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Data from: Trait-matching and phylogeny as predictors of predator-prey interactions involving ground beetles
With global change modifying species assemblages, our success in predicting ecosystem level consequences of these new communities will depend, in part, on our ability to understand biotic interactions. Current food web theory considers interactions between numerous species simultaneously, but descriptive models are unable to predict interactions between newly co-occurring species. Incorporating proxies such as functional traits and phylogeny into models could help infer predator/ prey interactions. Here we used trait-matching between predator feeding traits and prey vulnerability traits, along with phylogeny (used as a proxy for chemical defence and other traits difficult to document), to infer predatory interactions using ground beetles as model organisms. A feeding experiment was conducted involving 20 ground beetle and 115 prey species to determine which pair of species did or did not interact. Eight predator and four prey functional traits were measured directly on specimens. Then, using a modeling approach based on the matching-centrality formalism, we evaluated 511 predictive ecological models that tested different combinations of all predator and prey functional traits, and phylogenetic information. The most parsimonious model accurately predicted 81 % of the observed realized and unrealized interactions, using phylogenetic information and the trait-matches predator biting force/ prey cuticular toughness and predator/ prey body size ratio. The best trait-based models predicted correctly >80 % which species interact (realized interactions), but predict <58 % of which species did not interact (unrealized interactions). Adding a phylogenetic term representing the evolutionary distance within each trophic level increased the ability to predict which species did not interact to >75 %. The matching of predator biting force and prey cuticular toughness demonstrated a better predictive power than the commonly used predator/ prey body size ratio. Our novel model combining both functional traits and phylogeny extends beyond existing descriptive approaches and could represent a valuable tool to predict consumer/ resource interactions of newly introduced species and to resolve cryptic food webs.
Supplementary material 1 from: Assmann T, Boutaud E, Buse J, Drees C, Friedman A-L, Harry I, Khoury F, Orbach E, Renan I, Schmidt C, Schmidt K, Wrase DW, Zumstein P (2021) The ground beetle tribe Platynini Bonelli, 1810 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the southern Levant: dichotomous and interactive identification tools, ecological traits, and distribution. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 449-478. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62615
Material examined: Records of the Platynini from the southern Levant hosted in studied collections (see for abbreviation: Materials and methods)
Supplementary material 2 from: Assmann T, Boutaud E, Buse J, Drees C, Friedman A-L, Harry I, Khoury F, Orbach E, Renan I, Schmidt C, Schmidt K, Wrase DW, Zumstein P (2021) The ground beetle tribe Platynini Bonelli, 1810 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the southern Levant: dichotomous and interactive identification tools, ecological traits, and distribution. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 449-478. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62615
Single access identification key generated by Xper3, using weights of the characters and prioritization of characters with few states
Figure 4 in Chemical secretion and morpho-histology of the pygidial glands in two Palaearctic predatory ground beetle species: Carabus (Tomocarabus) convexus and C. (Procrustes) coriaceus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 4. Histology of the pygidial apparatus of C. (T.) convexus: (a) cross section of glandular reservoir; (b) longitudinal (above) and cross (below) sections of secretory lobes; (c) cross section of reservoir's muscular wall. rl: reservoir lumen; mw: muscular wall; gcv: granular cell with vesicles; csm: cross section through muscle cells; lsm: longitudinal section through muscle cells; bm: basal membrane; epc: epicuticle; ep: epidermis. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Figure 1 in Chemical secretion and morpho-histology of the pygidial glands in two Palaearctic predatory ground beetle species: Carabus (Tomocarabus) convexus and C. (Procrustes) coriaceus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 1. Habitus, dorsal view of a female: (a) Carabus (Tomocarabus) convexus; (b) C. (Procrustes) coriaceus. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 2 in Chemical secretion and morpho-histology of the pygidial glands in two Palaearctic predatory ground beetle species: Carabus (Tomocarabus) convexus and C. (Procrustes) coriaceus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 2. Identification of isolated carboxylic acids on the basis of gas chromatography-electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) spectral data in C. (T.) convexus and C. (P.) coriaceus: (a) methacrylic acid; (b) tiglic acid; (c) benzoic acid. Head to tail orientation of EI-MS data obtained from collected pygidial secretion of both species (top) and NIST 11 library spectra (bottom). m/z: mass to charge ratio; RA: relative amount of compound.
Figure 5 in Chemical secretion and morpho-histology of the pygidial glands in two Palaearctic predatory ground beetle species: Carabus (Tomocarabus) convexus and C. (Procrustes) coriaceus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 5. Histology of the pygidial apparatus of C. (P.) coriaceus: (a) cross section of glandular reservoir; (b) cross section of secretory lobes, with parts of a collecting canal; (c) cross section of reservoir's muscular wall. rl: reservoir lumen; mw: muscular wall; gcv: granular cell with vesicles; dc: duct-carrying cell; cc: collecting canal; cl: collecting lumen; csm: cross section through muscle cells; lsm: longitudinal section through muscle cells; bm: basal membrane; epc: epicuticle; ep: epidermis. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Figure 3 in Chemical secretion and morpho-histology of the pygidial glands in two Palaearctic predatory ground beetle species: Carabus (Tomocarabus) convexus and C. (Procrustes) coriaceus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 3. Morphology of pygidial glands in the two studied ground beetle species: (a) generalised appearance of the entire (right) pygidial gland apparatus in Carabus spp.; (b) glandular reservoir of C. (P.) coriaceus; (c) juncture of collecting canal with reservoir near efferent duct in C. (P.) coriaceus; (d) aggregates of secretory lobes in C. (P.) coriaceus; (e) a pair of pygidial gland reservoirs of C. (T.) convexus. r: glandular reservoir; cc: collecting canal; sl: secretory lobes; ed: efferent duct. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American ground beetle subgenus Chilioperyphus Jeannel (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidion Latreille)
FIGURE 6. Male aedeagus of Bembidion other than Chilioperyphus. Scale bar 0.1 mm. A: B. (Peryphanes) stephensi (Canada: S.E. Newfoundland, Cape Broyle; OSAC specimen 0000554297). B: B. (Peryphanes) maroccanum (Morocco: Middle Atlas Mountains, highway 20, 1 km S. of Aït Kermousse (near snow barrier) 16.3 km S. of Boulemane., 33°14.38'N 4°40.92'W; Maddison voucher DNA2147). C: B. (Trichoplataphus) planum (USA: Indiana: Crawford Co., English, Camp Fork Creek, 150m 38.3334°N 86.4646°W; Maddison voucher DNA1423). D: B. (Nothocys) anthracinum (Chile: Reg. Met., La Parva, 2725m, 33.3346°S 70.2835°W; Maddison voucher DNA2228). E: B. (Ecuadion) rogersi (Costa Rica: Alajuela, Catarata del Toro, base of falls. 7 km N Bajos del Toro; Maddison voucher DNA2414). F: B. (Antiperyphanes) zanettii (Ecuador: Napo: Rio Angenaro near Rio Cosanga, 2200m, 0.6394°S 77.9089°W; Maddison voucher DNA2679). G: B. (Antiperyphanes) sp. nr. chilense (Peru: Pisac: Between the town of Pisac and the Pisac ruins, tributary of the Rio Urubamba, 3020 m. 13.417°S, 71.849°W; Maddison voucher DNA0714). H: B. (Antiperyphanes) hirtipes (Argentina: Mendoza: Pampa Palauco, 1975m, 35.9597°S 69.4223°W; Maddison voucher DNA2335).
FIGURE 7 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American ground beetle subgenus Chilioperyphus Jeannel (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidion Latreille)
FIGURE 7. Female reproductive tract. spd: spermathecal duct; sp: spermatheca. Scale bar 0.1 mm. A: Bembidion mendocinum (Argentina: Neuquén: Puente Picún Leufú, 775m, 39.2112°S 70.0637°W; Maddison voucher V100678); spermathecal duct partly uncoiled. B: B. (Trichoplataphus) planum (Canada: Ontario: Burlington; Maddison voucher V100680). C: B. (Antiperyphanes) hirtipes (Argentina: Mendoza: Pampa Palauco, 1975m, 35.9597°S 69.4223°W; Maddison voucher V100681). D: B. orregoi (Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, 200m, 42.0933°S 71.6221°W; Maddison voucher V100679).
FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American ground beetle subgenus Chilioperyphus Jeannel (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidion Latreille)
FIGURE 1. Habitus of male Bembidion (Chilioperyphus). Scale bar 1.0 mm. A: B. orregoi (Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, 200m, 42.0933°S 71.6221°W; Maddison voucher V100674). B: B. mendocinum (Argentina: Neuquén: Puente Picún Leufú, 775m, 39.2112°S 70.0637°W; Maddison voucher V100673).
FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American ground beetle subgenus Chilioperyphus Jeannel (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidion Latreille)
FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of head of males. Scale bar 0.1 mm. A: B. orregoi (Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, 200m, 42.0933°S 71.6221°W; Maddison voucher V100674). B: B. mendocinum (Argentina: Neuquén: Puente Picún Leufú, 775m, 39.2112°S 70.0637°W; Maddison voucher V100673).
FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American ground beetle subgenus Chilioperyphus Jeannel (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae: Bembidiini: Bembidion Latreille)
FIGURE 4. Tree showing clades in the Antiperyphanes Complex that have Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 90 for the matrix of all seven genes combined. Branches have thick horizontal bars if those clades are present in maximum likelihood and parsimony bootstrap trees with support values ≥ 95 and also have Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 95. The seven small vertical bars on each branch indicate support in favor (gray to black) or against (pink to red) that clade for each of the seven genes analyzed individually. The outgroup (genus Asaphidion) is not shown.
Fig. 1 in New State Record of the Adventive Ground Beetle Species Harpalus rubripes (Duftschmid, 1812) (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalinae) in Chicago, Illinois, USA
Fig. 1. Collection sites of known specimens of Harpalus rubripes in the USA and Canada based on the GBIF online data aggregator, Messer (2014), Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH) specimens, and the current work. CMNH specimens are symbolized at the county of origin.
Boreal forest fertilization leads to functional homogenization of ground beetle assemblages
<p>1. Intensive fertilization of young spruce forest plantations (i.e. "nutrient optimization") has the potential to meet increasing demands for carbon sequestration and biomass production from boreal forests. However, its effects on biodiversity, other than the homogenization of ground-layer plant communities, are widely unknown.</p> <p>2. We sampled ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in young spruce forest plantations of southern Sweden, within a large-scale, replicated ecological experiment initiated in 2012, where half of forest stands were fertilized every second year. We assessed multi-scale effects of forest fertilization on ground beetle diversity and community assembly, four years after commencement of the experiment.</p> <p>3. We found that nutrient optimization had negative effects on ground beetle diversity at multiple spatial scales, despite having negligible effects on species richness. At the local scale, ground beetle species had lower variation in body size at fertilized sites, resulting in within-site functional homogenization. At the landscape scale, fertilized sites, with higher basal area and lower bilberry cover, filtered carabid traits composition to larger body sizes, generalist predators, and summer breeding species.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Fertilization of young spruce plantations is a strong filter for ground beetle assemblages, leading to functionally homogeneous communities in the short term, without changes in species richness. The large-scale functional impoverishment of carabid communities because of fertilization may have negative consequences on system resilience and on ecosystem service provision by this functionally diverse group. Large-scale establishment of nutrient optimization threatens ground beetle diversity in young conifer plantations, underlining the risks of introducing more intensive management schemes in already heavily managed forest landscapes.26-Feb-2021</p>
Fig. 2 in Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Diversity and Body-Size Variation in Four Land Use Types in a Mountainous Area Near Beijing, China
Fig. 2. Non-linear two-dimensional scaling of carabid samples based on Euclidean distance. a) All carabids in 2011, b) all carabids in 2012, c) large carabids in 2011, d) large carabids in 2012. WI = walnut-chrysanthemum intercropping system; WM = walnut monoculture system; F = temperate deciduous forest; M: alpine meadow.
Fig. 1 in Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Diversity and Body-Size Variation in Four Land Use Types in a Mountainous Area Near Beijing, China
Fig. 1. Activity-abundance and species richness of Carabidae in four habitats in a mountainous area near Beijing, China in 2011 and 2012. a) Activity-abundance of all carabids (2011: F = 2.82, p = 0.08; 2012: F = 2.58, p = 0.10), b) Chao1 index for all carabids (2011: F = 0.96, p = 0.44; 2012: F = 6.32, p <0.01), c) Activity-abundance of large carabids (2011: F = 0.87, p = 0.50; 2012: F = 6.35, p <0.01), d) Chao1 index for large carabids (2011: F = 0.98, p = 0.04; 2012: F = 2.08, p = 0.16) WI = walnut-chrysanthemum intercropping system; WM = walnut monoculture system; F = temperate deciduous forest; M = alpine meadow. Bars within each year of each graph with the same letter above the standard error bar are not significantly different (p> 0.05).
Fig. 6. Maximum entropy models for A in Weak Genetic Differentiation among Populations of the Andean Ground Beetle Pelmatellus columbianus (Reiche, 1843) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 6. Maximum entropy models for A) the past (21,000 years) and B) present distribution of Pelmatellus columbianus, using five bioclimatic variables. Maps show the limit of the montane forest (above 2,450 m) in green and páramo (above 3,000 m) in light brown.
Fig. 5 in Weak Genetic Differentiation among Populations of the Andean Ground Beetle Pelmatellus columbianus (Reiche, 1843) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 5. Timing of the Pelmatellus columbianus clade lineage based on an uncorrelated relaxed molecular clock for a combined gene dataset.
Fig. 4. Fifty percent majority rule trees using Maximum Likelihood. A in Weak Genetic Differentiation among Populations of the Andean Ground Beetle Pelmatellus columbianus (Reiche, 1843) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 4. Fifty percent majority rule trees using Maximum Likelihood. A) COI, B) CAD. Bootstrap support shown above the branches.
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