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Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c).
Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Teebacia hughesii gen. et sp. nov. pollen from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure (d, e); b) Detail of detached reticulum showing inner surface of muri and scattered columellae; note the finely granular covering of the muri and columellae; c, d) Detail of reticulum showing the outer surface of muri with supratectal ornamentation of narrow ridges; note orbicules attached to the reticulum (d); e, f) Pollen grains showing loose, beaded, reticulum with long columellae; note continuous muri bordering the apertures and densely spaced minute orbicules lining the inner surface of the anther wall (e, arrowheads). Specimens, TV44-S136666 (holotype; a, d, e), TV44-S149207 (b, c, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (e, f), 3 Μm (b), 1.5 Μm (c), 1.2 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Teebacia hughesii gen. et sp. nov. pollen from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure (d, e); b) Detail of detached reticulum showing inner surface of muri and scattered columellae; note the finely granular covering of the muri and columellae; c, d) Detail of reticulum showing the outer surface of muri with supratectal ornamentation of narrow ridges; note orbicules attached to the reticulum (d); e, f) Pollen grains showing loose, beaded, reticulum with long columellae; note continuous muri bordering the apertures and densely spaced minute orbicules lining the inner surface of the anther wall (e, arrowheads). Specimens, TV44-S136666 (holotype; a, d, e), TV44-S149207 (b, c, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (e, f), 3 Μm (b), 1.5 Μm (c), 1.2 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h).
Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anthers and monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia brevicolumella gen. et sp. nov. from stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther partially split along the elongated sporangia; b) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther; c) Holotype; distal view of pollen grain from holotype showing the long colpus with a distinct margin and a heterobrochate reticulum; d) Distal view of pollen grain from a stamen fragment showing long colpus, colpus margin and heterobrochate reticulum; e) Inner surface of anther wall from stamen fragment showing densely spaced dentate orbicules; f) Lateral view of pollen grains from stamen showing the psilate to foveolate-microreticulate colpus margin; g) Detail of pollen grain from holotype showing the slightly rounded profile of the muri, the short, densely spaced columellae and the dentate orbicules. Specimens, TV44-S136662 (a), TV44-S149204 (b), TV44-S136760 (holotype; c, g), TV44-S148021 (d, e), TV44-S136752 (f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, d, f), 3 Μm (e, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anthers and monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia brevicolumella gen. et sp. nov. from stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther partially split along the elongated sporangia; b) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther; c) Holotype; distal view of pollen grain from holotype showing the long colpus with a distinct margin and a heterobrochate reticulum; d) Distal view of pollen grain from a stamen fragment showing long colpus, colpus margin and heterobrochate reticulum; e) Inner surface of anther wall from stamen fragment showing densely spaced dentate orbicules; f) Lateral view of pollen grains from stamen showing the psilate to foveolate-microreticulate colpus margin; g) Detail of pollen grain from holotype showing the slightly rounded profile of the muri, the short, densely spaced columellae and the dentate orbicules. Specimens, TV44-S136662 (a), TV44-S149204 (b), TV44-S136760 (holotype; c, g), TV44-S148021 (d, e), TV44-S136752 (f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, d, f), 3 Μm (e, g).
Text-fig. 35. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Pennicarpus sp. and monocolpate pollen of Pennipollis sp. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit of Pennicarpus sp. showing the poorly preserved fruit wall enclosing a single seed; b) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure (c, d); c, d) Pollen grains showing the loose reticulum bearing small spinules that are often in two rows; note the smooth surface of the foot layer, the absence of columellae, the continuous muri bordering the apertures and spiny orbicules (arrowheads). Specimens, TV38-S174609 (a), TV44-S148015 (b–d). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 35. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Pennicarpus sp. and monocolpate pollen of Pennipollis sp. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit of Pennicarpus sp. showing the poorly preserved fruit wall enclosing a single seed; b) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure (c, d); c, d) Pollen grains showing the loose reticulum bearing small spinules that are often in two rows; note the smooth surface of the foot layer, the absence of columellae, the continuous muri bordering the apertures and spiny orbicules (arrowheads). Specimens, TV38-S174609 (a), TV44-S148015 (b–d). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, d).
Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia intermedia sp. nov. from a pollen clump, probably fragment of a stamen (a–e) and anthers and pollen of Eckhartia sp. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b–d) Pollen grains viewed from distal (d) and proximal surfaces (b, c) showing the long colpus and well-developed reticulum with large and small luminae; e) Reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short columellae firmly attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the occasional small luminae; f, g) Fragments of narrow elongate anthers with same kind of pollen as in (i); h) Inner surface of anther wall showing small spherical orbicules; in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia intermedia sp. nov. from a pollen clump, probably fragment of a stamen (a–e) and anthers and pollen of Eckhartia sp. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b–d) Pollen grains viewed from distal (d) and proximal surfaces (b, c) showing the long colpus and well-developed reticulum with large and small luminae; e) Reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short columellae firmly attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the occasional small luminae; f, g) Fragments of narrow elongate anthers with same kind of pollen as in (i); h) Inner surface of anther wall showing small spherical orbicules;
Text-fig. 52. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Samylinaea punctata gen. et sp. nov from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump (probable stamen fragment) that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of pollen grain showing two colpi, granular aperture membrane, and punctate tectum; c) Orbicule showing very finely granular surface; d) Pollen wall showing short columellae, well-developed punctate tectum and slightly thinner foot layer; e–h) Pollen grains showing punctate tectum and the folds associated with the irregular development of the colpi. Specimen, TV44-S174565 (holotype; a–h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, e–h), 3 Μm (c, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 52. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Samylinaea punctata gen. et sp. nov from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump (probable stamen fragment) that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of pollen grain showing two colpi, granular aperture membrane, and punctate tectum; c) Orbicule showing very finely granular surface; d) Pollen wall showing short columellae, well-developed punctate tectum and slightly thinner foot layer; e–h) Pollen grains showing punctate tectum and the folds associated with the irregular development of the colpi. Specimen, TV44-S174565 (holotype; a–h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, e–h), 3 Μm (c, d).
Text-fig. 51. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Mcdougallia irregularis gen. et sp. nov. from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of tricolpate pollen grain showing the continuous psilate tectum in the apocolpium and the poorly developed discontinuous foveolate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpial areas, note irregular fold in tectum wall (arrowhead); c) Equatorial view of pollen grain showing the discontinuous tectum in the mesocolpial areas; d) Pollen grains showing variably developed tectum, colpi with a finely granular aperture membrane and the folds (arrowheads) associated with the irregular development of the colpi; e) Orbicule showing faintly striate surface; f) Pollen wall showing very short columellae, thin tectum and thin foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S148215 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 51. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Mcdougallia irregularis gen. et sp. nov. from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of tricolpate pollen grain showing the continuous psilate tectum in the apocolpium and the poorly developed discontinuous foveolate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpial areas, note irregular fold in tectum wall (arrowhead); c) Equatorial view of pollen grain showing the discontinuous tectum in the mesocolpial areas; d) Pollen grains showing variably developed tectum, colpi with a finely granular aperture membrane and the folds (arrowheads) associated with the irregular development of the colpi; e) Orbicule showing faintly striate surface; f) Pollen wall showing very short columellae, thin tectum and thin foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S148215 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e, f).
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the distal colpus and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; c–e) Equatorial (c) and distal views (d, e) of pollen grains showing the long distal colpus with granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; f) Detail of section through pollen wall showing thick tectum with fine striate ornamentation, perforated by punctae and supported by short stout columellae attached to the thin foot layer; g–h) Surface of tectum (g) and orbicule (h) showing fine striate ornamentation. Specimen, TV44-S149216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (f–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the distal colpus and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; c–e) Equatorial (c) and distal views (d, e) of pollen grains showing the long distal colpus with granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; f) Detail of section through pollen wall showing thick tectum with fine striate ornamentation, perforated by punctae and supported by short stout columellae attached to the thin foot layer; g–h) Surface of tectum (g) and orbicule (h) showing fine striate ornamentation. Specimen, TV44-S149216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (f–h).
Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dejaxia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump (possible single pollen sac) that yielded the pollen in this Textfigure; b, c) Group of almost spherical pollen grains showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum and abundant orbicules; d–g) Pollen grains showing the short colpi with a granular aperture membrane (d, f) and the irregularly undulating psilate tectum with scattered small perforations; note abundant orbicules (g); h) Pollen grain in proximal view showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum resulting from the depressions around the perforations in the pollen wall. Specimen, TV44-S137909 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dejaxia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump (possible single pollen sac) that yielded the pollen in this Textfigure; b, c) Group of almost spherical pollen grains showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum and abundant orbicules; d–g) Pollen grains showing the short colpi with a granular aperture membrane (d, f) and the irregularly undulating psilate tectum with scattered small perforations; note abundant orbicules (g); h) Pollen grain in proximal view showing the irregularly undulating psilate tectum resulting from the depressions around the perforations in the pollen wall. Specimen, TV44-S137909 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d–h).
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 28. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Goczania inaequalis sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in (b–f, k); b) Group of pollen grains showing distal and proximal surfaces and inner surface of anther wall with densely spaced orbicules; c) Inner surface of anther wall showing small, spherical orbicules with microechinate sculpturing; d, e, j–l) Pollen grains in distal and equatorial view (k) showing the long colpus with an irregular margin flanked by narrow bands of poorly differentiated microechinate; note that colpus is aligned perpendicular to the longest axes in elliptical grains and that the pollen wall is almost psilate around the equator and in the distal
Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fragmentary stamens (a, b) with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 1 (c–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamens; c–e) Distal view of pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture and the irregular verrucate aperture membrane; f) Proximal view of pollen grains showing dense reticulum; g) Section through the fractured pollen wall showing foot layer, columellae and muri with faint supratectal ornamentation. Specimens, TV44-S105013 (a, c, d), TV44-S105019 (b, e–g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c–f), 3 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fragmentary stamens (a, b) with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 1 (c–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamens; c–e) Distal view of pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture and the irregular verrucate aperture membrane; f) Proximal view of pollen grains showing dense reticulum; g) Section through the fractured pollen wall showing foot layer, columellae and muri with faint supratectal ornamentation. Specimens, TV44-S105013 (a, c, d), TV44-S105019 (b, e–g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c–f), 3 Μm (g).
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images (a, c, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images (b, e) of fruits and seeds of Serialis antiqua (a, b) and Serialis parva (c–e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Serialis antiqua lateral view of fruit showing smooth partly abraded fruit wall (a) and longitudinal section (b, SRXTM orthoslice yz0862) showing six closely adhering seeds, some of which are mature with well-preserved nutritive tissue; c–e) Serialis parva lateral view of fruit showing faint ribs (c), finely pitted seed surface with undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (d), and transverse section showing two closely adhering seeds (SRXTM orthoslice xy0913, e). Specimens, TV43-S174480 (a, b), TV43-S170076 (c), TV43-S170079 (d), TV43-S174477 (e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c, e), 50 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images (a, c, d) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images (b, e) of fruits and seeds of Serialis antiqua (a, b) and Serialis parva (c–e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Serialis antiqua lateral view of fruit showing smooth partly abraded fruit wall (a) and longitudinal section (b, SRXTM orthoslice yz0862) showing six closely adhering seeds, some of which are mature with well-preserved nutritive tissue; c–e) Serialis parva lateral view of fruit showing faint ribs (c), finely pitted seed surface with undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells (d), and transverse section showing two closely adhering seeds (SRXTM orthoslice xy0913, e). Specimens, TV43-S174480 (a, b), TV43-S170076 (c), TV43-S170079 (d), TV43-S174477 (e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c, e), 50 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 20. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Hedyflora (a–d), stamen with in situ Asteropollis sp. pollen (e–g), and Hedyosmum-like staminate inflorescence (h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hedyflora sp. 1, lateral and apical views of fruits showing the triangular cross-section, remains of three tepals, apical style and the three lateral "windows" in the hypanthium; c, d) Hedyflora sp. 2, lateral views of fruits showing three well-preserved tepals, apical style and the lateral "windows" in the hypanthium; note the papillae on the lateral wall and around the base of the style; e, f, g) Stamen (f) with in situ pollen of Asteropollis sp. showing the poorly defined star-shaped apertural area (e) and reticulate tectum, with the muri ornamented by small verrucae (g); h) Hedyosmum-like staminate inflorescence with five whorls of tetrasporangiate stamens. Specimens, TV43-S101749 (a, b), TV43-S101307 (c, d), TV44-S137917 (e–g), TV39-S101220 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f, h), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 20. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Hedyflora (a–d), stamen with in situ Asteropollis sp. pollen (e–g), and Hedyosmum-like staminate inflorescence (h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hedyflora sp. 1, lateral and apical views of fruits showing the triangular cross-section, remains of three tepals, apical style and the three lateral "windows" in the hypanthium; c, d) Hedyflora sp. 2, lateral views of fruits showing three well-preserved tepals, apical style and the lateral "windows" in the hypanthium; note the papillae on the lateral wall and around the base of the style; e, f, g) Stamen (f) with in situ pollen of Asteropollis sp. showing the poorly defined star-shaped apertural area (e) and reticulate tectum, with the muri ornamented by small verrucae (g); h) Hedyosmum-like staminate inflorescence with five whorls of tetrasporangiate stamens. Specimens, TV43-S101749 (a, b), TV43-S101307 (c, d), TV44-S137917 (e–g), TV39-S101220 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f, h), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (g).
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Selaginellales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hughesisporites galericulatus, lateral view of megaspore (a) with almost smooth surface and spore wall of thin elements forming a dense reticulum (b); c) Trileites sp., proximal view of megaspore with almost smooth surface and raised trilete mark; d–f) Rugotriletes sp., proximal (e) and lateral (f) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface ornamentation and prominent gula around the trilete mark and compact perforate spore wall (d); g, h) Erlansonisporites sp., distal (g) and lateral (h) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface and fibrous spore wall; i, j) Striatriletes sp. 1, megaspore in oblique proximal view (i) showing raised laesurae and irregular striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (j) showing dense packing of sculptural elements; k, l) Striatriletes sp. 2, megaspore in proximal view (k) showing trilete mark, striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (l) composed of loosely packed fibers; m) Striatriletes sp. 3, megaspore in proximal view showing raised trilete mark and striate-rugulate surface; n, o) Verrutriletes sp., megaspore in oblique proximal view (n) showing short laesurae of the trilete mark, and the dense verrucate surface (o); p) Megaspore sp. 1, oblique proximal view showing in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Selaginellales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hughesisporites galericulatus, lateral view of megaspore (a) with almost smooth surface and spore wall of thin elements forming a dense reticulum (b); c) Trileites sp., proximal view of megaspore with almost smooth surface and raised trilete mark; d–f) Rugotriletes sp., proximal (e) and lateral (f) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface ornamentation and prominent gula around the trilete mark and compact perforate spore wall (d); g, h) Erlansonisporites sp., distal (g) and lateral (h) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface and fibrous spore wall; i, j) Striatriletes sp. 1, megaspore in oblique proximal view (i) showing raised laesurae and irregular striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (j) showing dense packing of sculptural elements; k, l) Striatriletes sp. 2, megaspore in proximal view (k) showing trilete mark, striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (l) composed of loosely packed fibers; m) Striatriletes sp. 3, megaspore in proximal view showing raised trilete mark and striate-rugulate surface; n, o) Verrutriletes sp., megaspore in oblique proximal view (n) showing short laesurae of the trilete mark, and the dense verrucate surface (o); p) Megaspore sp. 1, oblique proximal view showing
Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h).
Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j).
Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).
Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g).
Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212) in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212)
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.