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596 results for “cast”
Sealing in terracotta impressed with a cast of a Yaudheya coin; smooth on the reverse.
<p>Sealing in terracotta impressed with a cast of a Yaudheya coin; smooth on the reverse. British Museum 1892,1014.50.c.</p>
SEM images of gold palladium coated epoxy casts. Scale = 0.60 mm in Late Middle Eocene bats from the Creechbarrow Limestone Formation, Dorset, southern England with description of a new species of Archaeonycteris (Chiroptera: Archaeonycteridae)
SEM images of gold palladium coated epoxy casts. Scale = 0.60 mm
Data from: The transcriptomic and evolutionary signature of social interactions regulating honey bee caste development
The caste fate of developing female honey bee larvae is strictly socially regulated by adult nurse workers. As a result of this social regulation, nurse-expressed genes as well as larval-expressed genes may affect caste expression and evolution. We used a novel transcriptomic approach to identify genes with putative direct and indirect effects on honey bee caste development, and we subsequently studied the relative rates of molecular evolution at these caste-associated genes. We experimentally induced the production of new queens by removing the current colony queen, and we used RNA sequencing to study the gene expression profiles of both developing larvae and their caregiving nurses before and after queen removal. By comparing the gene expression profiles of queen-destined versus worker-destined larvae as well as nurses observed feeding these two types of larvae, we identified larval and nurse genes associated with caste development. Of 950 differentially expressed genes associated with caste, 82% were expressed in larvae with putative direct effects on larval caste, and 18% were expressed in nurses with putative indirect effects on caste. Estimated selection coefficients suggest that both nurse and larval genes putatively associated with caste are rapidly evolving, especially those genes associated with worker development. Altogether, our results suggest that indirect effect genes play important roles in both the expression and evolution of socially influenced traits such as caste.
Data from: Random sperm use and genetic effects on worker caste fate in Atta colombica leaf-cutting ants
Sperm competition can produce fascinating adaptations with far-reaching evolutionary consequences. Social taxa make particularly interesting models, because the outcome of sexual selection determines the genetic composition of groups, with attendant sociobiological consequences. Here, we use molecular tools to uncover some of the mechanisms and consequences of sperm competition in the leaf-cutting ant Atta colombica, a species with extreme worker size polymorphism. Competitive PCR allowed quantification of the relative numbers of sperm stored by queens from different males, and offspring genotyping revealed how sperm number translated into paternity of eggs and adult workers. We demonstrate that fertilisation success is directly related to sperm numbers, that stored sperm are well mixed and that egg paternity is constant over time. Moreover, worker size was found to have a considerable genetic component, despite expectations that genetic effects on caste fate should be reduced in species with a low degree of polyandry. Our data suggest that sexual conflict over paternity is largely resolved by the lifetime commitment between mates generated by long-term sperm storage, and show that genetic variation for caste can persist in societies with comparatively high relatedness.
Data from: Caste ratio adjustments in response to perceived and realised competition in parasites with division of labour
1. Colonial organisms with division of labour are assumed to achieve increased colony-level efficiency in task performance through functional specialisation of individuals into distinct castes. In social insects, ratios of individuals in different castes can adjust adaptively in response to external threats. However, whether flexibility in caste ratio also occurs in other social organisms with division of labour remains unclear. Some parasitic trematodes, in which clonal colonies within the snail intermediate host comprise a reproductive caste and a soldier caste, offer good systems to test the general nature of adaptive caste ratio adjustments. 2. Using the trematode Philophthalmus sp. as model, we test whether trematode colonies shift their composition toward more soldiers when exposed to a sustained risk of invasion by a competitor parasite species, and/or when experiencing sustained, active competition. We also quantify the colony-level fitness impact of caste ratio adjustments, measured as the colony's output of larval infective stages. 3. We conducted two long-term laboratory experiments on within-snail trematode colonies. First, snails harbouring Philophthalmus colonies were exposed to different levels of invasion risk by another trematode species, Maritrema novaezealandense. Second, the structure of Philophthalmus colonies was quantified after a year-long period of within-snail competition with the other trematode species. 4. When facing the risk of invasion by a competitor, independently of the level of risk, Philophthalmus colonies showed a significant shift toward producing more soldiers, resulting in altered caste ratio. Similarly, when experiencing actual competition by another trematode established in the same snail, Philophthalmus colonies also adjusted by producing significantly more soldiers. Greater investments in defense via more soldiers had negative impacts on the establishment and size of the competitor's colonies. Nevertheless, the presence of the competitor reduced the fitness (output of infective stages) of Philophthalmus colonies, although the production of more soldiers mitigated that effect. 5. Our findings demonstrate that trematode colonies with division of labour are capable of adaptive caste ratio adjustments in response to both the perceived threat of competition, and actual competition, with trade-offs against reproductive success only apparent when soldier numbers are very high. Combined with results on social insects, our study suggests parallel adaptations of colonial organisms in phylogenetically disparate organisms.
Data from: Evolution of thorax architecture in ant castes highlights trade-off between flight and ground behaviors
The concerted evolution of morphological and behavioral specializations has compelling examples in ant castes. Unique to ants is a marked divergence between winged queens and wingless workers, but morphological specializations for behaviors on the ground have been overlooked. We analyzed thorax morphology of queens and workers in species from 21 of the 25 ant subfamilies. We uncovered unique skeletomuscular modifications in workers that presumably increase power and flexibility of head–thorax articulation, emphasizing that workers are not simply wingless versions of queens. We also identified two distinct types of queens and showed repeated evolutionary associations with strategies of colony foundation. Solitary founding queens that hunt have a more worker-like thorax. Our results reveal that ants invest in the relative size of thorax segments according to their tasks. Versatility of head movements allows for better manipulation of food and objects, which arguably contributed to the ants' ecological and evolutionary success.
Data from: Cohort feasibility study of an intermittent pneumatic compression device within a below-knee cast for the prevention of venous thromboembolism
Objectives: To determine the likely enrolment rate of eligible participants into a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in which a within-cast intermittent pneumatic compression device using Jet Impulse Technology (IPC/JIT) is 1 of 3 possible interventions in a RCT for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the clinical setting of isolated lower limb cast immobilisation. Design: A prospective, open-label feasibility study of the IPC/JIT device placed within a lower limb cast. Setting: Wellington Regional Hospital Fracture Clinic. Participants: Individuals aged 18–70 who presented with a lower limb injury requiring a minimum of 4 weeks below-knee cast immobilisation. Intervention: Placement of an IPC/JIT device within lower limb cast. Outcome measures: The main outcome measure was the proportion of eligible participants who participated in the feasibility study. Secondary outcome measures included adherence to device usage throughout the study, ease of application of the device and adverse events potentially associated with its use. Results: The proportion of potentially eligible participants for the IPC/JIT device was only 7/142 (5%), 95% CI 2 to 9.9. Devices were used for a mean (range) of 4.1 (1.9 to 10.2) hours per day and none of 7 participants had adequate adherence to the device. 3 of the 7 participants suffered an adverse event, including 1 deep vein thrombosis, 2 dorsal foot ulcer and 1 skin maceration. Conclusions: A within-cast IPC/JIT device is unlikely to be a feasible randomisation arm for a RCT assessing possible interventions for the reduction of VTE risk in the clinical setting of lower limb injury requiring below knee cast immobilisation for a minimum of 4 weeks.
Data from: Genetic components to caste allocation in a multiple-queen ant species
Reproductive division of labor and the coexistence of distinct castes are hallmarks of insect societies. In social insect species with multiple queens per colony, the fitness of nestmate queens directly depends on the process of caste allocation (i.e., the relative investment in queen, sterile worker and male production). The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic components to the process of caste allocation in a multiple-queen ant species. We conducted controlled crosses in the Argentine ant Linepithema humile and established single-queen colonies to identify maternal and paternal family effects on the relative production of new queens, workers and males. There were significant effects of parental genetic backgrounds on various aspects of caste allocation: the paternal lineage affected the proportion of queens and workers produced while the proportions of queens and males, and females and males were influenced by the interaction between parental lineages. In addition to revealing non-additive genetic effects on female caste determination in a multiple-queen ant species, this study reveals strong genetic compatibility effects between parental genomes on caste allocation components.
FIGURE 4 in RedIscovery of the rare ant genus Bannapone (Hymenoptera: FormIcIdae: AmblyoponInae) and descrIptIon of the worker caste
FIGURE 4. Bannapone scrobiceps sp. n., dorsum of holotype worker (Yunnan, CASENT0339957).
FIGURE 3 in RedIscovery of the rare ant genus Bannapone (Hymenoptera: FormIcIdae: AmblyoponInae) and descrIptIon of the worker caste
FIGURE 3. Bannapone scrobiceps sp. n., profile of holotype worker (Yunnan, CASENT0339957).
FIGURE 2 in RedIscovery of the rare ant genus Bannapone (Hymenoptera: FormIcIdae: AmblyoponInae) and descrIptIon of the worker caste
FIGURE 2. Bannapone scrobiceps sp. n., head of holotype worker (Yunnan, CASENT0339957).
FIGURES 9–10 in Discovery of the worker caste and descriptions of two new species of Anomalomyrma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) with unique abdominal morphology
FIGURES 9–10. Anomalomyrma sp., alate gyne. FIGURE 9. Wings; FIGURE 10. Body in lateral view.
Fig 18 in Taxonomy of Temnothorax simlensis stat. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with first description of sexual castes along with a mention of its plesiobiotic association with Himalayan species of genus Myrmica
Fig 18. Map showing the distribution of Temnothorax simlensis and Temnothorax rothneyi.
Figs 16, 17. 16- casent 0909055-T in Taxonomy of Temnothorax simlensis stat. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with first description of sexual castes along with a mention of its plesiobiotic association with Himalayan species of genus Myrmica
Figs 16, 17. 16- casent 0909055-T. rothneyi simlensis; 17- casent 0909054- T. rothneyi.
FIGURE 1. Ebogotermes raphaeli worker. A in Ebogotermes raphaeli, new genus and new species, an African soldierless termite described from the worker caste (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae)
FIGURE 1. Ebogotermes raphaeli worker. A) Lateral and B) dorsal views of the head and pronotum.
a-wis/GT-migr-forecasts: Now-casting Romanian Migration into the United Kingdom by Using Google Search Engine Data
<p>This release contains:</p> <ul> <li>data on international migration from Romania to the UK from the International Passenger Survey,</li> <li>data on interest in migration obtained from Google Trends,</li> <li>example file on how to gather data from Google Trends,</li> <li>R and Stan code to analyse these data, including updated code for producing plots as shown in the article.</li> </ul>
Fig. 50. LDA allocation results for A. guineensis and A in A revision of the Afrotropical species of the Dorylinae ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on the worker caste
Fig. 50. LDA allocation results for A. guineensis and A. rotundatus.
Fig. 53 in A revision of the Afrotropical species of the Dorylinae ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on the worker caste
Fig. 53. Distribution of A. jacki sp. nov.
Fig. 46 in A revision of the Afrotropical species of the Dorylinae ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on the worker caste
Fig. 46. Indexes of A. guineensis and A. rotundatus.
Fig. 45 in A revision of the Afrotropical species of the Dorylinae ant genus Aenictus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on the worker caste
Fig. 45. Measurements of A. guineensis and A. rotundatus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.