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799 results for “Stick insects”
Data from: Loss and gain of sexual reproduction in the same stick insect
The outcome of competition between different reproductive strategies within a single species can be used to infer selective advantage of the winning strategy. Where multiple populations have independently lost or gained sexual reproduction it is possible to investigate whether the advantage is contingent on local conditions. In the New Zealand stick insect Clitarchus hookeri, three populations are distinguished by recent change in reproductive strategy and we determine their likely origins. One parthenogenetic population has established in the United Kingdom and we provide evidence that sexual reproduction has been lost in this population. We identify the sexual population from which the parthenogenetic population was derived, but show that the UK females have a post-mating barrier to fertilisation. We also demonstrate that two sexual populations have recently arisen in New Zealand within the natural range of the mtDNA lineage that otherwise characterizes parthenogenesis in this species. We infer independent origins of males at these two locations using microsatellite genotypes. In one population, a mixture of local and non-local alleles suggested males were the result of invasion. Males in another population were most likely the result of loss of an X chromosome that produced a male phenotype in situ. Two successful switches in reproductive strategy suggest local competitive advantage for outcrossing over parthenogenetic reproduction. Clitarchus hookeri provides remarkable evidence of repeated and rapid changes in reproductive strategy, with competitive outcomes dependent on local conditions.
Data from: De novo transcriptome analysis of the common New Zealand stick insect Clitarchus hookeri (Phasmatodea) reveals genes involved in olfaction, digestion and sexual reproduction
Phasmatodea, more commonly known as stick insects, have been poorly studied at the molecular level for several key traits, such as components of the sensory system and regulators of reproduction and development, impeding a deeper understanding of their functional biology. Here, we employ de novo transcriptome analysis to identify genes with primary functions related to female odour reception, digestion, and male sexual traits in the New Zealand common stick insect Clitarchus hookeri (White). The female olfactory gene repertoire revealed ten odorant binding proteins with three recently duplicated, 12 chemosensory proteins, 16 odorant receptors, and 17 ionotropic receptors. The majority of these olfactory genes were over-expressed in female antennae and have the inferred function of odorant reception. Others that were predominantly expressed in male terminalia (n = 3) and female midgut (n = 1) suggest they have a role in sexual reproduction and digestion, respectively. Over-represented transcripts in the midgut were enriched with digestive enzyme gene families. Clitarchus hookeri is likely to harbour nine members of an endogenous cellulase family (glycoside hydrolase family 9), two of which appear to be specific to the C. hookeri lineage. All of these cellulase sequences fall into four main phasmid clades and show gene duplication events occurred early in the diversification of Phasmatodea. In addition, C. hookeri genome is likely to express γ-proteobacteria pectinase transcripts that have recently been shown to be the result of horizontal transfer. We also predicted 711 male terminalia-enriched transcripts that are candidate accessory gland proteins, 28 of which were annotated to have molecular functions of peptidase activity and peptidase inhibitor activity, two groups being widely reported to regulate female reproduction through proteolytic cascades. Our study has yielded new insights into the genetic basis of odour detection, nutrient digestion, and male sexual traits in stick insects. The C. hookeri reference transcriptome, together with identified gene families, provides a comprehensive resource for studying the evolution of sensory perception, digestive systems, and reproductive success in phasmids.
Data from: Evolutionary dynamics of specialisation in herbivorous stick insects
Understanding the evolutionary dynamics underlying herbivorous insect mega-diversity requires investigating the ability of insects to shift and adapt to different host plants. Feeding experiments with nine related stick insect species revealed that insects retain the ability to use ancestral host plants after shifting to novel hosts, with host plant shifts generating fundamental feeding niche expansions. These expansions were however not accompanied by expansions of the realized feeding niches, as species on novel hosts are generally ecologically specialized. For shifts from angiosperm to chemically challenging conifer hosts, generalist fundamental feeding niches even evolved jointly with strong host plant specialization, indicating that host plant specialization is not driven by constraints imposed by plant chemistry. By coupling analyses of plant chemical compounds, fundamental and ecological feeding niches in multiple insect species, we provide novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics of host range expansion and contraction in herbivorous insects.
Data from: Neutral and selection-driven decay of sexual traits in asexual stick insects
Environmental shifts and lifestyle changes may result in formerly adaptive traits becoming non-functional or maladaptive. The subsequent decay of such traits highlights the importance of natural selection for adaptations, yet its causes have rarely been investigated. To study the fate of formerly adaptive traits after lifestyle changes, we evaluated sexual traits in five independently derived asexual lineages, including traits that are specific to males and therefore not exposed to selection. At least four of the asexual lineages retained the capacity to produce males that display normal courtship behaviours and are able to fertilize eggs of females from related sexual species. The maintenance of male traits may stem from pleiotropy, or from these traits only regressing via drift, which may require millions of years to generate phenotypic effects. By contrast, we found parallel decay of sexual traits in females. Asexual females produced altered airborne and contact signals, had modified sperm storage organs, and lost the ability to fertilize their eggs, impeding reversals to sexual reproduction. Female sexual traits were decayed even in recently derived asexuals, suggesting that trait changes following the evolution of asexuality, when they occur, proceed rapidly and are driven by selective processes rather than drift.
Data from: Fundamental and realized feeding niche breadths of sexual and asexual stick insects
The factors contributing to the maintenance of sex over asexuality in natural populations remain unclear. Ecological divergences between sexual and asexual lineages could help to maintain reproductive polymorphisms, at least transiently, but the consequences of asexuality for the evolution of ecological niches are unknown. Here, we investigated how niche breadths change in transitions from sexual reproduction to asexuality. We used host plant ranges as a proxy to compare the realized feeding niche breadths of five independently derived asexual Timema stick insects' species and their sexual relatives at both the species and population levels. Asexual species had a systematically narrower realized niche than sexual species, though this pattern was not apparent at the population level. To investigate how the narrower realized niches of asexual species arise, we performed feeding experiments to estimate fundamental niche breadths but found no systematic differences between reproductive modes. The narrow realized niches found in asexual species are therefore likely a consequence of biotic interactions such as predation or competition, that constrain realized niche size in asexuals more strongly than in sexuals.
FIGURE 10. Ctenomorpha gargantua female, c. 300 in Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species
FIGURE 10. Ctenomorpha gargantua female, c. 300 mm (by courtesy of T.G. FayneScott, via G. Monteith).
FIGURE 7. Ctenomorpha gargantua holotype male, showing a in Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species
FIGURE 7. Ctenomorpha gargantua holotype male, showing a) fore leg serration, b) ventral surface of mesonotum, showing glossy black area in centre (QMBA).
FIGURE 5 in Studies on the Australian stick insect genus Ctenomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), with the description of a new large species
FIGURE 5. Ctenomorpha marginipennis end of abdomen in female, lateral view. Data: Sydney, New South Wales, Andrew Sinclair R.N., Ctenomorpha chronus (Gray) det. K.H.L. Key, 1958 (BMNH, acquisition ref. [18]42–56).
FIGURE 2. Tithonophasma tithonus. A in Morphological and biological observations on the stick insect Tithonophasma tithonus (Gray, 1835) (Phasmida: Pseudophasmatidae: Pseudophasmatinae)
FIGURE 2. Tithonophasma tithonus. A. Head and prothorax in lateral view; opening of the defensive gland (arrow); B– C. Female, abdominal segments VII–X: B. lateral view; C. ventral view; D. Male, abdominal segments VII–X, lateral view; E. Male, anal segment in dorsal view; F. Male, vomer in ventral view. G–I. Capsule egg. G. Lateral view; H. Dorsal view; I. Anterior view. Abdominal sternum 7 (S7); abdominal terga 7–10 (T7–T10); cerci (Ce); paraprocts (Pa); poculum (Po); supra-anal plate (asterisk); subgenital plate (Su); vomer (Vo); thorn plates (arrowheads). Scale bar in millimeters [mm].
FIGURE 64 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 64. Singaporoidea normalis (Redtenbacher, 1908) n. comb. from Selatan Province, Central Sulawesi: A. ♀, habitus lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0103-9]; B. ♂, habitus lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0103-5]; C. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ seen laterally [coll. FH, No. 0103-7]; D. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ seen ventrally [coll. FH, No. 0103-9]; E. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ seen dorsally [coll. FH, No. 0103-9]; F. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ seen laterally [coll. FH, No. 0103-5]; G. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ seen ventro-laterally [coll. FH, No. 0103-5]; H. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ seen ventrally [coll. FH, No. 0103-5]; J. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ seen dorsally [coll. FH, No. 0103-5]; K. Head, pro-, mesothorax and tegmina of ♂ in dorso-lateral aspect [coll. FH, No. 0103-5]; L. Head, pro-, mesothorax and tegmina of ♀ in dorso-lateral aspect [coll. FH, No. 0103-7]; M. Eggs [coll. FH, No. 0103-E].
FIGURE 63. Nescicroa splendida n in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 63. Nescicroa splendida n. sp.: A. ♀ (PT), dorso-lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0785-2]; B. ♀ (PT), dorso-lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0785-1]; C. ♂ (PT), dorso-lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0785-4]; D. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ (PT) seen dorso-laterally [coll. FH, No. 0785-1]; E. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♂ (PT) seen dorso-laterally [coll. FH, No. 0785-4]; F. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ (PT) seen laterally [coll. FH, No. 0785-2]; G. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ (PT) seen dorsally [coll. FH, No. 0785-2]; H. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ (PT) seen ventrally [coll. FH, No. 0785-2]; J. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ (PT) seen dorsally [coll. FH, No. 0785-4]; K. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ (PT) seen ventrally [coll. FH, No. 0785-4].
FIGURE 67. Live insects. A in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 67. Live insects. A. ♀ of an as yet undescribed Moritasgus-species in a mossy montane forest at approximately 1620m on Gunung Balease NE of Palopo, Sulawesi Tengah (© Chien C. Lee); B. Acanthomenexenus horridus (Dohrn, 1910), ♂ (captive reared from Sangihe Island); C. Mating couple of Periphetes forcipatus (Bates, 1865).
FIGURE 58 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 58. Hemiplasta styligera (Bates, 1865), ♀: A. ♀ from Tatendeng-Eben, Buko District, dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0298-2]; B. ♀ from Tatendeng-Eben, Buko District, dorso-lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0298-3]; C. Head and prothorax of ♀ seen dorso-laterally [coll. FH, No. 0298-3]; D. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ seen dorsally [coll. FH, No. 0298-3]; E. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ seen ventrally [coll. FH, No. 0298-2]; F. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ with gonapophyses hidden within subgenital plate, lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0298-4]; G. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ with gonapophyses exposed, lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0298-3].
FIGURE 57 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 57. Hemiplasta rostrata (Redtenbacher, 1908) rev. stat. ♂, lectotype [MNCN]: A. Habitus, lateral view; B. Habitus, dorsal view; C. Terminal abdominal segment in lateral aspect.
FIGURE 55 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 55. Hemiplasta nigra (Hennemann, 1998) n. comb. ♂♂: A. habitus (PT), dorso-lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0298-1]; B. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ (PT) in lateral aspect [coll. FH, No. 0298-2]; C. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ (PT) in dorsal aspect [coll. FH, No. 0298-2]; D. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ (PT) in ventral aspect [coll. FH, No. 0298-2]; E. Close up of terminal two abdominal segments of ♂ (PT) in ventral aspect [coll. FH, No. 0298-2]; F. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♂ (PT) seen dorso-laterally [coll. FH, No. 0298-1].
FIGURE 53 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 53. Hemiplasta mustea (Bates, 1865) n. comb.: A. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ in lateral aspect [coll. FH, No. 0297-5]; B. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ in dorsal aspect [coll. FH, No. 0297-5]; C. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ in ventral aspect [coll. FH, No. 0297-5]; D. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ in lateral aspect [coll. FH, No. 0297-19]; E. Terminal abdominal segments of ♂ in dorsal aspect [coll. FH, No. 0297-19]; F. Terminal two abdominal segments of ♂ in ventral aspect, showing the vomer and elongate tube-like phallus "Phal" [coll. FH, No. 0297-19]; G. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♂ seen dorso-laterally [coll. FH, No. 0297- 32]; H. Head, pro- and mesothorax of ♀ seen dorso-laterally [coll. FH, No. 0297-9]; J. Egg, dorsal view [coll. FH, No. 0297-E]; K. Egg, lateral view [coll. FH, No. 0297-E]; L. Live mating couple (captive reared); M. Live ♀ (captive reared).
FIGURE 60. Necroscia malleoformia n in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 60. Necroscia malleoformia n. sp. ♂, holotype [MNHU]: A. Habitus, lateral view; B. Habitus dorso-lateral view; C. Terminal abdominal segments in lateral aspect; D. Terminal two abdominal segments seen ventrally; E. Head, pro- and mesothorax in dorso-lateral aspect.
FIGURE 54 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 54. Hemiplasta nigra (Hennemann, 1998) n. comb. ♀ [coll. FH, No. 0298-3]: A. Habitus, dorso-lateral view; B. Habitus, dorsal view; C. Head, pro- and mesothorax in dorso-lateral view; D. Terminal abdominal segments in lateral aspect E. Terminal abdominal segments in dorsal aspect; F. Terminal abdominal segments in ventral aspect.
FIGURE 50 in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 50. Hemiplasta spp., ♀♀: A. H. sarasinorum Günther, 1938 ♀ (HT), dorso-lateral view [NHMB]; B. Close up of metathorax of ♀ (HT) of H. sarasinorum Günther, 1938, showing tegmina and abbreviated alae [NHMB]; C. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ (HT) of H. sarasinorum Günther, 1938, seen laterally [NHMB]; D. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ (HT) of H. sarasinorum Günther, 1938, seen dorsally [NHMB]; E. H. aptera Günther, 1938 ♀ (HT), lateral view [NHMB]; F. Head and prothorax of ♀ (HT) of H. aptera Günther, 1938, seen laterally [NHMB]; G. Terminal abdominal segments of ♀ (HT) of H. aptera Günther, 1938, seen laterally [NHMB].
FIGURE 51. Hemiplasta flavifrons n in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 51. Hemiplasta flavifrons n. sp. ♂, holotype [MNHU]: A. Habitus, dorso-lateral view; B. Habitus, dorsal view; C. Head and prothorax seen dorso-laterally; D. Terminal abdominal segment in lateral aspect; E. Terminal abdominal segment in dorsal aspect; F. Terminal abdominal segment in ventral aspect.
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