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1,102 results for “human use”
Data from: Distinguishing between reservoir exposure and human-to-human transmission for emerging pathogens using case onset data
Pathogens such as MERS-CoV, influenza A/H5N1 and influenza A/H7N9 are currently generating sporadic clusters of spillover human cases from animal reservoirs. The lack of a clear human epidemic suggests that the basic reproductive number R0 is below or very close to one for all three infections. However, robust cluster-based estimates for low R0 values are still desirable so as to help prioritise scarce resources between different emerging infections and to detect significant changes between clusters and over time. We developed an inferential transmission model capable of distinguishing the signal of human-to-human transmission from the background noise of direct spillover transmission (e.g. from markets or farms). By simulation, we showed that our approach could obtain unbiased estimates of R0, even when the temporal trend in spillover exposure was not fully known, so long as the serial interval of the infection and the timing of a sudden drop in spillover exposure were known (e.g. day of market closure). Applying our method to data from the three largest outbreaks of influenza A/H7N9 outbreak in China in 2013, we found evidence that human-to-human transmission accounted for 13% (95% credible interval 1%–32%) of cases overall. We estimated R0 for the three clusters to be: 0.19 in Shanghai (0.01-0.49), 0.29 in Jiangsu (0.03-0.73); and 0.03 in Zhejiang (0.00-0.22). If a reliable temporal trend for the spillover hazard could be estimated, for example by implementing widespread routine sampling in sentinel markets, it should be possible to estimate sub-critical values of R0 even more accurately. Should a similar strain emerge with R0>1, these methods could give a real-time indication that sustained transmission is occurring with well-characterised uncertainty.
Data from: Characterization of leukemia-inducing genes using a proto-oncogene/homeobox gene retroviral human cDNA library in a mouse in vivo model
The purpose of this research is to develop a method to screen a large number of potential driver mutations of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using a retroviral cDNA library and murine bone marrow transduction-transplantation system. As a proof-of-concept, murine bone marrow (BM) cells were transduced with a retroviral cDNA library encoding well-characterized oncogenes and homeobox genes, and the virus-transduced cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated mice. The proto-oncogenes responsible for leukemia initiation were identified by PCR amplification of cDNA inserts from genomic DNA isolated from leukemic cells. In an initial screen of ten leukemic mice, the MYC proto-oncogene was detected in all the leukemic mice. Of ten leukemic mice, 3 (30%) had MYC as the only transgene, and seven mice (70%) had additional proto-oncogene inserts. We repeated the same experiment after removing MYC-related genes from the library to characterize additional leukemia-inducing gene combinations. Our second screen using the MYC-deleted proto-oncogene library confirmed MEIS1and the HOX family as cooperating oncogenes in leukemia pathogenesis. The model system we introduced in this study will be valuable in functionally screening novel combinations of genes for leukemogenic potential in vivo, and the system will help in the discovery of new targets for leukemia therapy.
Data from: The legacy of past human land use in current patterns of mammal distribution
Multiple environmental factors are known to shape species distributions at the global scale, including climate and topography, but understanding current extents of occurrence and biodiversity patterns requires considering anthropogenic factors as well. Numerous studies have explored the relationship between contemporary human activities and different biodiversity metrics, but the influence of past activities, such as land-use, remains poorly understood despite being one of the oldest human impacts. Here we evaluate the role of past land-use modifications in the current distribution and conservation status of mammals worldwide using spatial data characterizing human land use from c.B.C.6000 to c.A.D.2000. First, we applied a clustering method that revealed three generalized past human land-use trajectories that represent low-, recently- and steadily-used areas widely represented across the globe. Second, we fitted boosted regression trees to predict total and threatened mammalian richness, globally and within trajectory-clusters, testing the role of environmental factors and multiple human land-use metrics reflecting: total used area at different time spans, rates of land-use change, and the occurrence of remarkable land-use shifts. Environmental factors were identified as the main correlates of current mammalian richness, but several proposed metrics of past land-use were also relevant predictors. Overall, these results highlight the likely existence of a land-use legacy in some regions of the world that has influenced the distribution of extant mammals, particularly of those currently classified as threatened. Even if we cannot change that legacy, our results show that we need to account for past human impacts to understand present biodiversity patterns and, arguably, to guide future actions.
Data from: Information use by humans during dynamic route choice in virtual crowd evacuations
We conducted a computer-based experiment with over 450 human participants and used a Bayesian model selection approach to explore dynamic exit route choice mechanisms of individuals in simulated crowd evacuations. In contrast to previous work, we explicitly explore the use of time-dependent and time-independent information in decision-making. Our findings suggest that participants tended to base their exit choices on time-dependent information, such as differences in queue lengths and queue speeds at exits rather than on time-independent information, such as differences in exit widths or exit route length. We found weak support for similar decision-making mechanisms under a stress-inducing experimental treatment. However, under this treatment participants were less able or willing to adjust their original exit choice in the course of the evacuation. Our experiment is not a direct test of behaviour in real evacuations, but it does highlight the role different types of information and stress play in real human decision-making in a virtual environment. Our findings may be useful in identifying topics for future study on real human crowd movements or for developing more realistic agent-based simulations.
Data from: Identification and mapping of linear antibody epitopes in human serum albumin using high-density peptide arrays
We have recently developed a high-density photolithographic, peptide array technology with a theoretical upper limit of 2 million different peptides per array of 2 cm2. Here, we have used this to perform complete and exhaustive analyses of linear B cell epitopes of a medium sized protein target using human serum albumin (HSA) as an example. All possible overlapping 15-mers from HSA were synthesized and probed with a commercially available polyclonal rabbit anti-HSA antibody preparation. To allow for identification of even the weakest epitopes and at the same time perform a detailed characterization of key residues involved in antibody binding, the array also included complete single substitution scans (i.e. including each of the 20 common amino acids) at each position of each 15-mer peptide. As specificity controls, all possible 15-mer peptides from bovine serum albumin (BSA) and from rabbit serum albumin (RSA) were included as well. The resulting layout contained more than 200.000 peptide fields and could be synthesized in a single array on a microscope slide. More than 20 linear epitope candidates were identified and characterized at high resolution i.e. identifying which amino acids in which positions were needed, or not needed, for antibody interaction. As expected, moderate cross-reaction with some peptides in BSA was identified whereas no cross-reaction was observed with peptides from RSA. We conclude that high-density peptide microarrays are a very powerful methodology to identify and characterize linear antibody epitopes, and should advance detailed description of individual specificities at the single antibody level as well as serologic analysis at the proteome-wide level.
Stimuli used in the experiments reported by Wallis et al., "A parametric texture model based on deep convolutional features closely matches texture appearance for humans"
<p># Stimuli for "A parametric texture model based on deep convolutional features closely matches texture appearance for humans" by Wallis et al.</p> <p>This repository contains the stimuli used in</p> <p>Wallis, Funke, Ecker, Gatys, Wichmann and Bethge (submitted). A parametric texture model based on deep convolutional features closely matches texture appearance for humans. </p> <p>Code can be found in a complementary archive (http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.438029; stored separately due to license restrictions on images).</p> <p>The first experiment reported in the paper uses the stimuli in the subdirectory `stimulus_set_3`; the second experiment uses `stimulus_set_4`.</p> <p>## License</p> <p><strong>The original texture images (stored in `stimulus_set_3/raw_textures`) and their derivatives (`stimulus_set_3/preprocessed_ims/` and `stimulus_set_4/preprocessed_ims/`) remain copyright of www.textures.com (shared here with permission for scientific, non-commercial purposes).</strong></p> <p>Other images are shared under a CC-BY-NC license.<br> </p>
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN OUR COUNTRY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
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Use of avian GPS tracking to mitigate human fatalities from bird strikes caused by large soaring birds
<p>1. Birds striking aircraft cause substantial economic loss worldwide and, more worryingly, human and wildlife fatalities. Designing effective measures to avoid fatal bird strikes requires in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of this incident type and the flight behaviors of the bird species involved.</p> <p>2. The characteristics of bird strikes involving aircraft crashes or loss of human life in Spain were studied and compared to flight patterns of bird monitored by GPS. We tracked 210 individuals of the three species that cause the most crashes and human fatalities in Spain: griffon and cinereous vultures (<i>Gyps fulvus</i> and <i>Aegypius monachus</i>) and white storks (<i>Ciconia ciconia</i>).</p> <p>3. All the crashes involved general aviation aircraft, while none were recorded in commercial aviation. Most occurred outside airport boundaries, at midday and in the warmest months, which all correspond with the maximum flight activity of the studied species.</p> <p>4. Bird flight altitudes overlapped the legal flight altitude limit set for general aviation.</p> <p>5. Policy implications: Mitigation of fatal bird strikes should especially address the conflict between general aviation and large soaring birds. Air transportation authorities should consider modifying the flight ceiling for general aviation flights above the studied species' maximum flight altitude. Moreover, policymakers should issue pilots with recommendations regarding the dates and times of peak activity of large soaring bird species to improve flight safety.</p>
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Ensaro people to treat human diseases
<p class="CxSpFirst"><strong>Abstract </strong></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><strong>Introduction</strong>: - People all over the world have been using medicinal plants to treat various ailments and diseases throughout history. It is still common in developing countries. Because is easily accessible, affordable, and trusted by the communities. Although there are several ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants in Ethiopia, the number of medicinal plant species and indigenous knowledge documented is still low compared to the high diversity of culture and habitats.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><strong>Methods: -</strong> Ethnobotanical data were collected during the 13th of February 2019 and the 26th of October 2020 through Semi-structured interviews, field observation, a guided field walk, and focus group discussions</p> <p><strong>Result: - </strong>the study documented 142 medicinal plant species distributed in<strong> </strong>125 genera and 56 families which used to treat 52 ailments. Most of these species were collected from wild habitats. The most used plant families were Fabaceae (14) followed by lamiaceae (9) and Solanaceae (9). Most of these medicinal plants were herbs followed by shrubs.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle">The study revealed a relatively high diversity of medicinal plants that indicated the existence of indigenous knowledge of using medicinal plants to treat ailments and diseases. The findings of this study supported up the idea that indigenous knowledge of using medicinal plants is still alive in highly degraded areas. To make sustainable use of these medicinal plants in the study area, local people must collaborate with natural resource administrators to manage them before they become seriously threatened. Both ex-situ and In-situ conservation strategies should be combined and employed urgently for optimal conservation results</p>
Predicting Code Comprehension: A Novel Approach to Align Human Gaze with Code Using Deep Neural Networks
<p><strong>Checkout our Github-Repo for more information, issues, and pull requests: </strong></p> <p><a href="https://github.com/Taremeh/predicting-code-comprehension-eye-tracking/">https://github.com/Taremeh/predicting-code-comprehension-eye-tracking/</a></p> <p> </p> <p>Dataset and Replication Package for our paper "Predicting Code Comprehension: A Novel Approach to Align Human Gaze with Code Using Deep Neural Networks"</p>
Simultaneous Determination of Glucose and Albumin in Human Urine for Diagnosing Albuminuria using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
<p>The manuscript has not yet been published.</p> <p> </p>
The detection frequency of humans plotted against the detection frequency of cattle herds at each camp number demonstrating a strong linear correlation, as tested using a Pearson's linear correlation test.
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Dataset for "Using Peer Review to Evaluate the Societal Relevance of Humanities Research"
<p>Data for the study on using peer review for evaluating the societal relevance of humanities research. In addition, the study exploratorily uses peer review to measure the societal relevance of humanities research.</p> <p>The raw data for studies 1 and 2 was published earlier as a previous version of this dataset. This updated version again includes the raw data of studies 1 and 2, but now also the raw data of study 3 as well as the combined, processed data of all three studies. This is the dataset that was used for the analyses described in the paper that we wrote about this study.</p>
Anatomical models and scripts for conducting simulations of conduction delays in the ventricular conduction system in human post myocardial infarction using MonoAlg3D
<p>The repository contains:<br><br>1. Video example (example_LBBB.mp4). Simulation of accelerating sinus rhythm (120 to 171 bpm) in myocardial infarction (MI) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) conditions leading to arrhythmia.</p> <p>2. Collection of anatomical models (ventricles and conduction system) used to create the population of models in the study. It includes variability in the infarct size (none, small, large) and multiple conduction delay conditions (LBBB, RBBB and left ventricle) in different sizes, locations and combinations. Models can be visualised in Paraview using the script paraview-alg-plugin.py. The file simulation_plan.xlsx provides further details on the population of models.</p> <p>3. Simulation scripts, defining the scenario and model conditions of the simulations are described in these files, to be used in MonoAlg3D (<span><a href="https://github.com/LLRiebel/MonoAlg3D_C-2023">https://github.com/LLRiebel/MonoAlg3D_C-2023</a></span>). </p>
Supporting data files: Exploring the early molecular pathogenesis of osteoarthritis using differential network analysis of human synovial fluid
<p><strong>SS-218412_v4.1_other.hybNorm.medNormInt.plateScale.medNormSMP.adat</strong></p> <p>Main raw data file - normalized aptamer abundances</p> <p><strong>m4.L1_0.1_L2_0.001_ITER_10K_STABILITYSS_1K.rds</strong></p> <p>R data file object - GGM model output used in manuscript</p>
Effects of Labetalol on Human Cocaine Use - 8
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00000291. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Stress Hormones and Human Cocaine Use - 7
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00000290. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Observational Post-Authorisation Study on the Use of Bemfola® in Human Assisted Reproductive Techniques in Spain.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02941341. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Epidemiological Investigation of COVID-19 in Laos Using a One-Health Approach in Human and Animals
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04716543. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 16.
Evaluation of Human Melanocytes After the Use of PRP Versus Fractional CO2 Laser in Vitiligo
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04320160. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 13.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.