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2,911 results for “dispersal”
Seed dispersal syndrome predicts ethanol concentration of fruits in a tropical dry forest
<p><span>Studying fruit traits and their interactions with seed dispersers can improve how we interpret patterns of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and evolution. Mounting evidence suggests that fruit ethanol is common, variable, and may exert selective pressures on seed dispersers. To test this, we comprehensively assess fruit ethanol content in a wild ecosystem and explore sources of variation. We hypothesise that both phylogeny and seed dispersal syndrome explain variation in ethanol levels, and we predict that fruits with mammalian dispersal traits will contain higher levels of ethanol than those with bird dispersal traits. We measured ripe fruit ethanol content in species with mammal- (n = 16), bird- (n = 14), or mixed-dispersal (n = 7) syndromes in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest. Seventy-eight percent of fruit species yielded measurable ethanol concentrations. We detected a phylogenetic signal in maximum ethanol levels (Pagel's λ = 0.82). Controlling for phylogeny, we observed greater ethanol concentrations in mammal-dispersed fruits, indicating that dispersal syndrome helps explain variation in ethanol content and that mammals may be more exposed to ethanol in their diets than birds. Our findings further our understanding of wild fruit ethanol and its potential role as a selective pressure on frugivore sensory systems and metabolism.</span></p>
Dataset of historical prediction of ash dispersal of the Sakurajima Taisho eruption
<p>This dataset contains all outputs of the VATDM simulation of the Sakurajima Taisho eruption using the PUFF model with GSM-GPV as the wind fields from July 2018 to December 2022. The details of the simulation process and the model inputs follow Rahadianto et al. (2022). Each file describes the location (latitude and longitude) of the deposit with its depth in cm for each prediction lead time in descending order (24, 18, 12, 6, 0 hours ahead). Only CSV format is available, and each file named based on the date of the simulation, grouped within a yearly folder. Please extract the zip file to access each file.</p>
Freeform topology optimized, dispersive nanostructures for field confinement
<p>Provides the 3D topology optimized nanostructures as STL files, as well as the Lumerical files used to validate their performance presented in the article "Time-Domain Topology Optimization of Arbitrary Dispersive Materials for Broadband 3D Nanophotonics Inverse Design" (https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00572).</p>
Testing relationships between multiple regional features and biogeographic processes of speciation, extinction, and dispersal
<p>The spatial and environmental features of regions where clades are evolving are expected to impact biogeographic processes such as speciation, extinction, and dispersal. Any number of regional features (such as altitude, distance, area, etc.) may be directly or indirectly related to these processes. For example, it may be that distances or differences in altitude or both may limit dispersal rates. However, it is difficult to disentangle which features are most strongly related to rates of different processes. Here, we present an extensible Multi-feature Feature-Informed GeoSSE (MultiFIG) model that allows for the simultaneous investigation of any number of regional features. MultiFIG provides a conceptual framework for incorporating large numbers of features of different types, including categorical, quantitative, within-region, and between-region features, along with a mathematical framework for translating those features into biogeographic rates for statistical hypothesis testing. Using traditional Bayesian parameter estimation and reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo, MultiFIG allows for the exploration of models with different numbers and combinations of feature-effect parameters, and generates estimates for the strengths of relationships between each regional feature and core process. We validate this model with a simulation study covering a range of scenarios with different numbers of regions, tree sizes, and feature values. We also demonstrate the application of MultiFIG with an empirical case study of the South American lizard genus <em>Liolaemus</em>, investigating sixteen regional features related to area, distance, and altitude. Our results show two important feature-process relationships: a negative distance/dispersal relationship, and a negative area/extinction relationship. Interestingly, although speciation rates were found to be higher in Andean versus non-Andean regions, the model did not assign significance to Andean- or altitude-related parameters. These results highlight the need to consider multiple regional features in biogeographic hypothesis testing.</p>
Data Set For Efficient Calculation of Dispersion Energy for Multireference Systems with Cholesky Decomposition. Application to Excited-state Interactions
<p>Data Set to Accompany:</p> <p>"Efficient Calculation of Dispersion Energy for Multireference Systems with Cholesky Decomposition. Application to Excited-state Interactions"</p>
Genetic architecture of dispersal behaviour in the post-harvest pest and model organism Tribolium castaneum
<p>Dispersal behaviour is an important aspect of the life-history of animals. However, the genetic architecture of dispersal related traits is often obscure or unknown, even in well studied species.<em> Tribolium castaneum</em> is a globally significant post-harvest pest and established model organism, yet studies of its dispersal have shown ambiguous results and the genetic basis of this behaviour remains unresolved. We combine experimental evolution and agent-based modelling to investigate the number of loci underlying dispersal in <em>T.castaneum</em>, and whether the trait is sex-linked. Our findings demonstrate rapid evolution of dispersal behaviour under selection. We find no evidence of sex-biases in the dispersal behaviour of the offspring of crosses, supporting an autosomal genetic basis of the trait. Moreover, simulated data approximates experimental data under simulated scenarios where the dispersal trait is controlled by one or few loci, but not many loci. Levels of dispersal in experimentally inbred lines, compared with simulations, indicate that a single locus model is not well supported. Taken together, these lines of evidence support an oligogenic architecture underlying dispersal in <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>. These results have implications for applied pest management and for our understanding of the evolution of dispersal in the coleoptera, the world's most species-rich order.</p>
Data and codes from "How does dispersal shape the genetic structure of animal populations in European cities? A simulation approach"
<p>Codes and data used for "Savary et al. How does dispersal shape the genetic structure of animal populations in European cities? A simulation approach".</p> <p> </p>
Data from: "Shift in habitat selection during natal dispersal in a long-lived raptor species"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Animals select their habitat along environmental gradients, but the mechanisms that constrain the ecological requirements of an individual can differ between life stages. Dispersal is a key demographic process that determines gene flow and alters species distributions, yet few empirical studies have examined whether habitat selection in animals is changing during dispersal. In this study, we examined changes in habitat preferences during natal dispersal of red kites (<em>Milvus milvus</em>), a European raptor species. By deploying solar-powered GPS-GSM transmitters on nestlings, we continuously tracked individuals up to six years (2015-2020), from fledging to settlement. We applied habitat selection functions to the tracking data using hierarchical generalized additive models, a flexible method which combines individual- and population-level inference, while allowing for the contrast of the prospecting and settlement phases. During the prospecting phase (n = 204 birds), individuals were less responsive to their environment than during the settlement phase, resulting in a predicted wide distribution in Western Europe. During the settlement phase, individuals (n = 78 birds) selected a narrower range of environmental gradients, while avoiding areas of high elevation, steep topographic slopes, high human population density and highly heterogeneous landscapes. During this phase, individuals were also more philopatric, i.e., they were more inclined to choose an environment closer to their natal area, than during the prospecting phase. Suitable habitats predicted during settlement were much more spatially contrasted than during prospecting. Our study provides empirical evidence that habitat selection changes across natal dispersal phases in a long-lived species, indicating that species conservation strategies should account for different environmental constraints before and after settlement. Furthermore, our findings underscore the importance of long-term tracking data, with sufficient sample size, to study the link between habitat selection and natal dispersal.</p>
Data and code for figures: Tailoring microcombs with inverse-designed, meta-dispersion microresonators
<p>This dataset contains the data presented in the Figures of the paper Tailoring microcombs with inverse-designed, meta-dispersion microresonators. <em>Nat. Photon.</em> (2023) DOI: 10.1038/s41566-023-01252-7.</p> <p>Generated with MatlabR2022, the figureData.mat files contain the data for each panel and the associated createfigure.m code reads the data and assembles the plots.</p>
Predator exclosures increase nest success but reduce adult survival and increase dispersal distance of Piping Plovers, indicating exclosures should be used with caution
<p>Diagnosing unsuccessful population outcomes for endangered species requires understanding relationships among vital rates, ecological conditions, and management variables, including unintended consequences of management actions. The federally-threatened Piping Plover (<em>Charadrius melodus</em>) has remained below recovery goals, despite intensive management, including the use of nest exclosures to protect eggs from predation. We studied ecological factors and management actions affecting nest success, survival, site fidelity, and dispersal of the New Jersey, USA population of Piping Plovers over a seven-year period, focused on evaluating the impact of exclosures on demography. While exclosures increased nest success by 62% over a 34-day period, exclosed nests were 4.7 times more likely to be abandoned, which was likely a consequence of adult mortality. Abandoned nests were associated with lower adult survival, particularly for males, but there was evidence that site fidelity was greater for birds whose last nest was exclosed vs. unexclosed. Regardless of exclosure status, females who abandoned their first nesting attempt dispersed 10 times farther between attempts than those whose first nest attempts were lost to other causes. Moreover, females that abandoned their last nesting attempts dispersed farther than females that lost their last nest to predation or flooding. This difference was more substantial for males. Our results corroborate studies documenting adverse impacts of exclosures on survival, and, for the first time, demonstrate that surviving mates (particularly females) emigrate from the breeding site, resulting in a realized loss of a local breeding pair. Further, we used an online population project model (i.e., PiperEx) to demonstrate that exclosures are not expected to improve growth rates in New Jersey. We conclude that there is a tradeoff among increased nest survival, reduced adult survival and increased emigration rates, and we encourage managers to consider whether exclosures are worth the protection of eggs from predators using online decision support tools.</p>
Data from: Alternative measures of trait-niche relationships: a test on dispersal traits in saproxylic beetles (Ecology and Evolution)
<p>Data from: Alternative measures of trait-niche relationships: a test on dispersal traits in saproxylic beetles (Ecology and Evolution)</p> <p>DATA DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8322080</p> <p>Associated article DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10588</p> <p>Ryan C. Burner, Jorg Stephan, Juha Siitonen, Tord Snall, et al. 2023</p> <p>ryan.c.burner@gmail.com</p> <p>This data release contains data files needed to run the Hmsc models described in the associated publication. It is a subset of the complete beetle capture and environmental covariate dataset maintained by Juha Siitonen (see associated manuscript for references to prior publications). It contains the following four files:</p> <p>1) Species_detections.csv</p> <p>This site_year x species table has detection/non-detection (1/0) values for each species at each site_year. Beetles were trapped at about 142 sites in Finland forests. Includes only beetle species (n = 212) which are considered saproxylic and which were detected at >=5 sites in the dataset, and for which trait information was available. Species names are as originally identified in the source dataset (see early publications by Juha Siitonen). Row names ('Row_ID'), which consist of [site]_[year], correspond to 'Row_ID' in the 'Site_covariates.csv' file. Species (column) names correspond to species row naes in 'Species_traits.csv'</p> <p>2) Site_covariates.csv</p> <p>This table has one row for each 'Row_ID' (n = 142) corresponding to rows in 'Species_data.csv'. Covariate columns have been scaled and centered for modeling. Columns are as follows:</p> <p>rowID - [site]_[year] of sampling<br> Year - year of sampling<br> Site - site name/number<br> climID - unique ID for each grid cell from which climate data were extracted<br> lat_WGS84 - latitude (WGS84)<br> lon_WGS84 - longitude (WGS84)<br> VD10 - scaled and centered total pooled volume of local standing and fallen dead trees (originally in m3/ha, before scaling) with a minimum diameter of 10 cm, estimated using transects<br> agedomin - scaled and centered mean age of the five oldest trees in the stand<br> OldFor_1km - scaled and centered volume of living wood in those forests older than 100 years within a one km radius around each site<br> MeanTemp - scaled and centered mean temperature during the trapping period, from mean of all ERA5 hourly estimates of 2m temperature (see manuscript for details)<br> TotalPrecip - scaled and centered total precipitation during the trapping period, from ERA5 summed across all hourly estimates of total precipitation (see manuscript for details)<br> globRad_WHm2 - scaled and centered total solar radiation during the trapping period, summed across all daily values, based on site slope and aspect, calculated using GIS (see manuscript for details). Units were Wh/m2 prior to scaling and centering.<br> log_Nr_traps - scaled and centered log-transformed number of traps used at each capture site </p> <p><br> 3) Species_traits.csv</p> <p>Trait data, based on trait values in Hagge et al. (2021 - see manuscript for full reference), for beetle species included in model (see species data information, above). In some cases traits are from synonyms used in Hagge that differ from taxonomy of this dataset. Traits have been scaled and centered. Row names are species names that match columns in 'Species_detections.csv'. Columns as follows:</p> <p>wing_length - scaled and centered (log(wing length divided by body length))<br> wing_load - scaled and centered (log(mass / wing area / body length))<br> wing_aspect - scaled and centered (log(wing aspect ratio)</p> <p><br> 4) Phylotree.csv</p> <p>A phylogenetic tree for the species in this dataset, written in the Newick (also known as New Hampshire) format. The tree is based on the species-level insect tree in Chesters et al. (2017) (see manuscript for full citation) but has missing species added randomly to the correct genus (when present) or family or (occassionally) order.</p>
Tropical origin, global diversification and dispersal in the pond damselflies (Coenagrionoidea) revealed by a new molecular phylogeny
<p class="western">The processes responsible for the formation of Earth's most conspicuous diversity pattern, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), remain unexplored for many clades in the Tree of Life. Here, we present a densely-sampled and dated molecular phylogeny for the most speciose clade of damselflies worldwide (Odonata: Coenagrionoidea), and investigate the role of time, macroevolutionary processes and biome-shift dynamics in shaping the LDG in this ancient insect superfamily. We used process-based biogeographic models to jointly infer ancestral ranges and speciation times, and to characterise within-biome dispersal and biome-shift dynamics across the cosmopolitan distribution of Coenagrionoidea. We also investigated temporal and biome-dependent variation in diversification rates. Our results uncover a tropical origin of pond damselflies and featherlegs ~ 105 Ma, while highligthing uncertainty of ancestral ranges within the tropics in deep time. Even though diversification rates have declined since the origin of this clade, global climate change and biome-shifts have slowly increased diversity in warm- and cold-temperate areas, where lineage turnover rates have been relatively higher. This study underscores the importance of biogeographic origin and time to diversify as important drivers of the LDG in pond damselflies and their relatives, while diversification dynamics have instead resulted in the formation of ephemeral species in temperate regions. Biome-shifts, although limited by tropical niche conservatism, have been the main factor reducing the steepness of the LDG in the last 30 Myr. With ongoing climate change and increasing northward range expansions of many damselfly taxa, the LDG may become less pronounced. Our results support recent calls to unify biogeographic and macroevolutionary approaches to increase our understanding of how latitudinal diversity gradients are formed and why they vary across time and among taxa.</p>
Urbanization impacts short- but not long-distance natal dispersal in a common orb web spider
<p>Urban environments represent a theatre for life history evolution. Species able to survive in cities can adapt to the local and often divergent environmental conditions compared to rural or (semi-)natural environments. Dispersal determines establishment, gene flow, and thus the potential for local adaptation. Since habitats in urban environments are highly fragmented, and show substantial turnover, contrasting adaptive effects on dispersal are expected. Fragmentation selects against dispersal while patch turn-over is expected to promote the evolution of dispersal. We here show both processes to act in concert when different scales are considered. Dispersal behavior of juvenile, lab-reared garden spiders from three mid-sized European cities were tested under standardized conditions. While long-distance dispersal showed to be overall rare, short-distance dispersal strategies increased with urbanization at small scales, but declined when urbanization was quantified at large scales. We discuss the putative drivers behind these differences in natal dispersal and highlight its importance for urban evolution and ecology.</p>
Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal in fragmented landscapes: Compositional and functional turnover from forest to matrix
<p>Seed dispersal by frugivores is a fundamental function for plant community dynamics in fragmented landscapes, where forest remnants are typically embedded in a matrix of anthropogenic habitats. Frugivores can mediate both connectivity among forest remnants and plant colonization of the matrix. However, it remains poorly understood how frugivore communities change from forest to matrix due to the loss or replacement of species with traits that are less advantageous in open habitats, and whether such changes ultimately influence the composition and traits of dispersed plants via species interactions. Here, we close this gap by using a unique dataset of seed-dispersal networks that were sampled in forest patches and adjacent matrix habitats of seven fragmented landscapes across Europe. We found a similar diversity of frugivores, plants and interactions contributing to seed dispersal in forest and matrix, but a high turnover (replacement) in all these components. The turnover of dispersed seeds was smaller than that of frugivore communities because different frugivore species provided complementary seed dispersal in forest and matrix. Importantly, the turnover involved functional changes towards larger and more mobile frugivores in the matrix, which dispersed taller, larger-seeded plants with later fruiting periods. Our study provides a trait-based understanding of frugivore-mediated seed dispersal through fragmented landscapes, uncovering non-random shifts that can have cascading consequences for the composition of regenerating plant communities. Our findings also highlight the importance of forest remnants and frugivore faunas for ecosystem resilience, demonstrating a high potential for passive forest restoration of unmanaged lands in the matrix.</p>
The interplay between abiotic and biotic factors on dispersal decisions: evidence and implications for metacommunities
<p>Suitable conditions for species to survive and reproduce constitute their ecological niche, which is built by abiotic conditions and interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics. Organisms should ideally assess and use information about all these environmental dimensions to adjust their dispersal decisions depending on their own internal conditions. Dispersal plasticity is often considered through its dependence to abiotic conditions or conspecifics density, and to a lesser extent with the effects of interactions with heterospecifics, potentially leading to misinterpretation of dispersal drivers. Here, we first review the evidence for effects of, and the potential interplays between abiotic factors, biotic interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics, and phenotype on dispersal decisions. We then present an experimental test of these potential interplays, testing the effects of density and interactions with conspecifics and heterospecifics on temperature-dependent dispersal in microcosms of <i>Tetrahymena </i>ciliates. We found significant differences in dispersal rates depending on temperature, density, and presence of another strain or species. However, the presence and density of conspecifics and heterospecifics had no effects on the thermal-dependency of dispersal. We discuss the causes and consequences of the (lack of) interplay between the different environmental dimensions and the phenotype for metacommunity assembly and dynamics.</p>
Voltage-tunable optical parametric oscillator with an alternating dispersion dimer integrated on chip
<p>With this commit we present or theoretical and experimental data together with plotting codes for our manuscript entitled "Voltage-tunable optical parametric oscillator with an alternating dispersion dimer integrated on chip".</p> <p>Optical parametric oscillators enable the conversion of pump light to new frequency bands using nonlinear optical processes. Recent advances in integrated nonlinear photonics have led to the creation of compact, chip-scale sources via Kerr nonlinearity-induced parametric oscillations. While these sources have provided broadband wavelength tuning, the ability to tune the emission wavelength via dynamically altering the dispersion, has not been attained so far. Here we present a voltage-tunable, on-chip integrated optical parametric oscillator based on an alternating-dispersion dimer, allowing us to tune the emission over nearly 20 THz near 1550 nm. Unlike previous approaches, our device eliminates the need for a widely tunable pump laser source and provides efficient pump filtering at the drop port of the auxiliary ring. Integration of this scheme on a chip opens up the possibility of compact and low-cost voltage-tunable parametric oscillators with diverse application possibilities.</p>
The irreplaceable role of surviving megafauna in long-distance seed dispersal: Evidence from an experiment with Neotropical mammals
<p>The downsizing of disperser assemblages by selective defaunation is a worldwide phenomenon thought to have important consequences in animal-dispersed plants. Numerous large-seeded Neotropical plants currently depend on the last megafaunal survivors, the large tapirs <em>Tapirus</em> spp., and medium-sized frugivores. The extent to which medium frugivores are functionally equivalent to tapirs remains unresolved. We combined feeding trials, seed dispersal kernel modeling based on seed retention times and animal movement simulation (Levy walks), and germination experiments in a large-seeded palm to assess the dispersal quality provided by the largest (tapirs) and two medium (foxes and howler monkeys) frugivore species in terms of dispersal distances and gut passage effects on germination. Tapirs retained the seeds in the gut for much longer (mean=221 hours) than howlers (43 h) and foxes (22 h). Median dispersal distance by tapirs (1252 m) was 14 and 40 times larger than that by foxes (88 m) and howlers (31 m), respectively. The seed dispersal kernel of tapirs showed a 5<sup>th</sup> percentile value (291 m) larger than the 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles of foxes (285 m) and howlers (108 m). Manually depulped and gut-passed seeds germinated in similar proportions, showing, respectively, 3.5 and 2.5―2.9 times higher values than intact fruits. Germination probability and seed viability decreased with retention time in howlers' and tapirs' gut, with howlers showing a steeper negative relationship. Such detrimental effect implies a trade-off between germination success and dispersal distance. We conclude that tapirs may not play a unique role in germination enhancement but move seeds much further than medium frugivores, thus playing a critical role as long-distance dispersers of many plants. This study provides important insights on palm–frugivore interactions and the potential consequences for large-seeded plants of losing the last megafaunal representatives in the Neotropics.</p>
The Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Abacavir/Dolutegravir/Lamivudine Dispersible and Immediate Release Tablets in HIV-1-Infected Children Less Than 12 Years of Age
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03760458. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 4. Publications: 2.
Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of KAF156 in Combination With Lumefantrine Solid Dispersion Formulation (LUM-SDF) in Pediatric Population With Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04546633. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 5. Publications: 1.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of a New Artemether-lumefantrine Dispersible Tablet in Infants and Neonates <5 kg Body Weight With Acute Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04300309. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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