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Figure 8 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 8. The type series of Urbanus (Urbanus) oplerorum sp. n. a) holotype ♀ NVG-14112E06, b) paratype ♀ NVG-17067E10, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views, data in text.
Figure 30 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 30. Genitalia of Aguna mcguirei sp. n. holotype (data in text) in different views. a) left lateral, b) left posterolateral, c) ventral, d) dorsal.
Figure 19 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 19. Ultimate instar caterpillars and pupa of Telegonus tsongae sp. n., USA: Texas, Starr Co., 2007. a–i) 5th instar caterpillar, j) prepupa, k) pupa within an hour of molting of the caterpillar shown in j), l) the same pupa with developed white bloom several hours after molting; a–c) 28-Nov, the same individual, d) 3-Dec, e, i. 9-Dec, the same individual, f) 16-Dec, j) 17-Dec, k) 18-Dec, g, l) 19 Dec; h) 30-Dec.
Figure 26 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 26. Two species of Epargyreus. a) Possible E. fractigutta sp. n., iNaturalist observation 61025624 USA: Texas, Hidalgo County, Mission area, details "obscured", Sep-2020 © Beverly Pardue, the image is brightened, flipped, and rotated. b–f) The type series of E. fractigutta sp. n. b) holotype, NVG-14111F08 USA: TX, others are paratypes, detailed data in text. c) NVG-17097A09 MX: Chiapas, d) NVG-17097A08 MX: SLP, e) NVG- 17098A07 Panama, f) NVG-19124E11 MX: Veracruz. g–k) Epargyreus cruza. g) holotype [BMNH] © of the Trustees of the Natural History Museum London, others are in USNM. h) NVG-17097A06 Honduras. i) NVG- 16107G11, 09-SRNP-76379 Costa Rica. j) NVG-17097B06 Panama, k) NVG-17097B05 Panama. Gray F indicates that the image is flipped (left-right inverted). Photographs a) and g) are made available under CC BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Figure 33 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 33. Three species of Polygonus, iNaturalist observations. a) P. pardus sp. n. 21129976 USA: TX, Hidalgo Co., Estero Llano Grande State Park, 16-Nov-2018 © Susan Blayney. b) P. punctus 90418403 Guadeloupe: Terrede-Haut, 15-Jun-2021 © ombeline_sculfort. c) P. savigny 40923980 Brazil: Paraná, Curitiba, 8-Mar-2020 © sergiomessias. Some images are color-corrected and/or rotated. CC BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Figure 13 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 13. Genitalia of Telegonus tsongae sp. n. paratype NVG-3422 (data in text) in different views. a) left lateral, b) left posterolateral, c) dorsal, d) ventral.
Figure 29 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 29. Two species of Aguna, iNaturalist observations. a–b) A. mcguirei sp. n. USA: TX, Hidalgo Co: a) 110235614 Estero Llano Grande State Park, 5-Nov-2014 © Mark + Holly Salvato. b) 123646178 Mission, 1- Nov-2012 © John Rosford. c–d) A. metophis. c) 130511769 Brazil: Minas Gerais, 12-Aug-2022 © Carlos Otávio Gussoni. d) 122340621 Brazil: São Paulo, Rio Claro, 7-Jan-2020 © Carlos Otávio Gussoni. Some images are colorcorrected, rotated, and/or flipped. CC BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
Figure 17 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 17. Eggs and earlier instar caterpillars of Telegonus tsongae sp. n., USA: Texas, Starr Co., 2007. a–e) eggs, f) eggshell, g–p) 1st instar, q–z) 2rd instar. d, f, k, m) 3-Nov, a, b, c, l, n, o) 4-Nov, p) 5-Nov, r–s) 6-Nov, e, q, t, v) 7-Nov, g, h, i, j, w, x) 8-Nov, u, y, z) 20-Nov.
Figure 16 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 16. Shelters of early instar caterpillars of Telegonus tsongae sp. n., USA: Texas, Starr Co., Roma Creek, 3-Nov-2007 (except i–j. on 7-Nov). a–e) leaves with feeding damage and abandoned shelters, b, d) an eggshell beneath the leaves, indicated by a yellow arrow and enlarged in b') and d'); e) two shelters on one leaf; f–j) shelters with caterpillars, closed (natural appearance, f, i) and teared-open (for photography, g, h, j); arrows indicate silkpads to fold the shelter (at the base, 1) and to secure it to the leaf (at the tip, 2).
Figure 14 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 14. Caterpillar foodplant and habitat of Telegonus tsongae sp. n., USA: Texas, Starr Co., Roma Creek, 3- Nov-2007. a, b, d) Karwinskia humboldtiana, a) growing in the open, not readily used for oviposition, b) flowers, c) shaded section of an arroyo (destroyed by now), a typical habitat of immature stages, d) enlarged leaves.
Pattern variation is linked to anti-predator colouration in butterfly larvae
<p>Prey animals typically try to avoid being detected and/or advertise to would-be predators that they should be avoided. Both anti-predator strategies primarily rely on colour to succeed, but the specific patterning used is also important. While the role of patterning in camouflage is relatively clear, the design features of aposematic patterns are less well understood. Here, we use a comparative approach to investigate how pattern use varies across a phylogeny of 268 species of cryptic and aposematic butterfly larvae, which also vary in social behaviour. We find that longitudinal stripes are used more frequently by cryptic larvae and that patterns putatively linked to crypsis are more likely to be used by solitary larvae. In contrast, aposematic larvae are more likely to use horizontal bands and spots, but we find no differences in the use of individual pattern elements between solitary and gregarious aposematic species. However, solitary aposematic larvae are more likely to display multiple pattern elements, whereas those with no pattern are more likely to be gregarious. Our study advances our understanding of how pattern variation, colouration and social behaviour co-vary across lepidopteran larvae, and highlights new questions about how patterning affects larval detectability and predator responses to aposematic prey.</p>
Figs 1, 2. Micromoths from Kunashir Island, dorsal view. 1 in Autumn moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) new for the fauna of Kunashir Island
Figs 1, 2. Micromoths from Kunashir Island, dorsal view. 1 – Deuterogonia kamonjii Fujisawa, 1991, ♀ (Oecophoridae); 2 – Epinotia autumnalis Oku, 2005, ♀ (Tortricidae).
Fig.3 in A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins
Fig.3 | Relativemeandispersalratesofbutterfliesbetweenbioregions. Numbersbesideeacharrowareaverageratesfrom 1,000 simulationsusing biogeographicstochasticmappingin BioGeoBEARS. Thesenumbersweredividedby 100 foreaseof comparison (rawvaluescanbefoundin Supplementary Data 5). E., Eastern;W., Western.
Fig. 1 in A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins
Fig. 1 | Evolutionaryrelationshipsanddiversificationpatternsofbutterflies. Time-calibratedtreeof 2,244 butterflyspeciesbasedon 391 loci and 150 amino acidpartitions.Branchesshowdistinctchangesindiversification (circles) asestimatedbyclade-specificmodels.Lettersatnodesrefertocladeswith significantrateshifts (seesection 6 of Supplementary Results).Colouredlines intheouterringbesidetipsindicateassociationwithoneof the 13 hostmodules (seesection 17 of Extended Online Methods).Blacklinesinthehostassociation ringindicatespecieswithoutdata,andasterisksdenotenon-monophyletic subfamilies.Supplementary Fig. 1 showsthistreewithvisiblespeciesnamesand agesforallnodes.
Fig. 2 in A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins
Fig. 2 | Distributionofbutterfliesovertime. Bioregionshadingindicatesthenumberofbutterflylineagesthatwereassociatedwiththatbioregionduringthattime period,asdeterminedby BioGeoBEARSancestralstatereconstruction.Eachmapcorrespondstoa 15-Maintervalofbutterfly evolution.Resultsarebasedon data fromthisstudy.
Long-term spatial memory, across large spatial scales, in Heliconius butterflies
<p>Data accompanying "Long-term spatial memory, across large spatial scales, in <em>Heliconius </em>butterflies", <em>Current Biology </em>2023:</p> <p> </p> <p>exp1.csv. Behavioural data from experiment 1.</p> <p>exp2.csv. Behavioural data from experiment 2.</p> <p>exp3.csv. Behavioural data from experiment 3.</p> <p>Exp1&2.csv. Behavioural data comparing experiment 1 and 2.</p> <p>Exp1byDay.csv. Behavioural data for experiment 1 split by day.</p> <p>Exp2byDay.csv. Behavioural data for experiment 2 split by day.</p> <p>Exp3byDay.csv. Behavioural data for experiment 3 split by day.</p> <p>exp1.R. R code for experiment 1 analysis.</p> <p>exp2.R. R code for experiment 2 analysis.</p> <p>exp3.R. R code for experiment 3 analysis.</p> <p>exp1vsExp2.R. R code for comparing experiment 1 and 2.</p>
Figure 4 in Riodinid butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera) of the Cosñipata Region, Peru: Annotated checklist, community structure, and contrast with Lycaenidae
Figure 4. Proportion of species recorded from January to the given month for Riodinidae (398 species) and Lycaenidae (342 species). Using a two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for cumulative distributions differences, D-stat = 0.101443, D-crit = 0.0992, p = 0.042.
Figure 3 in Riodinid butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera) of the Cosñipata Region, Peru: Annotated checklist, community structure, and contrast with Lycaenidae
Figure 3. Proportion of species recorded below a given elevation for Riodinidae (398 species) and Lycaenidae (342 species). Using a two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for cumulative distributions differences, D-stat = 0.16650504, D-crit = 0.099199506, p = 6.13109E-05.
Evolution of butterfly seasonal plasticity driven by climate change varies across life stages
<p>Photoperiod is a common cue for seasonal plasticity and phenology, but climate change can create cue-environment mismatches for organisms that rely on it. Evolution could potentially correct these mismatches, but phenology often depends on multiple plastic decisions made during different life stages and seasons that may evolve separately. For example, <em>Pararge aegeria</em> (Speckled wood butterfly) has photoperiod-cued seasonal life history plasticity in two different life stages: larval development time and pupal diapause. We tested for climate-change-associated evolution of this plasticity by replicating common garden experiments conducted on two Swedish populations 30 years ago. We found evidence for evolutionary change in the contemporary larval reaction norm—although these changes differed between populations—but no evidence for evolution of the pupal reaction norm. This variation in evolution across life stages demonstrates the need to consider how climate change affects the whole life cycle to understand its impacts on phenology.</p>
Figures 2-10. L in Butterfly surveys in Albania during 2014 including the discovery of two new species for the country
Figures 2-10. L. ottomana from Bënçë, 5 km. S of Tepelenë, Gjirokastër county, Albania. Fig. 2: Ova, 26.V.2014. Fig. 3: L1 larvae on Rumex acetosa, 26.V.2014. Fig. 4-5: Final instar larva, 18-20.VI.2014. Fig. 6: Pupa, 20.VI.2014. Fig. 7: Adult ♂, ex ova, 30.VI.2014. Fig. 8: Adult ♂, ex ova, 05.VII.2014. Figs. 9-10: Adult ♀♀, ex ova, 07.VII.2014. (Photographs: Martin Gascoigne-Pees).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.