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Figure 12 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 12. Morphometric comparisons of samples of Hylomyscus and Praomys that co-occur in montane forest across the Eastern Arc Mountains (South Pare Mts to Udzungwa Mts) into the Southern Highlands (Livingstone Mts and Mt Rungwe) of Tanzania. Top graphs: north–south transects of morphometric differentiation as indexed by the first canonical variate extracted; vertical lines correspond to the sample range and filled circles to the sample mean (Abbreviations: EUS, East Usambara Mts; LIV, Livingstone Mts; NGR, Nguru Mts; RUN, Mt Rungwe; SPA, South Pare Mts; UDZ, Udzungwa Mts; UKA, Ukaguru Mts; ULU, Uluguru Mts; WUS, West Usambara Mts). Bottom phenograms: Cluster diagrams (UPGMA) based on Mahalanobis squared distances between the nine OTU centroids as derived from discriminant function analysis; only nodes that were consistently recovered by bootstrapping are indicated (± 70%, 1000 iterations), leaving poorly defined levels of phenetic affinity as unresolved. Both multivariate perspectives document abrupt shifts in craniodental differentiation between populations of Praomys coincident with the Makambako Gap (here interpreted as different species, P. melanotus and P. taitae) but not those of Hylomyscus (interpreted as the single species H. arcimontensis by Carleton & Stanley, 2005). See text for discussion.

Figure 11 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 11. Plot of elevational ranges (in metres, above sea level) of Hylomyscus arcimontensis (including localities in the EAM and Southern Highlands) and the three species of the Praomys delectorum species group. Vertical line embraces the elevational range of each species and filled circles indicate elevations of individual collecting localities (see Appendix X).

Figure 9 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 9. Examples of the Praomys delectorum group as photographed in the field: Top, P. melanotus from Ngozi Crater in the Poroto Mountains, Southern Highlands; Bottom, P. taitae from Mount Malundwe, central Eastern Arc Mountains. Darker pigmentation of the epidermal surfaces is typical of individual P. melanotus compared with P. taitae; also note the extension of dark hairs onto the metatarsum as characteristic of P. melanotus versus a wholly white metatarsum and phalanges in most P. taitae. Hindfoot length averages about 23–25 mm; photographs by W. T. Stanley.

Figure 7 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 7. Lateral view (about 2¥) of adult crania of the three species of the Praomys delectorum group (same specimens as illustrated in Fig. 6): A, P. delectorum; B, P. melanotus; C, P. taitae.

Figure 10 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 10. Distributions of the three species of the Praomys delectorum group based on specimens documented herein (see species accounts). The patchy occurrence of Praomys across this region is closely linked to equally patchy associations of wet montane forest (areas shaded pale grey, as extracted from World Wildlife Fund Ecoregions, USGS Digital Atlas of Africa).

Figure 8 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 8. Dorsal (left set) and ventral (right set) views of adult round skins (about 0.5¥), illustrating 'typical' pelage patterns of the three species of the Praomys delectorum group recognized here: AA′, P. delectorum (FMNH 181237; Total Length = 223 mm), a male from Chisongeli Forest, Mt Mulanje, 1575 m, Malawi; BB′, P. melanotus (FMNH 205299; Total Length = 234 mm), a male from Ngozi Crater, Poroto Mts, 2250 m, Tanzania; CC′, P. taitae (FMNH 150346; Total Length = 240 mm), a male from 4.5 km ESE of Amani, East Usambara Mts, 900 m, Tanzania.

Figure 5 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 5. Cluster diagram (UPGMA) based on average Mahalanobis distances between the 21 OTU centroids as derived from discriminant function analysis (coefficient of cophenetic correlation = 0.938; also see Fig. 4). Bootstrap values are indicated for those nodes that were consistently defined (± 70%, 1000 iterations); mountain system and OTU identifier are indicated for each terminal OTU; species recognized herein are identified for those stems that subtend major geographical associations among the analytical samples.

Figure 6 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 6. Dorsal (top row) and ventral (bottom row) views (about 2¥) of adult crania of the three species of the Praomys delectorum group recognized here: A, P. delectorum (FMNH 181214; ONL = 29.0 mm), a male from Lichenya Hut, Mt Mulanje, 1840 m, Malawi; B, P. melanotus (FMNH 163682; ONL = 29.9 mm), a female from 5 km east of Ilolo, Rungwe Forest Reserve, Mt Rungwe, 1870 m, Tanzania; C, P. taitae (FMNH 153979; ONL = 28.7 mm), a male from 3 km east and 0.7 km north of Mhero, Chome Forest Reserve, South Pare Mts, 2000 m, Tanzania.

Figure 4 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 4. Three scatter plots depicting results of discriminant function analysis performed on 18 log-transformed craniodental variables, as measured on 541 intact adult specimens representing 21 OTUs of the Praomys delectorum complex. A, projection of individual specimen scores onto the first two canonical variates (CV) extracted. B, projection of centroids for the 21 OTUs onto the first two canonical variates (see Material and Methods for general locality and sample sizes; bars indicate ± 1 standard error of the mean for a sample centroid); OTU numbers 1–15 are placed approximate to the entire cluster in view of the extensive overlap and visual congestion among those analytical samples. C, multivariate disposition of the four type specimens entered as unknowns and based on a posteriori classification using the discriminant function coefficients; confidence envelopes represent 1 standard deviation around a grand centroid and enclose approximately 68% of specimen scores for each. See Table 4 for variable correlations and variance explained.

Figure 3 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 3. Two scatter plots depicting results of 18 log-transformed craniodental variables as measured on 155 intact specimens representing samples from the Udzungwa Mts (OTU 15) and regions of the type localities of Praomys melanotus (OTUs 16–18) and P. taitae (OTU 1). The factor scores of the type specimens of melanotus and taitae are indicated by small crosses; see Table 3 for variable correlations and variance explained. A, projection of unrotated specimen scores onto the first and second principal components (PC) extracted; major axes of the species constellations and regression statistics are indicated (see text for discussion). Specimens from the Udzungwa Mts, a locality which Allen & Loveridge (1933) had allocated to their new species melanotus, are aligned with examples of P. taitae. B, projection of specimen scores, after varimax rotation, onto the first and second principal components (PC) extracted. Reorientation of major axes of the species constellations maximizes age variation along PC I, whereas taxon differences are consolidated mostly along PC II (see text for discussion).

Figure 1 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 1. Mountainous regions of East Africa inhabited by populations of the Praomys delectorum complex, covering an area approximately 2–17°S by 30–41°E. Type localities are illustrated for the four species-group taxa currently assigned to Praomys delectorum: delectorum Thomas, 1910 (Malawi, Mulanje Plateau, 1675 m); melanotus Allen & Loveridge, 1933 (Tanzania, Poroto Mountains, Nyamwanga, 1950 m); octomastis Hatt, 1940 (Tanzania, Old Mbulu Reserve, 1829 m); taitae Heller, 1912 (Kenya, Taita Hills, Mount Mbololo, 1524 m). The Eastern Arc Mountains (sensu Wasser & Lovett 1993) are those disconnected ranges in Tanzania and southern Kenya that trend in a north-eastern direction from the Makambako Gap, including the Udzungwa Mountains through the Taita Hills.

Figure 2 in Species limits within the Praomys delectorum group (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) of East Africa: a morphometric reassessment and biogeographical implications

Figure 2. Two scatter plots depicting results of principal component analysis of 18 log-transformed craniodental variables as measured on 157 intact specimens representing samples of delectorum (OTUs 20, 21) and melanotus (OTUs 16–19). The factor scores of the type specimens of delectorum and melanotus are indicated by small crosses; see Table 2 for variable correlations and variance explained. A, projection of unrotated specimen scores onto the first and second principal components (PC) extracted; major axes of the species constellations and regression statistics are indicated (see text for discussion). Individuals from the Misuku Mts (OTU 19), northern Malawi, which systematists have inconsistently treated as geographical representatives of delectorum or melanotus, are interspersed among examples of the latter species. B, projection of specimen scores, after varimax rotation, onto the first and second principal components (PC) extracted. Reorientation of major axes of the species constellations maximizes age variation along PC I, whereas taxon differences are consolidated mostly along PC II (see text for discussion).

Figure 11 in New record of Melomys burtoni (Mammalia, Rodentia, Murinae) from Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia): a review of Moluccan Melomys

Figure 11: (Left) Skulls of M. bUrtoni (Halmahera, MZB 33552). (Right) M. bUrtoni (Halmahera, MZB 33533), shown in dorsal (top), ventral (2nd row), and left lateral (3rd row) views of crania, lateral views of left mandible (4th row), and medial views of right dentary (bottom).

Figure 3 in New record of Melomys burtoni (Mammalia, Rodentia, Murinae) from Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia): a review of Moluccan Melomys

Figure 3: Best maximum-likelihood topology for MelomyS produced from the combined analysis. Labeled clades are discussed in the text. Symbols at nodes represent maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support values>70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP)> 0.95. Voucher numbers are indicated for each specimen used in this study. The outgroups as well as distant relatives of the Moluccan MelomyS species were pruned. Circles at nodes represent bootstrap support (circles: blackbootstrap ≥ 95% and PP = 1; red 95%> bootstrap ≥70 % and 0.95 bootstrap ≥50% and 0.95> PP). Legends of the colour names: Red = Australia, green = Papua, black = North Moluccas, blue = Solomons, gray = South Moluccas.

Figure 8 in New record of Melomys burtoni (Mammalia, Rodentia, Murinae) from Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia): a review of Moluccan Melomys

Figure 8: Dorsal view of crania of various MelomyS species. Top to bottom: M. bUrtoni (Halmahera, MZB 33552 young adult and MZB 33533 old adult), M. obienSiS (Obi, AM M24392), M. bUrtoni (Australia, BMNH 61.360), M. lUtillUS (Papua New Guinea, BMNH 47.1186), M. talaUdiUm (Talaud, BMNH 12.2.9.3), M. caUrinUS (Talaud, BMNH 12.2.9.3), M. fratercUlUS (Seram, BMNH 20.7.26.27), M aeroSUS (Seram, BMNH 20.7.26.21), M. fUlgenS (Seram, BMNH 20.7.26.19), M. paVeli (Seram MZB 35961). Scale bar 0 1 cm.

Figure 5 in New record of Melomys burtoni (Mammalia, Rodentia, Murinae) from Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia): a review of Moluccan Melomys

Figure 5: PCA on Procrustes coordinates for the four species subdataset, similar symbols and colors of Figures 3 and 4. See Figure 5 for a detailed definition of the Figures.

Figure 4 in New record of Melomys burtoni (Mammalia, Rodentia, Murinae) from Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia): a review of Moluccan Melomys

Figure 4: PCA on Procrustes coordinates for the 17 MelomyS species dataset, similar symbols and colors of Figure 3. Patterns of shape variation along PC1 and PC2 are illustrated on the right side of the graphic, blue corresponding to minimal scores, red to maximal ones. Bold and thin outline represent, respectively, males and females. Red = Australia, green = Papua, black = North Moluccas, gray = South Moluccas.

Figure 10 in New record of Melomys burtoni (Mammalia, Rodentia, Murinae) from Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia): a review of Moluccan Melomys

Figure 10: Ventral view of crania for various MelomyS species. Top to bottom: M. bUrtoni (Halmahera, MZB 33552 young adult and MZB 33533 old adult), M. obienSiS (Obi, AM M24392), M. bUrtoni (Australia, BMNH 61.360), M. lUtillUS (Papua New Guinea, BMNH 47.1186), M. talaUdiUm (Talaud, BMNH 12.2.9.3), M. caUrinUS (Talaud, BMNH 12.2.9.3), M. fratercUlUS (Seram, BMNH 20.7.26.27), M aeroSUS (Seram, BMNH 20.7.26.21), M. fUlgenS (Seram, BMNH 20.7.26.19), M. paVeli (Seram MZB 35961). Scale bar 0 1 cm.

Figure 1 in New record of Melomys burtoni (Mammalia, Rodentia, Murinae) from Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia): a review of Moluccan Melomys

Figure 1: Map of central Halmahera, showing the localities for MelomyS bUrtoni, represented by a star. Collection localities are: (1) Ake Sake, (2) South Ake Jira; (3) North Ake Sake. Field (WD) and voucher (MZB) numbers are indicated in the lower right side of the maps. Maps are modelised using the SRTM open database (http://www.cgiar-csi.org/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1) in the open source QGIS software (http://www.qgis.org/en/site/index.html).

Figure 13 in New record of Melomys burtoni (Mammalia, Rodentia, Murinae) from Halmahera (North Moluccas, Indonesia): a review of Moluccan Melomys

Figure 13: Occlusal views of right lower molar rows. Left: Specimen of M. bUrtoni (Halmahera, MZB 33537), Middle and Right: Specimens of M. bUrtoni (Halmahera, MZB 33552; MZB 33533).