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FIGURE 6. Hypothesis O6 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 6. Hypothesis O6 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Hansen & Sørensen 1904). The Danes kept the solid Plagiostethi (= "Palpatores" in blue) and dismantled the Apagosterni resurrecting and firstly naming Thorell's Dyspnoi as opposed to the Eupnoi. This hypothesis was also defended by Roewer (1923) and Shear (1975) and became the classic triad of the 20th century: Cyphophthalmi, Palpatores and Laniatores.

FIGURE 22. Hypothesis C3 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 22. Hypothesis C3 of phylogeny of the Cyphophthalmi (Clouse & Giribet 2010, mol; Clouse et. al. 2010, comb). Mostly molecular, which also did not include Ogoveidae. It was substantially different from Boyer's analysis. They have not proposed any superfamilial names, but did recover the clade later known as Boreophthalmi.

FIGURE 4. Hypothesis O4 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 4. Hypothesis O4 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Simon 1879). Simon was the first to define a group that he called Plagiostethi (green), as opposed to the Mecostethi (here represented by Gonyleptes and identical to Thorell's Laniatores). This name as of today has been abandoned in favor of a different usage of the name Palpatores Thorell.

FIGURE 3. Hypothesis O3 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 3. Hypothesis O3 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Thorell 1876). Thorell created the name Palpatores (green) as opposed to the also new group Laniatores (here represented by Gonyleptes). Thorell's Palpatores is currently called Cyphopalpatores Martens (blue), a name coined a century later, while the name Palpatores is used for another group (see Fig. 4 below). Thorell also recognized what later was to be known as Dyspnoi (blue), following Sørensen (1873).

FIGURE 2. Hypothesis O2 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 2. Hypothesis O2 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Sundevall 1833). The original concept of the Opiliones ("Opiliones" in green) excluded the Cyphophthalmi (here represented by Siro). This group is currently called Phalangida (in blue). Ischyropsalis was still to be unknown for 6 years.

FIGURE 8. Hypothesis O8 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 8. Hypothesis O8 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Šilhavý 1961). This author presented a hypothesis with very little information putting almost all groups as coordinate categories.

FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O1 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 1. Hypothesis O1 of phylogeny of the Opiliones (Latreille 1802). The clade which is today called Opiliones (in blue, below) was originally called "Phalangiens" (in green, above). Members of the Laniatores and of the Ischyropsalidoidea were then unknown. The name Phalangida (as many others) has undergone a change of circumscription over time.

FIGURE 21. Hypothesis C2 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 21. Hypothesis C2 of phylogeny of the Cyphophthalmi (Boyer et al. 2007, mol). An important analysis, which failed to include Ogoveidae by lack of material for molecular study. This asymmetrical tree has Stylocellidae as sister group to the rest. They have not recovered any of Shear's clades. A previous work (Giribet & Boyer 2002) included both morphological and molecular analyses, but both are remarkably lacking in resolution, even for the monophyly of the families themselves.

FIGURE 12. Hypothesis L1 in Opiliones are no longer the same—on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)

FIGURE 12. Hypothesis L1 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Simon 1879). The lineages which would cause greater disturbance in the future were still dormant inside the Phalangodidae. Karsch (1880) and Sørensen (1886) kept basically the same pattern.

FIGURES 11–12 in Kovalius-a new genus of cave-dwelling harvestmen from the Caucasus (Opiliones Sclerosomatidae: Leiobuninae)

FIGURES 11–12. Kovalius logunovi sp. nov., female paratype: 11—body dorsal view; 12—patellae and tibiae of left pedipalp dorsal view. 11—scale bar 1.0 mm, 12—scale bar 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 8–10 in Kovalius-a new genus of cave-dwelling harvestmen from the Caucasus (Opiliones Sclerosomatidae: Leiobuninae)

FIGURES 8–10. Kovalius logunovi sp. nov., penis of male holotype: 8—lateral view, 9—ventral view, 10—dorsal view. Scale bar 0,5 mm.

FIGURES 3–7 in Kovalius-a new genus of cave-dwelling harvestmen from the Caucasus (Opiliones Sclerosomatidae: Leiobuninae)

FIGURES 3–7. Kovalius logunovi sp. nov., male holotype: 3—right pedipalp inner view, 4—tarsal claw of palp, 5—second and third segments of left chelicerae frontal view, 6—left chelicerae lateral view, 7—patellae and tibiae of left pedipalp dorsal view. 3, 5-7—scale bar 0,5 mm, 4—scale bar 0,25 mm.

FIGURES 1–2 in Kovalius-a new genus of cave-dwelling harvestmen from the Caucasus (Opiliones Sclerosomatidae: Leiobuninae)

FIGURES 1–2. Kovalius logunovi sp. nov., male holotype: 1—body dorsal view, 2—body lateral view. Scale bar 1,0 mm.

FIGURES 13–18 in Kovalius-a new genus of cave-dwelling harvestmen from the Caucasus (Opiliones Sclerosomatidae: Leiobuninae)

FIGURES 13–18. Type locality of Kovalius logunovi sp. nov. and specimen in situ: 13—entrance to the Sokolova Cave; 14- 16 habitat in type locality: 14—on the wall at the entrance nearby the lake; 15—16 wall with seeping water and stalagmite; 17—cave river (13—15, photo: R. Vargovitsh; 16—17, photo: A. Koval); 18—waterfall and river within the cave (photo: R. Vargovitsh).

FIGURE 5. BUB3111 Phalangiidae indet. 2. A in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)

FIGURE 5. BUB3111 Phalangiidae indet. 2. A, Close up of the chelicerae and pedipalps in dorsal view. B, Close-up of the ventral body. C, Camera lucida drawing of the dorsal body. D, Camera lucida drawing of the ventral body. Abbreviations: ch, chelicerae; fe, femur; mt, metatarsus; pa, patella; pp, pedipalp; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (A, B) and 1.0 mm (C, D).

FIGURE 4. BUB4516 Phalangiidae indet. 1. A in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)

FIGURE 4. BUB4516 Phalangiidae indet. 1. A, Dorsal overview (camera lucida drawing). B, Close-up of the body in dorsal view. C, Close-up of the body in ventral view. Abbreviations: ch, chelicerae; cx, coxa; fe, femur; mt, metatarsus; oc, ocularium; pa, patella; pp, pedipalp; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A) and 0.5 mm (B, C).

FIGURE 6 in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)

FIGURE 6. Halitherses grimaldii (?) MB.A.4458. A, Dorsal overview. B, Ventral overview. C, Ventral close-up of the body and chelicerae (apophyses arrowed). D, Camera lucida drawing of the ventral body, inset shows close-up of the cheliceral apophyses. Abbreviations: ap, apophysis; ch, chelicerae; fe, femur; go, genital operculum; oc, ocular tubercle; pa, patella; pp, pedipalp; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.25 mm (C), 1.0 mm (D) and 0.3 mm (D inset).

FIGURE 3 in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)

FIGURE 3. Tyrannobunus aculeus gen. et sp. nov., paratype: MHNG-ARTO-28161. A, Overview of the body in ventral view. B, Close up of the ventral body. C, Close-up of the pedipalps in ventral view. D, Close-up of the ventral opisthosoma, fine serration arrowed. Abbreviations: ao, anal operculum; ap, apophysis; ch, chelicerae; cl, claw; pp, pedipalp; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A), 0.5 mm (B) and 0.25 mm (C, D).

FIGURE 2 in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)

FIGURE 2. Tyrannobunus aculeus gen. et sp. nov., holotype: GPIH05127. A, Close-up of the ocularium (camera lucida drawing). B, Close-up of the chelicerae and pedipalps in ventral view (pedipalp patella apophysis arrowed). C, Camera lucida drawing of the penis. D, Close-up of the penis in ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, apophysis; bo, body; ch, chelicerae; ey, eye lens; gl, glans; oc, ocularium; pe, penis; pp, pedipalp; st, stylus; tc, truncus; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (A, C) and 0.25 mm (B, D).