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369 results for “Cranial morphology”
Figure 4. Comparative metriorhynchid cranial morphology. A in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics
Figure 4. Comparative metriorhynchid cranial morphology. A, Eoneustes gaudryi comb. nov., holotype, NHM R.3353. B, Geosaurus araucanensis, holotype, MLP 72-IV-7-1. C, Cricosaurus suevicus, lectotype, SMNS 9808. D, Enaliosuchus schroederi, holotype, MMGLV#. E, Suchodus durobrivensis, referred specimen, NHM R.2618. F, Metriorhynchus superciliosus, referred specimen, MNHN 1908-6. G, Geosaurus giganteus, referred specimen, NHM 37020. H, Dakosaurus maximus, neotype, SMNS 8203. Scale bars: 20 mm. We thank N. Knötschke for photograph (D), and P. Hurst and P.M. Barrett for photograph (G).
Figure 6 in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 6. Pattern of cytochrome b (cyt b), acid phosphatase V (AP5), and predicted skull region plotted by population within the contact area. No directional trend is intended by order of populations. Proportion northern for cyt b and AP5 is the fraction of individuals from that population possessing a haplotype or genotype most similar to those widespread in the northern region. Proportion northern for morphology is the fraction of individuals from that population having a northern posterior probability> 50%. Mid-Coast is a combination of Freeman Ranch, Refugio State Beach, Tajiguas Landfill, and El Capitan State Beach. COPR, Coal Oil Pt Reserve.
Figure 4 in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 4. Probability of membership in northern group based on discriminant analysis of logged skull measurements. Top, contact zone skulls; middle, northern region skulls; bottom, southern region skulls.
Figure 3 in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 3. First and second principal components based on 13 mensural characters for north, contact, and south groups of skulls.
Figure 5 in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 5. Example profiles of contact zone populations and probability of prediction into northern or southern populations. Axes are as in Fig. 4.
Figure 2. Skull with measurements labelled. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. D in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 2. Skull with measurements labelled. A, dorsal view. B, ventral view. C, lateral view. D, mandible. HCB, height of cranium at bullae; IOC, interorbital constriction; IFL, length of incisive foramen; IPL, interparietal length; IPW, interparietal width; MAL, upper molar alveolus; MAN, length of mandible; MAW, mastoid width; NAL, nasal length; ONL, occipital-nasal length; PAL, shelf of bony palate; ZYB, zygomatic breadth. Details of each measurement are provided in the text.
Figure 1. A in Cranial morphology of the California vole (Microtus californicus, Cricetidae) in a contact zone
Figure 1. A, map of specimens used, indicating regions, subregions, and some localities, as discussed in the text. Dashed lines indicate a general division between subregions used to examine variation within regions. Text indicates north, middle, and south subregions within northern and southern regions. White circles indicate specimens allocated to the northern region; black circles indicate the southern region; and circles that are half white/half black are in the contact region. The black/white icon does not indicate an equal mix of north and south marker but is only indication of overlap. For clarity, markers in some cases represent multiple, nearby locations. Polygon indicates populations used for cline fitting analysis. Specimens in the S-S subregion were removed from analysis. B, map of the contact area with polygon encompassing localities with both cytochrome b haplogroups. Dashed lines indicate the approximate centres of clines for (A) morphology, (B) mitochondrial DNA, and (C) nuclear DNA.
, phillipsi holotype. the M of of Measurements Measurements. . n purposes size sample comparative and , range for , SD shown ± 0 are as presented Lanka Sri and Measurements India in authors . occurring Lanka different Sri, Idulgashinna Miniopterus of of assortment from species an . by nov other. sp and specimens phillipsi species other . M new the of ) the while mm of (, TK measurements individuals by taken other were Cranial and types . 4. ABLE paratypes nov. T sp in DNA barcoding and morphological analyses reveal a cryptic species of Miniopterus from India and Sri Lanka
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Data from: Evolutionary processes and its environmental correlates in the cranial morphology of western chipmunks (Tamias)
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Data from: Patterns of cranial ontogeny in lacertid lizards: morphological and allometric disparity
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Data from: Do convergent ecomorphs evolve through convergent morphological pathways? Cranial shape evolution in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids (Carnivora, Mammalia)
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Data from: Effects of diet on cranial morphology and biting ability in musteloid mammals
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Fig. 8 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 8. Dendograms obtained from the (A) NJ clustering and (B) UPGMA, using Euclidean distances between group means by combining all data (shape information from dorsal, ventral and lateral views). Branch bootstrap support shown at the nodes, 10 000 replicates.
Fig. 2 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 2. Landmarks positioned on the cranium of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 shown in (A) ventral (B) dorsal and (C) lateral views. The straight lines on the ventral and lateral views were used for defining semi-landmarks based on two other landmarks. Open circles on the ventral side: the most rostral and on the most caudal point of the tympanic bulla, and on the lateral side: the most rostral margin of the tympanic bulla. Short lines are drawn to highlight sutures which are unclear here and on which the landmarks have been defined.
Fig. 5 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 5. Box-and-whisker plots of (A) skull size and (B) relative bulla size of the ventral cranium. The boxes indicate the 25–75 % quartiles; the whiskers represent the minimal and maximal values.
Data from: Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies
Basal synapsids ('pelycosaurs') form the basalmost portion of the mammalian stem lineage and document the transition from primitive 'reptile-like' basal amniotes to derived, mammal-like therapsids. They dominated terrestrial ecosystems of the latest Carboniferous and Early Permian (∼300–271 million years ago), producing large-bodied terrestrial animals (3–6.5 metres long), high-fibre herbivores, and macropredators for the first time in vertebrate history, alongside an array of smaller-bodied forms. Despite numerous recent discoveries and reassessments of fossils collected over the past 250 years, and despite their importance for understanding the early diversification of terrestrial vertebrates, a comprehensive assessment of global relationships among basal synapsids has not been undertaken. A new phylogenetic dataset comprising 45 taxa (plus four outgroups and four therapsids) and 239 characters (147 cranial; 92 postcranial) reveals considerable uncertainty in the relationships of higher clades of basal synapsids. Although cranial data support the current consensus that Caseasauria is the most basal clade, postcranial data and the full dataset suggest that a clade of Ophiacodontidae + Varanopidae occupies this position. Although relationships within higher clades are well supported, relationships among those clades are poorly supported. The likely source of this uncertainty lies in the exceptionally poor early record of the group, which renders determinations of the plesiomorphic condition of higher clades speculative, although cranial data are generally represented by shorter ghost lineages and should perhaps be favoured. The new dataset suggests well-supported phylogenetic placements for several taxa of historically uncertain affinities: Trichasaurus is a caseid; Lupeosaurus is an edaphosaurid; and Basicranodon and Ruthiromia are varanopids.
Data from: A multiple peak adaptive landscape based on feeding strategies and roosting ecology shaped the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in phyllostomid bats
We explored the evolution of morphological integration in the most noteworthy example of adaptive radiation in mammals, the New World leaf-nosed bats, using a massive dataset and by combining phylogenetic comparative methods and quantitative genetic approaches. We demonstrated that the phenotypic covariance structure remained conserved on a broader phylogenetic scale but also showed a substantial divergence between inter-clade comparisons. Most of the phylogenetic structure in the integration space can be explained by splits at the beginning of the diversification of major clades. Our results provide evidence for a multiple peak adaptive landscape in the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation, based upon diet and roosting ecology. In this scenario, the successful radiation of phyllostomid bats was triggered by the diversification of dietary and roosting strategies, and the invasion of these new adaptive zones lead to changes in phenotypic covariance structure and average morphology. Our results suggest that intense natural selection preceded the invasion of these new adaptive zones and played a fundamental role in shaping cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in this hyper-diverse clade of mammals. Finally, our study demonstrates the power of combining comparative methods and quantitative genetic approaches when investigating the evolution of complex morphologies.
Data from: Rate of evolutionary change in cranial morphology of the marsupial genus Monodelphis is constrained by the availability of additive genetic variation
We tested the hypothesis that the rate of marsupial cranial evolution is dependent on the distribution of genetic variation in multivariate space. To do so, we carried out a genetic analysis of cranial morphological variation in laboratory strains of Monodelphis domestica and used estimates of genetic covariation to analyze the morphological diversification of the Monodelphis brevicaudata species group. We found that within-species genetic variation is concentrated in only a few axes of the morphospace and that this strong genetic covariation influenced the rate of morphological diversification of the brevicaudata group, with between-species divergence occurring fastest when occurring along the genetic line of least resistance. Accounting for the geometric distribution of genetic variation also increased our ability to detect the selective regimen underlying species diversification, with several instances of selection only being detected when genetic covariances were taken into account. Therefore, this work directly links patterns of genetic covariation among traits to macroevolutionary patterns of morphological divergence. Our findings also suggest that the limited distribution of Monodelphis species in morphospace is the result of a complex interplay between the limited dimensionality of available genetic variation and strong stabilizing selection along two major axes of genetic variation.
Data from: Imperfect morphological convergence: variable changes in cranial structures underlie transitions to durophagy in moray eels
Convergence is central to the study of evolution because it demonstrates the power of natural selection to deterministically shape phenotypic diversity. However, the conditions under which a common morphology repeatedly evolves may be restrictive. Many factors—such as differing genetic and environmental backgrounds and many-to-one mapping of form to function—contribute to variability in responses to selection. Nevertheless, lineages may evolve similar, even if not identical, forms given a shared selective regime, providing opportunities to examine the relative importance of natural selection, constraint and contingency. Here, we show that following 10 transitions to durophagy in moray eels (Muraenidae), cranial morphology repeatedly evolved toward a novel region of morphological space indicative of enhanced feeding performance on hard prey. Disparity among the resulting 15 durophagous species, however, is greater than disparity among ancestors that fed on large evasive prey, contradicting the pattern expected under convergence. This elevated disparity is a consequence of lineage-specific responses to durophagy, in which independent transitions vary in the suites of traits exhibiting the largest changes. Our results reveal a pattern of imperfect convergence, which suggests shared selection may actually promote diversification because lineages often differ in their phenotypic responses to similar selective demands.
Figure 4. Cranial and mandibular shape assignments from the k in Head morphology reflects the introduction history in a globally invasive carnivore-the small Indian mongoose
Figure 4. Cranial and mandibular shape assignments from the k-NN analyses.
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