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685 results for “biotic”
Data from: Adaptive phenotypic divergence in an annual grass differs across biotic contexts
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Data from: Evaluating biotic and abiotic drivers of avian community mobbing responses along urban gradients in Southern California
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Trophic rewilding revives biotic resistance to shrub invasion
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Data from: Latitudinal patterns of herbivore pressure in a temperate herb support the biotic interactions hypothesis
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Managing biotic interactions during early seagrass life-stages to improve seed-based restoration
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Data from: Upper Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) marine gastropods from the Cleveland Basin, England: systematics, palaeobiogeography and contribution to biotic recovery from the early Toarcian extinction event
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CSR strategy shifts under biotic resistance and grazing drive invasion success of <em>Solanum rostratum</em> in northern China
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Data from: Biotic velocity identifies potential climate refugia beyond climate velocity estimates
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The relative role of climate and biotic interactions in shaping the range limits of a neotropical orchid
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Context dependency of biotic interactions and its relation to plant rarity
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Abiotic and biotic contexts shape the effect of disturbance on non-native plant invasion
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Latitudinal gradient in the intensity of biotic interactions in terrestrial ecosystems: Sources of variation and differences from the diversity gradient revealed by meta-analysis
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Total biomass of two native and one nonnative Eugenia congeners from growth chamber experiment with site, soil microbe, and temperature treatments to test biotic interaction effects of range expansion.
To assess the potential for invasive plants to shift ranges more readily than native plant species, a growth chamber experiment was set up to monitor changes in biomass under different site, temperature, and soil biota treatments. Total biomass (above and belowground) of three Eugenia congeners was assessed by site, soil microbe, and temperature treatments. Of the three congeneric shrub species, two are native to southern and central Florida (Eugenia foetida and E. axillaris,), and one is a non-native invasive from south America (E. uniflora). We measured total biomass for these plant species in growth chambers grown under live and sterile soils from two sites within their current range, and one site in their expected range, simulating current (2010) and predicted future (2050) spring growing season temperatures in the new range. The experiments took place from 2012 - 2013 in University of Central Florida growth chambers.
Data from: A framework for the integrated analysis of the magnitude, selectivity, and biotic effects of extinction and origination
The taxonomic and ecologic composition of Earth's biota has shifted dramatically through geologic time, with some clades going extinct while others diversified. Here, we derive a metric that quantifies the change in biotic composition due to extinction or origination and show that it equals the product of extinction/origination magnitude and selectivity (variation in magnitude among groups). We also define metrics that describe the extent to which a recovery (1) reinforced or reversed the effects of extinction on biotic composition and (2) changed composition in ways uncorrelated with the extinction. To demonstrate the approach, we analyzed an updated compilation of stratigraphic ranges of marine animal genera. We show that mass extinctions were not more selective than background intervals at the phylum level; rather, they tended to drive greater taxonomic change due to their higher magnitudes. Mass extinctions did not represent a separate class of events with respect to either strength of selectivity or effect. Similar observations apply to origination during recoveries from mass extinctions, and on average, extinction and origination were similarly selective and drove similar amounts of biotic change. Elevated origination during recoveries drove bursts of compositional change that varied considerably in effect. In some cases, origination partially reversed the effects of extinction, returning the biota towards the pre-extinction composition; in others, it reinforced the effects of the extinction, magnifying biotic change. Recoveries were as important as extinction events in shaping the marine biota, and their selectivity deserves systematic study alongside that of extinction.
Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant-pollinator community assembly across wildfire gradients
<p>1. Understanding how abiotic disturbance and biotic interactions determine pollinator and flowering-plant diversity is critically important given global climate change and widespread pollinator declines. To predict responses of pollinators and flowering-plant communities to changes in wildfire disturbance, a mechanistic understanding of how these two trophic levels respond to wildfire severity is needed.</p> <p>2. We compared site-to-site variation in community composition (β-diversity), species richness, and abundances of pollinators and flowering plants among landscapes with no recent wildfire (unburned), mixed-severity wildfire, and high-severity wildfire in three sites across the Northern Rockies Ecoregion, USA. We used variation partitioning to assess the relative contributions of wildfire, other abiotic variables (climate, soils, topography), and biotic associations among plant and pollinator composition to community assembly of both trophic levels.</p> <p>3. Wildfire disturbance generally increased species richness and total abundance, but decreased β-diversity, of both pollinators and flowering plants. However, reductions in β-diversity from wildfire appeared to result from increased abundances following fires, resulting in higher local species richness of pollinators and flowers in burned than unburned landscapes. After accounting for differences in abundance, standardized effect sizes of β-diversity were higher in burned than unburned landscapes, suggesting that wildfire enhances non-random assortment of pollinator and flowering-plant species among local communities.</p> <p>4. Wildfire disturbance mediated the relative importance of mutualistic associations to β-diversity of pollinators and flowering plants. The influence of pollinator β-diversity on flowering-plant β-diversity increased with wildfire severity, whereas the influence of flowering-plant β-diversity on pollinator β-diversity was greater in mixed-severity than high-severity wildfire or unburned landscapes. Moreover, biotic associations among pollinator and plant species explained substantial variation in β-diversity of both trophic levels beyond what could be explained by wildfire and all other abiotic and spatial factors combined.</p> <p>5. Synthesis: Wildfire disturbance and plant-pollinator interactions both strongly influence the assembly of pollinator and flowering-plant communities at local and regional scales. However, biotic interactions were generally more important drivers of community assembly in disturbed than undisturbed landscapes. As wildfire regimes continue to change globally, predicting its effects on biodiversity will require a deeper understanding of the ecological processes that mediate biotic interactions among linked trophic levels.</p>
Intrinsic biotic factors and micro-site conditions drive seedling survival in a species with masting reproduction
<p><span>1. Seedling recruitment following a masting event, where more fruits are produced in synchrony and intermittently compared to other species, plays a crucial role in determining species diversity and community structure. Such seedling recruitment can be super-abundant, but followed by high mortality shortly thereafter. Differences in biotic factors such seedling characteristics, competition and herbivory, and micro-site specific abiotic factors could determine seedling fate in space and time. </span></p> <p><span>2. In a subtropical forest in south China, for two years using censuses conducted every one to two months, we monitored 40 seed traps and 120, 1 m<sup>2</sup> quadrats in five 1-hectare plots located from 1400 m to 1850 m asl for the masting maple species, <i>Acer campbellii </i>subsp.<i> sinense </i>(Pax) P.C.DeJong . We measured biotic – conspecific and heterospecific seedling density, species richness, herbivory, seedling height and leaf number – and abiotic – canopy openness, slope, and aspect – factors to assess drivers of seedling survival and evaluated <i>A. campbellii </i>subsp.<i> sinense </i>presence in the soil seed bank (SSB).</span></p> <p><span>3. The masting seed dispersal peak and seedling emergence peak occurred between October 2017 and January 2018, and May 2018, respectively. Of 688 selected seedlings, mortality was 92.7% within one year. No seeds were observed in the SSB. Seedling height and leaf number positively affected seedling survival, while seed placement as measured by aspect also showed effects on survival. Conspecific and heterospecific density and herbivory did not show any clear effect. Higher probabilities of seedling survival were found in areas with larger canopy openness (≥ 12% canopy gap size) and in steeper micro-sites (≥ 35°). </span></p> <p><span>4. <i>Synthesis</i>. Masting is mainly studied as a population level phenomenon from the fruiting tree perspective. Our study of individual seedling fate revealed that intrinsic biotic factors and seed placement were key drivers of survival. Although biotic determinants such as competition from conspecifics or heterospecifics or herbivory did not determine survival, their ubiquitous presence may be an underlying equalizer in community dynamics where seedlings that overcome biotic pressures, if placed at the right micro-site, are at better odds at being recruited to the next life history stages. </span></p>
Data from: The biotic interactions hypothesis partially explains bird species turnover along a lowland Neotropical precipitation gradient
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> We evaluated the influence of climate in determining bird communities along precipitation gradients. We argue that mechanisms responsible for community turnover along precipitation gradients are similar to mechanisms operating along temperature and latitudinal gradients. We test the hypothesis that environmental conditions affect community composition in dry forests, whereas biotic interactions affect community composition in wet forests.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Low-elevation forests along a precipitation gradient in Colombia where precipitation ranges from 700 – 4000 mm annually but elevation and temperature remain constant.</p> <p><strong>Time period:</strong> Present day</p> <p><strong>Major Taxa Studied:</strong> Tropical Forest Birds.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We performed 291 bird counts in nine study areas across the ~3000 mm precipitation range. In each locality we obtained climatic characteristics, and a phylogenetic, morphological and physiological proxy data set to test predictions about the evolutionary relationships and distribution of traits.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Bird communities changed abruptly along the precipitation gradient and could be divided into dry and wet forest communities. Analyses of phylogenetic relationships, trait space, and observations at nests suggested that environmental filtering is more important in dry forest, especially for breeding. In contrast, we found little evidence that competition was more important in wet forest. Nest predation or competition for nest space, however, may be more critical in wetter forests.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The two distinct bird communities we documented suggest that lowland precipitation gradients, where temperature is constant, can be as important as temperature gradients in generating high beta diversity. We conclude that the breeding process in bird communities might be crucial for determining community assembly along environmental gradients. Given that recent population declines in tropical birds have been attributed to changes in precipitation, by understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly along precipitation gradients our study may improve our ability to understand those declines and predict the effects of climate change on neotropical avifauna.</p>
Data from: Abiotic and biotic context dependency of perennial crop yield
<p>Perennial crops in agricultural systems can increase sustainability and the magnitude of ecosystem services, but yield may depend upon biotic context, including soil mutualists, pathogens and cropping diversity. These biotic factors themselves may interact with abiotic factors such as drought. We tested whether perennial crop yield depended on soil microbes, water availability and crop diversity by testing monocultures and mixtures of three perennial crop species: a novel perennial grain (intermediate wheatgrass—<i>Thinopyrum intermedium</i>-- that produces the perennial grain Kernza®), a potential perennial oilseed crop (<i>Silphium intregrifolium</i>), and alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>). Perennial crop performance depended upon both water regime and the presence of living soil, most likely the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the whole soil inoculum from a long term perennial monoculture and from an undisturbed native remnant prairie. Specifically, both <i>Silphium</i> and alfalfa strongly benefit from AM fungi. The presence of native prairie AM fungi had a greater benefit to <i>Silphium </i>in dry pots and alfalfa in wet pots than AM fungi present in the perennial monoculture soil. Kernza did not benefit from AM fungi. Crop mixtures that included Kernza overyielded, but overyielding depended upon inoculation. Specifically, mixtures with Kernza overyielded most strongly in sterile soil as Kernza compensated for poor growth of <i>Silphium</i> and alfalfa. This study identifies importance of soil biota and the context dependence of benefits of native microbes and the overyielding of mixtures in perennial crops.</p>
Calcareous defense structures of prey mediate the effects of predation and biotic resistance towards the tropics
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Aims</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The importance of biotic interactions in creating and maintaining diversity is expected to increase toward low latitudes. However, the way in which predation affects diversity, can depend on how predators mediate competitive interactions and also on defensive traits of prey. Here we assessed the role of physical defences of prey to escape predation and how the importance of predation on community structure and diversity changes across latitude.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Location</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Six sites, in three regions distributed across 45 degrees of latitude in the Atlantic Ocean: a tropical region in Angola, a subtropical region in Brazil and a temperate region in Wales-UK.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Methods</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We manipulated predation on marine sessile communities, using exclusion cages and assessed community parameters, including their susceptibility to biological invasion during early and advanced succession.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Results</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Predation was more intense in the tropics and in advanced communities suggesting that predation effects increase through time. In the tropical region, predators reduced the number of co-occurring species and beta diversity, limited the occurrence of exotic species and promoted a change in the identity of the dominant organisms, replacing soft-bodied organisms with calcified animals. In the subtropical region, predation promoted a similar trait-mediated change in the identity of dominant prey, although it was not strong enough to affect diversity and did not prevent bioinvasion. In the temperate region other processes than predation seem to drive the community organization and resistance to invasion.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Main conclusions</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Our results support both Biotic Interaction and Biotic Resistance Hypotheses, showing that the importance of predation to biodiversity increases toward the tropics. In addition, where predation is intense, morphological traits of prey drive the final structure and dominance in the community. Our results suggest that physical defences are the main traits preventing predation, perhaps explaining why calcified organisms are among the most common invasive species in coastal habitats.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: No biotic homogenisation across decades but consistent effects of landscape position and pH on macrophyte communities in boreal lakes
<p>It has been predicted that spatial beta diversity shows a decreasing trend in the Anthropocene due to increasing human impact, causing biotic homogenisation. We aimed to discover if vascular aquatic macrophyte communities show different spatial patterns in beta diversity in relation to land use and environmental characteristics in different decades from 1940s to 2010s. We aimed to discover if spatial structures differ between species-, phylogeny- and functional-based beta diversity. We used presence-absence data of aquatic macrophytes from five decades from small boreal lakes. We utilized generalised dissimilarity modelling to analyse spatial patterns in beta diversity in relation to environmental gradients. We found that lake elevation and pH were the most important variables in each decade, while land use was not particularly important in shaping beta diversity patterns. We did not find signs of a decreasing trend in spatial beta diversity in our study area during the past 70 years. We did not find signs of either biotic homogenisation or biotic differentiation (taxonomic, phylogenetic or functional). Vascular aquatic macrophyte communities showed only slightly different beta diversity patterns in relation to human impact across decades. The patterns of different facets of beta diversity diverged only slightly from each other. Lake position in the landscape, reflecting both natural connectivity and lake characteristics, explained the patterns found in beta diversity, probably because our study area has faced only modest changes in land use from 1940s to 2010s when compared globally. Our study highlights the fact that biotic homogenisation is not an unambiguous process acting similarly at all spatial and temporal scales or in different environments and different organism groups.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.