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Fig. 1 in Two Wasp Families Rare in the Fossil Record (Hymenoptera): Perilampidae and Megaspilidae from the Miocene of Spain

Fig. 1. Geographic location of the Río Rubielos outcrop (above), with indication of the sites of sampling named Río Rubielos 2 and Río Rubielos 3 (RR2 and RR3), and photographic views of the sites (below left); at right is a simplified stratigraphic log of Río Rubielos 3.

Fig. 4 in Two Wasp Families Rare in the Fossil Record (Hymenoptera): Perilampidae and Megaspilidae from the Miocene of Spain

Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Early Miocene megaspilids, Rubielos de Mora Basin. a. Conostigmus lazaros, new species, holotype female (MPZ-97/2489). b. Conostigmus chthonios, new species, holotype female (MPV-357-RM). Scale bars are 0.5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Two Wasp Families Rare in the Fossil Record (Hymenoptera): Perilampidae and Megaspilidae from the Miocene of Spain

Fig. 3. Camera lucida drawings of the Perilampus renzii, new species (Perilampidae), holotype female (MPV-280-RM). a. Complete lateral view of holotype. b. Detail of pterostigmal vein of the left forewing. c. Antennae.

Fig. 2 in Two Wasp Families Rare in the Fossil Record (Hymenoptera): Perilampidae and Megaspilidae from the Miocene of Spain

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of Early Miocene Perilampus renzii, new species (Perilampidae), holotype female (MPV-280-RM). a. Complete lateral view of holotype. b. Ovipositor. c. Antennae. d. Detail of the linear microsculpture of the metasoma. e. Detail of the punctures on the mesoscutum. f. Detail of the punctures on the propodeum. Scale bars are 0.1 mm except in figure a, where it represents 1.0 mm.

Figure 7 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record

Figure 7. Cartoon to depict consensus relationships among Charadriiformes ('shorebirds') along with the holotype specimen of Morsoravis sedile, a new and exceptionally well-preserved fossil from Palaeocene–Lower Eocene deposits in Jutland, Denmark (1–2; G. J. Dyke, M. van Tuinen & D. M. Waterhouse, unpubl. data). The tree is based on various sources; see text for details. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 6 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record

Figure 6. Cartoon to depict consensus relationships among Galliformes ('landfowl') along with some selected fossil material (based on Dyke, 2003b and Dyke et al., 2003): A, hypothesis for the phylogenetic positions of the Lower Eocene (c. 55 Mya) taxa Gallinuloides and Paraortygoides; B, fossil elements of Paraortygoides from the Lower Eocene London Clay Formation of England (see Dyke & Gulas, 2002); C, holotype specimen of Gallinuloides wyomingensis from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming (North America) (Dyke, 2003b). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 5 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record

Figure 5. Cartoon depicting consensus phylogenetic relationships among Anseriformes ('waterfowl') (based on Livezey, 1997) (Presbyornithidae includes the taxa Presbyornis and Teviornis; see text for details) along with a selection of wellpreserved fossil taxa: A, holotype skull of Anatalavis oxfordi in lateral view from the Lower Eocene London Clay Formation (The Natural History Museum, London, Palaeontology Department Collections, BMNH PAL 5922) (see Dyke, 2001b); B, holotype coracoid of BMNH PAL 5922 in dorsal and medial views) (scale bars = 10 mm); C, holotype carpometacarpus of Teviornis gobiensis from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia (Palaeontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, PIN 4499–1) in dorsal and ventral views (see Kurochkin et al., 2002). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 4 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record

Figure 4. Phylogenetic relationships within Palaeognathae including the well-represented fossil taxa Palaeotis and Lithornis (see text for details): A, new specimen of Lithornis from the Palaeocene-Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark (Dankrae Collections of the Geologisk Museum, Copenhagen, DK 330) encased in cement stone nodule; B, skull of DK 330 acid prepared in oblique lateral view; C, palate of Lithornis in ventral view (ba, basitemporal plate; de, dentary; pa, palatine; pt, pterygoid; vo, vomer); D, the phylogenetic placement of Lithornis and Palaeotis inferred from cladistic analysis of osteological characters (see G. J. Dyke & M. van Tuinen, unpubl. data for details of analysis and matrices).

Figure 3 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record

Figure 3. Seven possible definitions for the 'radiation of birds'. The true radiation of morphology observed in today's birds may have taken place as recently as points 6 or 7. Archaic ornithurines have not been found after the K–T boundary (black arrow). Although predicted from molecular clock analyses (dotted line; see text), little convincing evidence exists for neornithine fossils preceding the K–T boundary. The variation in number of species among traditional neornithine orders indicates that the 'radiation' was not equal across every major clade. Numbers refer to the following major evolutionary bird divergences: 1, diversification of Aves; 2, origin of Neornithes; 3, diversification of Neornithes; 4, origin of Neoaves; 5, origin of most orders (including 'Neoavian comb'); 6, diversification of most orders; 7, diversification of most families.

Figure 1 in The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record

Figure 1. Summary cladogram to show the phylogenetic relationships at the base of Neornithes (based on Cracraft et al., 2004). Despite advances in the use of genetic data to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of birds, differences between data sets remain and have led to conflict with regard to the interrelationships of clades within Neoaves. The part of this tree to the right-hand side (relationships within Neoaves) has often been referred to as the 'neoavian comb' (Cracraft et al., 2004).

Figure 11 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 11. Spondylus sp., south-east of Beira, Mozambique, 20°30'S, 35°43'E, depth 62 m, scanning electron micrograph of the pectiniform growth stage of the right valve, USNM(Z) 718596d. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Figure 10. A, B in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 10. A, B, Weyla (Lywea) lycorrhynchus (Philippi, 1899) (CAS 61458); C, D, W. (Weyla) alata (von Buch, 1838) (CAS 61457), both from Sunrise Formation, New York Canyon, Gabbs Valley Range, Nevada, Lower Jurassic. A, left valve; B, oblique anterior view showing ctenolium (arrow); C, hinge of right valve; D, hinge of left valve. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 9 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 9. Neithea quinquecostata of Wade (1926), nonmatching valves, Ripley Formation, Coon Creek, Tennessee, Upper Cretaceous, USNM(P) 32760. A, hinge of right valve; B, hinge of left valve. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 8 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 8. Pectinella sigsbeei (Dall, 1886), Recent, Cuba, 22°10′N, 82°20′W, 289 m, matching cotypes. A, right valve, MCZ 7817; B, left valve, USNM(Z) 62263. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 12. Spondylus bostrychites Guppy, 1867 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 12. Spondylus bostrychites Guppy, 1867, Gurabo Fm, Dominican Republic, Lower Pliocene, USNM(P) 530054. A, hinge of the right valve; B, hinge of the matching left valve. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 6 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 6. Propeamussium sp., Gulf of Mexico, 25°31′N, 95°51′W, 1061–1317 m. Scanning electron micrograph of a fracture through a right valve near the base of the posterior auricle viewed obliquely from the outer side, dorsal margin towards the top. cla, crossed-lamellar aragonite; fc, foliated calcite layer bearing imprint of prismatic layer on its outer surface; pc, prismatic calcite. Scale bar = 50 µm.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 7. Filamussium schafhaeutli (Winkler, 1859), gen. nov., Upper Triassic (Norian/Rhaetian). A, a compound external mould of the left valve, Kössener Schichten, Kotalm, Schweinsberg bei Miesbach, Germany and BSPHG 1916-I-208. B, detail in the centre of (A) showing the superimposed internal filosus structure, external radial costae, and calcite-filled imprints of internal ribs. C, exterior of a right valve, Kössen Formation, Kendelbachgraben, Austria, USNM(P) 530053. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 3. Pernopecten clypeatus Newell, 1938 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 3. Pernopecten clypeatus Newell, 1938, Upper Carboniferous, Nebraska City, Nebraska, composite mould of left valve showing a filosus structure, USNM(P) 6485. Scale bar = 7 mm.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 4. Entolioides schlernica (Finlay, 1927), Upper Triassic, Raibler Schichten, Wettersteingebirge, Germany, interior of right valve, BSPHG 1948-I-33. rt, resilial teeth; other symbols as in Figure 2. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record

Figure 2. Pernopecten yini, nonmatching left valve (A) and right valve (B), Permian, west Texas, modified from Newell & Boyd (1995) to show the morphological terms used in the present study: bab, basal auricular buttresses; ldb, lateral disk buttresses; olg, outer-ligament grooves; olr, outer-ligament ridges; r, resilifer; s, scrolls. Scale bars = 10 mm.