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Fig. 12. Cardiid bivalve Procardium spp. A in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 12. Cardiid bivalve Procardium spp. A. Procardium cf. danubianum (Mayer, 1866), MRSN BS.131.03.003 (Bellardi and Sacco collection), Langhian (Miocene), Albugnano, Italy; external view. B–F. Procardium sp., RGM. 1309268 (van der Voort collection), Serravallian (Miocene), Seyithasan, Turkey; external views. Scale bar 30 mm.

Fig. 15 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 15. Cardiid bivalve Procardium magnei sp. nov. from early Burdigalian (Miocene) of Saucats, "La Coquillière", France. A. Holotype, PH 11708, external (A1), internal (A2), and umbonal (A3) views, details of sculpture (A4) and right hinge (A5). B. Paratype, PH 63240, external (B1), internal (B2), and posterior (B3) views. C. Paratype, RGM.794098, external view (C1), detail of sculpture (C2) and microsculpture (C3). Scale bars: A1–A3, B, C1, 50 mm; A5, C2, 20 mm; A4, 10 mm; C3, 5 mm.

Fig. 11 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 11. Cardiid bivalve Procardium danubianum (Mayer, 1866) from Badenian (Miocene) of Enzesfeld, Austria. A. Lectotype of Cardium danubianum Mayer, 1866, NHMW 1853.XVI.44, external (A1, A3) and umbonal (A2) views, detail of sculpture (A4). B. Paralectotype, NHMW 1853.XVI.43, external (B1) and umbonal (B2) views, detail of microsculpure (B3). C. NHMW 1853.XVI.41, external view. Photos Oleg Mandic. Scale bars: A1–A3, B1, B2, C, 50 mm; A4, 20 mm; B3, 1 mm.

Fig. 10 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 10. Cardiid bivalve Procardium spp., internal moulds, from Serravallian? (Miocene) of Turkey. A. Syntype of Cardium subhians Fischer, 1866, MNHN.F.B32957, between Ermenek and Bostanesou (photo Peter Massicard, http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/f/b32957). B. Holotype of Cardium cilicianum Toula, 1901, RGM.16498, Karaman Basin, exact locality unknown; external (B1) and umbonal (B2) views. C. Cardium subhians Fischer sensu Toula, 1901, RGM.16499 (Claessens collection), exact locality unknown, Karaman Basin. D–G. Procardium sp. D. RGM.1309264 (van der Voort collection), 1–2 km E of Lale, Akboğaz. E. RGM.1309265 (van der Voort collection), Seyithasan. F. RGM.1309266 (van der Voort collection), –2 km E of Lale, Akboğaz. G. RGM.1309267 (van der Voort collection), slopes ENE of village, Akpınar; external (G1) and umbonal (G2) views. Scale bars: D–F, 50 mm; A–C, G, 25 mm.

Fig. 8 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 8. Cardiid bivalve Procardium kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) from Serravallian (Miocene) of Salles, France (A) and Tortonian (Miocene) of Cacela Velha, Portugal (B–D). A. PH 11898, external (A1), internal (A2), and umbonal (A3) views. B. PH 20375, internal (B1) and external (B2) views. C. PH 20375, external view (C1) and detail of posterior sculpture (C2). D. PH 20375, detail of anterior sculpture. Scale bars A, B, C1, 50 mm; C2, D, 20 mm.

Fig. 14 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 14. Cardiid bivalve Procardium jansseni sp. nov. Graphic reconstruction of a right valve based on 12 fragments from Langhian (Miocene), The Netherlands, Miste, and Beringe. Fragments covering the majority of valve surface. Scale bar 20 mm.

Fig. 9 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 9. Cardiid bivalve Procardium aff. kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) from Pliocene of Spain. A. RGM.1309990 (ter Poorten collection), Cordoba, Lucena del Puerto; external (A1), internal (A2), and umbonal (A3) views. B. PH 42438, Bonares; internal (B1) and external (B2) views. C. PH 42438, Bonares; internal (C1), posterior (C2), and external (C3) views. Scale bar 50 mm.

Fig. 5 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 5. Cardiid bivalve Procardium avisanense (Fontannes, 1879) from Tortonian (Miocene) of Portugal, Cacela Velha (A, D, E) and Fabrica (B, C, F). A. RGM.794106.a (van Nieulande collection), internal (A1), external (A2), and umbonal (A3) views. B. PH 20377, internal (B1) and external (B2) views. C. PH 20377, umbonal view. D. RGM.794104.a, internal (D1) and external (D2) views. E. RGM.794104.b, external (E1) and umbonal (E2) views. F. PH 20377, external (F1) and internal (F2) views. Scale bar 50 mm.

Fig. 7 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 7. Cardiid bivalve Procardium kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) from Serravallian (Miocene) of France. A. RGM.794109, Salles, "Moulin Débat"; internal (A1) and external (A2) views. B. RGM.1309992 (Kaptein collection), Gironde; external view. C. PH 11898, Salles; internal (C1) and external (C2) views. Scale bar 50 mm.

Fig. 4 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 4. Cardiid bivalve Procardium diluvianum (Lamarck, 1819) from Italy. A. MPUB 2017/1B, Pliocene, Cerignola; internal (A1) and external (A2) views, detail of sculpture (A3). B. MPUB 2017/1A, Pliocene, Cerignola; detail of anterior sculpture. C. MPUB 2017/1A, Early Pleistocene, Gravina in Puglia; detail of posterior spines (inner view). D. PH 40489, Piacenzian (Pliocene), Castell'Arquato; internal (D1) and external (D2) views. Scale bars: A1, A2, D1, D2, 50 mm; A3, 10 mm; B, C, 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 3. Cardiid bivalve Procardium diluvianum (Lamarck, 1819). A. Syntype of Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814, MSNM i13317, Pliocene, northern Italy (photo Giorgio Teruzzi); external (A1) and umbonal (A2) views. B. Holotype of Cardium diluvianum Lamarck, 1819, MNHN.F.A50147, Pliocene, surroundings of Siena, Italy; external view (photo Jacques Mouchart, http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/f/a50147). C. MPUR no registration number (unnumbered Cerulli Irelli collection), Early Pleistocene, Farnesina, Italy; external view. D. RGM.794093 (van Nieulande collection), Zanclean (Pliocene), Bonares, Spain; external view. E. RGM.48582.a, Piacenzian (Pliocene), Castell'Arquato, Italy; umbonal view. F. MRSN BS.131.03.001, Pliocene, Asti Hills, Italy; external view. G. RGM.48583, Piacenzian (Pliocene), Castell'Arquato, Italy; external view. Scale bar 50 mm.

Fig. 1 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 1. Cardiid bivalve Procardium indicum (Lamarck, 1819), RMNH.5006725 (ter Poorten collection), Recent, Algeria. Articulated shell in internal (A, C), external (B, D), and umbonal (E) views, with detail of anterior sculpture (F). Scale bars: A–E, 50 mm; F, 20 mm.

Fig. 2 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 2. Hinge region of the right valve of Cardiinae type species and a related "Cardium" species. A. Procardium indicum (Lamarck, 1819), RMNH.5006726 ter Poorten collection), Recent, Algeria. B. Cardium costatum Linnaeus, 1758, RMNH.5006725 (ter Poorten collection), Recent, Angola. C. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789), RMNH.5006724 (ter Poorten collection), Recent, Senegal. D. "Cardium" burdigalinum (Lamarck, 1819), RGM.1309989 (ter Poorten collection), France, Léognan, Le Coquillat, early Miocene. Solid circles and ovals indicating positions of the tips of the teeth (A2–D2) and the positions and shapes of the cardinal teeth of the opposite valve (A1–D1). Note extremely hollowed anterior lateral socket in Procardium gen. nov. (1), angular antero-dorsal margin in Cardium (2), largely fused cardinals (3), strongly protuberant posterior ribs in Bucardium (4), and anterior and posterior ventral lateral teeth about equidistant from cardinals in "Cardium" (5). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 16 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 16. Comparative rib cross-sections and rib sculpture for species of Procardium. Schematic drawings based on the third/fourth rib anterior to the midline, close to the margin of an adult shell. A. P. magnei sp. nov. B. P. jansseni sp. nov. (upper part of rib sculpure reconstructed). C. P. danubianum (rib sculpture undefined). D. P. kunstleri. E. P. aff. kunstleri. F. P. avisanense. G. P. diluvianum. H. P. indicum. Median rib, showing radial groove on rib top (H2). Note presence of microscopic granulations (white arrow) and secondary riblet in interspace (black arrow). Scale bar 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium

Fig. 6. Cardiid bivalve Procardium avisanense (Fontannes, 1879) from Tortonian (Miocene) of Cacela Velha, Portugal (A, B, E) and Serravallian (Miocene) of France, Salles, "Le Minoy"(C) and "l'Argileyre" (D). A. PH 20376, external view. B. PH 20376, external (B1) and internal (B2) views. C. PH 19296, internal (C1) and external (C2) views. D. RGM.794107.a, internal (D1) and external (D2) views. E. RGM.794104.c, detail of anterior sculpture. Scale bars: A–D, 50 mm; E, 10 mm.

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Fig. 4 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 4. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele townsendi (White, 1890) from Maastrichtian cold seep carbonates of Seymour Island, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. A. NRM Mo 1560; a complete shell in right (A1) and left (A2) lateral view, showing outline and fine commarginal ornament; in anterior view (A3), showing two ridges running from the umbo towards the anteroventral angle; in dorsal view (A4), showing narrow and sharp posterior sulcus and posterior fold and weak furrow possibly representing accessorial ligament attachment surface. B. NRM Mo 1552; an internal mold in left lateral view with fragments of the shell adhering to the anterior and umbonal area (B1) and with outline of the anterior adductor muscle scar visible (B2).

Fig. 8 in Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the late Pliocene Stirone River hydrocarbon seep complex in northern Italy

Fig. 8. The large lucinid bivalve Lucinoma sp. from the late Pliocene of Italy, Stirone River seep deposit. MGGC.22016, view of left valve (A), dorsal view (B).

Fig. 7 in Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the late Pliocene Stirone River hydrocarbon seep complex in northern Italy

Fig. 7. The lucinid bivalve Lucinoma persolida (Sacco, 1901) from the late Pliocene of Italy, Stirone River seep deposit. A. MGGC.22015, small articulated specimen, view of right valve (A1), dorsal view (A2). B. NRM Mo184004, articulated specimen, view of left valve (B1), dorsal view (B2).

Fig. 10 in Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the late Pliocene Stirone River hydrocarbon seep complex in northern Italy

Fig. 10. The vesicomyid bivalve Isorropodon sp. from the late Pliocene of Italy, Stirone River seep deposit. A. MGGC.22019, hinge area of left valve. B. MGGC.22020, hinge area of right valve (B1), close-up of prodissoconch (B2).

Fig. 2 in Chemosymbiotic bivalves from the late Pliocene Stirone River hydrocarbon seep complex in northern Italy

Fig. 2. The solemyid bivalve Acharax doderleini (Mayer, 1861) from the late Pliocene of Italy, Stirone River seep deposit; MGGC.22007 view on exterior of right valve.