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FIG. 17 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 17. — Sibiritoechia convexa Alekseeva, 1966, complete shells (NN 44/12991, 45/12991), loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations; A, E, ventral view; B, F, dorsal view; C, G, lateral view; D, H, anterior view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 20 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 20. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal strutures in Anabaria? latens n. sp. (N 54/12991). Measurements: length 8.7 mm, width 8.7 mm, thickness 6.2 mm; loc. 13, bed 64, Golomyannyj Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 3.2 mm.

FIG. 6 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 6. — Microstructure of the scales; A-E, Paralogania ex gr. martinssoni (Gross, 1967); F, G, Thelodus sp. indet.; H, I, Lanarkia? sp.; A, Pi 6378; B, Pi 6362; C, Pi 6370; D, Pi 6368; E, Pi 6446; F, Pi 6377; G, Pi 6373; H, I, Pi 6371; sample 2055 zh, Pioneer Island, upper part of Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Abbreviations: b, base; cr, crown; dc, dentine canal; dt, dentine tubules; mpc, main pulp canal; n, neck; pcv, pulp cavity; wdt, wide dentine tubules. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 16 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 16. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Stegerhynchus? decemplicatus duplex Nikiforova & T. Modzalevskaya, 1968 (N 39/12991). Measurements: length 7.7 mm, width 10.3 mm, thickness 4.9 mm; loc. 13, bed 89, Vodopad Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 15 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 15. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Lenatoechia octjabrensis n. sp. (N 43/12991). Measurements: length 8.1 mm, width 8.2 mm, thickness 5.9 mm; loc. 2, bed 66, Samojlovich Formation. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 3 mm.

FIG. 14. — A-E in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 14. — A-E, Stegerhynchus? decemplicatus duplex Nikiforova & T. Modzalevskaya, 1968; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, lateral view; D, anterior view; E, enlarged external surface of a complete shell (N 38/12991), loc. 13, bed 89, Vodopad Formation; F-I, V, Anabaria? latens n. sp.; F, dorsal view; G, ventral view; H, lateral view; I, anterior view of a complete shell (holotype N 50/12991), loc. 11, bed 6B, Samojlovich Formation; V, enlarged external surface of a poorly silicified shell (N 51/12991), loc. 29a,?Vodopad Formation; J-P, R, S, Lenatoechia octjabrensis n. sp.; J, ventral view; K, dorsal view; L, lateral view; M, anterior views of a complete shell (N 41/12991), loc. 11, bed 6B, Samojlovich Formation; N, ventral view; O, dorsal view; P, lateral view of a complete shell (holotype N 40/12991), loc. 2, bed 66, Samojlovich Formation; R, ventral view; S, dorsal view of complete shell (N 42/12991), loc. 117v,?Samojlovich Formation; Q, T, U, Anabaria? latens n. sp.; Q, pedicle valve of a complete shell (N 52/12991), loc. 13, bed 27, Srednij Formation; T, ventral view; U, dorsal view of a complete shell (N 53/12991), loc. 13, bed 64, Golomyannyj Formation. Scale bars: A-D, F-M, 5 mm; E, V, 2 mm; N-U, 3 mm.

FIG. 25 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 25. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Reticulariopsis talenti Lenz & Johnson, 1985 (N 67/12991). Measurements: length 5.1 mm, width 6.3 mm, thickness 4.0 mm; loc. 21581, Severnaya Zemlya or Pod''emnaya formations. Numerical designations are the same as on Fig. 11. Scale bar: 1.4 mm.

FIG. 10. — Paralogania wilsoni n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 10. — Paralogania wilsoni n. sp., microstructure of the scales; A, Pi 7637; B, Pi 7638; C, Pi 7639; D, Pi 7640; E, F, Pi 7641; G, Pi 7642; H, Pi 7643; sample 157-2, Spokojnaya River, October Revolution Island, Krasnaya Bukhta Formation, Pridoli, Upper Silurian. Abbreviations: b, base; cr, crown; dc, dentine canal; dt, dentine tubules; n, neck; mpc, main pulp canal; pc, lateral pulp canal. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 20. — Thelodus matukhini n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 20. — Thelodus matukhini n. sp., morphological set of scales; A-C, head scales; D-G, transitional scales; H-S, trunk scales; T, pugniformis-type of the scale; A-C, D1, E-H, I1, J-O, P2, Q, R2, S, T1, scales in crown view; D2, scale in base view; I2, P1, R1, T2, scales in lateral view; LIG 35-281-LIG 35-300; sample 18041-14, Komsomolets Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIG. 5 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 5. — Set of scales of Paralogania ex gr. martinssoni (Gross, 1967); A, B, head scales; C-I, O, transitional scales; J-N, P-U, trunk scales; V-Z, fin scales; A, Pi 5605; B, Pi 5590; C, Pi 5607; D, Pi 5609; E, Pi 5611; F, Pi 5613; G, Pi 5617; H, Pi 5595; I, Pi 5591; J, Pi 5604; K, Pi 6772; L, Pi 5588; M, Pi 5606; N, Pi 5601; O, Pi 5600; P, Pi 6773; Q, Pi 6775; R, Pi 6776; S, Pi 6774; T, Pi 5612; U, Pi 5614; V, Pi 6779; W, Pi 5949; X, Pi 6777; Y, Pi 6778; Z, Pi 5948; sample 2055 zh, Pioneer Island, upper part of Ludlow, Upper Silurian (drawings after Märss 1986b: fig. 14). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 3. — A-M in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 3. — A-M, Paralogania ex gr. martinssoni (Gross, 1967); A, transitional scale; B-H, L, M, trunk scales; I, fin scale; J, K, scales of unknown position; A-E, G, I-L, scales in crown view; F, a scale in base view; H, M, scales in lateral view; N, Lanarkia? sp., a scale in lateral view; O-T, Phlebolepis elegans Pander, 1856; O-R, scales in crown view; S, magnified scale of Fig. 3Q showing the finely striated crown margin; T, scale in base view; O-Q, S, cephalo-pectoral scales; R, precaudal scale; T, precaudal? scale; A, Pi 7612; B, Pi 7609; C, Pi 7610; D, Pi 6845; E, Pi 7616; F, Pi 7617; G, H, Pi 7615; I, Pi 6847; J, Pi 6846; K, Pi 7608; L, LIG 35-900; M, LIG 35-901; N, LIG 35-902; O, Pi 7564; P, Pi 7560; Q, Pi 7562; R, Pi 7563; S, Pi 7562; T, Pi 7566; A-K, sample MF 11-1, Matusevich River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation, Ludlow; L-N, sample 5m-1, Pioneer Island; O-T, sample MF 157-4, Spokojnaya River, October Revolution Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bars: A-D, F, G, K, S, 0.1 mm; E, H-J, M-O, Q, R, T, 0.2 mm; L, P, 0.3 mm.

FIG. 18 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 18. — Set of scales of Thelodus visvaldi n. sp.; A-G, head scales; H-T, trunk scales; A, B1, C-G, H1, I1, J-M1, N-T, scales in crown view; B2, scale in base view; H2, I2, M2, scales in lateral view; LIG 35-120-LIG 35-139; sample 5m, Pioneer Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIG. 17. — Thelodus visvaldi n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 17. — Thelodus visvaldi n. sp.; A, head scale; B, D-I, K-O, trunk scales; C, fin scale?; J, scale of unknown position; A-D, F-J, M-O, scales in crown view; E, N, scales in oblique lateral view; K, scale in lateral view; L, scale in base view; A, Pi 7541; B, Pi 7556; C, Pi 7549; D, E, Pi 7544; F, Pi 7542; G, LIG 35-903, the scale is lost; H, LIG 35-904; I, Pi 7545; J, Pi 7559; K, LIG 35-905; L, LIG 35- 906; M, Pi 7553; N, Pi 7554; O, Pi 7555; A-F, I, J, M-O, MF 34-1, Cape October, October Revolution Island; G, H, K, L, 5m-1, Pioneer Island; Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bars: A-C, F-K, M-O, 0.1 mm; D, E, L, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 13. — Valiukia flabellata n. gen., n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 13. — Valiukia flabellata n. gen., n. sp.; A, B, head scales; C-H, transitional scales; I, trunk(?) scale; J, K, posterior part of trunk scales; A-E, G, I, scales in crown view; F, magnified part of E; H, magnified part of G; J, K, scales in base view; A-H, LIG 35-838-LIG 35-843; I-K, LIG 35-848-LIG 35-850; sample 2-23, Matusevich River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 2. — A-I, Thelodus matukhini n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 2. — A-I, Thelodus matukhini n. sp., scales in crown view; A, LIG 35-859; B, holotype, LIG 35-860; C, LIG 35-861; D, LIG 35- 862; E, Pi 7552; F, Pi 7550; G, Pi 7547; H, Pi 7551; I, Pi 7557; A-D, sample 18041-14, Komsomolets Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian; E-I, sample MF 34-1, cape October (Octyabrskij), October Revolution Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian; J-Q, Loganellia cuneata (Gross, 1947); J, L, O-Q, scales in crown view; K, M, scales in oblique lateral crown view; N, a scale in lateral view; J-Q, LIG 35-863- LIG 35-870; sample 2-23, Matusevich River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bars: A, C, E-H, J-P, 0.1 mm; B, D, I, Q, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 9. — Paralogania wilsoni n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 9. — Paralogania wilsoni n. sp.; A, head scale; B-D, transitional scales; E-H, most probably the scales of leading edges of the fins; I-P, trunk scales; Q, a fin scale; A-D, F, G, I-Q, the scales in crown view; E, H, the scales in lateral view; A, Pi 7603; B, Pi 7594; C, Pi 7596; D, Pi 7601; E, Pi 7593; F, Pi 7591; G, Pi 7597; H, Pi 7602; I, Pi 7592; J, Pi 7599; K, Pi 7600; L, Pi 7595; M, holotype, Pi 7598; N, Pi 7590; O, Pi 7589; P, Pi 7587; Q, Pi 7588; sample MF 157-2, Spokojnaya River, October Revolution Island, Krasnaya Bukhta Formation, Pridoli, Upper Silurian. Scale bars: A-F, I, L, N-Q, 0.1 mm; G, H, J, K, M, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 11 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 11. — Selected transverse serial sections, illustrating the development of internal structures in Borealis cristiformis (T. Modzalevskaya, 1985) (N 31/12991). Measurements: length 29.1 mm, width 24.0 mm, thickness 22.2 mm; loc. 14, bed 10v, Vodopad Formation. Numbers on selected transverse sections indicate the distances (in mm) from ventral beak. Scale bar: 8 mm.

FIG. 13 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 13. — Harpidium sp., complete shell (N 37/12991), loc. 13, bed 27, Vodopad Formation; A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, posterior view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 10 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 10. — Borealis cristiformis (T. Modzalevskaya, 1985); A, dorsal view of a brachial valve (N 28/12991); B, internal longitudinal ventral septum (N 30/12991); C, D, complete slightly damaged shell (N 29/12991), loc. 14, bed 10b, Vodopad Formation; C, dorsal view; D, lateral view. Scale bars: A, B, 6 mm; C, D, 10 mm.

FIG. 9 in Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic)

FIG. 9. — Dalejina ex gr. hybrida (Sowerby in Murchison, 1839), complete shell (N 2/12991), loc. 13, bed 89, Vodopad Formation; A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, lateral view; D, anterior view. Scale bar: 3 mm.