth must have occurred at 7–12% of maternal fork length. Embryonic crania and teeth are relatively well-ossified, however ossification of the parietal region is delayed. In the postcranium, the median scale rows and lepidotrichia are ossified, but not the lateral scale rows. Ossified squamation and gradual allometric growth suggests that neonates did not undergo metamorphosis and were relatively precocial. When considered in a phylogenetic context, neither live birth nor internal fertilization appears to represent the primitive state for saurichthyid fishes.
Data from: Boom and bust: ancient and recent diversification in bichirs (Polypteridae: Actinopterygii), a relictual lineage of ray-finned fishes
Understanding the history that underlies patterns of species richness across the Tree of Life requires an investigation of the mechanisms that not only generate young species-rich clades, but also those that maintain species-poor lineages over long stretches of evolutionary time. However, diversification dynamics that underlie ancient species-poor lineages are often hidden due to a lack of fossil evidence. Using information from the fossil record and time calibrated molecular phylogenies, we investigate the history of lineage diversification in Polypteridae, which is the sister lineage of all other ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). Despite originating at least 390 million years (Myr) ago, molecular timetrees support a Neogene origin for the living polypterid species. Our analyses demonstrate polypterids are exceptionally species depauperate with a stem lineage duration that exceeds 380 million years (Ma) and is significantly longer than the stem lineage durations observed in other ray-finned fish lineages. Analyses of the fossil record show an early Late Cretaceous (100.5–83.6 Ma) peak in polypterid genus richness, followed by 60 Ma of low richness. The Neogene species radiation and evidence for high-diversity intervals in the geological past suggest a "boom and bust" pattern of diversification that contrasts with common perceptions of relative evolutionary stasis in so-called "living fossils."
Data from: Comprehensive phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) based on transcriptomic and genomic data
Our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among bony fishes has been transformed by analysis of a small number of genes, but uncertainty remains around critical nodes. Genome-scale inferences so far have sampled a limited number of taxa and genes. Here we leveraged 144 genomes and 159 transcriptomes to investigate fish evolution with an unparalleled scale of data: >0.5 Mb from 1,105 orthologous exon sequences from 303 species, representing 66 out of 72 ray-finned fish orders. We apply phylogenetic tests designed to trace the effect of whole-genome duplication events on gene trees and find paralogy-free loci using a bioinformatics approach. Genome-wide data support the structure of the fish phylogeny, and hypothesis-testing procedures appropriate for phylogenomic datasets using explicit gene genealogy interrogation settle some long-standing uncertainties, such as the branching order at the base of the teleosts and among early euteleosts, and the sister lineage to the acanthomorph and percomorph radiations. Comprehensive fossil calibrations date the origin of all major fish lineages before the end of the Cretaceous.
FIGURE 2 in A new cleaner species of Elacatinus (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 2: Elacatinus phthirophagus sp. n., adult individual in natural habitat, showing dark snout and lateral bright yellow stripe (Photograph by J. P. Krajewski).
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