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dryad32/100

Data from: From pristine forests to high-altitude pastures: an ecological approach to prehistoric human impact on vegetation and landscapes in the western Italian Alps

1. This paper addresses the origin and development of the oldest prehistoric pasture in the timberline ecotone known so far in the Alps and its relation to anthropogenic pressure and natural climate change. 2. Paleoecological and geochemical techniques were applied on the Crotte Basse mire stratigraphy (2365 m asl, western Italy) to describe changes in vegetation composition, forest biomass, land use and fertilization between ca. 6400 - 1800 yrs cal BP. 3. Subalpine forests dominated by Pinus cembra occurred at very high-altitude up to ca. 5600 yrs cal BP, when a sharp contraction of woody vegetation took place. This major vegetation shift is matched by increasing charcoal input and markers of pastoral/grazing activities (pollen, dung spores, and forms of phosphorus) in the sediment sequence in this small basin. 4. Major phases of landscape change detected in our multiproxy record chronologically match intervals of cumulative probability density of 14C ages from nearby archaeological sites, suggesting that human activity was the factor leading to massive landscape change from the onset of the Copper Age (ca. 5600 yrs cal BP). The change may have been reinforced by climate variability in the period 5700 - 5300 years cal BP. 5. Sensitivity of woody species to fires was statistically explored (Appendix S3 in Supporting Information), revealing negative reactions of Pinus cembra and Betula to frequent fire episodes and positive reactions of Alnus viridis and Juniperus. Fire episodes do not affect Larix dynamics. 6. Synthesis: Mt. Fallère provides some of the oldest and consistent evidence so far available in the Alps for major anthropogenic pressure at the upper forest limit. As far back as 5600 cal years BP, high-elevation forest ecosystems were permanently disrupted and the alpine pastures were created. Palaeoecological data enable a clear distinction between a random and sporadic use of the alpine space, typical for Mesolithic and Neolithic societies, and an organized seasonal exploitation of natural resources, starting from the Copper Age onwards. The chronological comparison of independent climate proxies, paleoecological information and pollen-based temperature reconstructions sheds light on the relationships between climate and humans since prehistoric times.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 410–413 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 410–413. Distribution maps for the Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group. 410, Chthonius caoduroi Callaini, 1987, Chthonius gallettii n. sp., Chthonius inguscioi n. sp., Chthonius marciai n. sp. and Chthonius multidentatus Beier, 1963; 411, Chthonius caprai Gardini, 1977, Chthonius jonicus Beier, 1931 and Chthonius leoi (Callaini, 1988); 412, Chthonius halberti Kew, 1916, Chthonius nicolosii n. sp., Chthonius ressli Beier, 1956 and Chthonius stammeri Beier, 1942; 413, Chthonius horridus Beier, 1934, Chthonius italicus Beier, 1930 and Chthonius lanai n. sp.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 406–409 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 406–409. Distribution maps for the Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group. 406, Chthonius densedentatus Beier, 1938; 407, Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804); 408, Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, 1934; 409, Chthonius euganeus Gardini, 1991, Chthonius gentianae n. sp., Chthonius herminii n. sp. and Chthonius paolettii Beier, 1973.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 387–393. Chthonius stammeri Beier, 1942 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 387–393. Chthonius stammeri Beier, 1942, Grava dell'Occhio, 3.II.1999 (Laurino, Salerno). 387, male, anterior margin of carapace; 388, female, id.; 389, male, carapace; 390, male, right chelicera; 391, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 392, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view; 393, female, id.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 373–379. Chthonius ressli Beier, 1956, Gaibola near Bologna. 373 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 373–379. Chthonius ressli Beier, 1956, Gaibola near Bologna. 373, male, anterior margin of carapace; 374, female, id.; 375, male, carapace; 376, male, right chelicera; 377, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 378, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view; 379, female, id.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 365–372. Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, 1934 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 365–372. Chthonius pygmaeus Beier, 1934, near Passo di Tanamea, 6.X.1997 (Lusevera, Udine). 365, male, right chela, antiaxial view; 366, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 367, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 368, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 369, female, right chela, antiaxial view; 370, female, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 371, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 372, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 380–386. Chthonius ressli Beier, 1956, Gaibola near Bologna. 380 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 380–386. Chthonius ressli Beier, 1956, Gaibola near Bologna. 380, male, right chela, antiaxial view; 381, male, detail of fingers at the distal half of chela, antiaxial view; 382, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 383, female, right chela, antiaxial view; 384, female, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 385, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 386, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 402–405 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 402–405. Distribution maps for the Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group. 402, Chthonius agazzii Beier, 1966 and Chthonius comottii Inzaghi, 1987; 403, Chthonius alpicola Beier, 1951; 404, Chthonius carinthiacus Beier, 1951; 405, Chthonius guglielmii Callaini, 1986 and Chthonius ilvensis Beier, 1963.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 354–357. Chthonius paolettii Beier, 1973 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 354–357. Chthonius paolettii Beier, 1973, female, Covol dei Siori (Valstagna, Vicenza). 354, left chela, antiaxial view; 355, id., detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 356, id., detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 357, id., detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 327–334. Chthonius multidentatus Beier, 1963 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 327–334. Chthonius multidentatus Beier, 1963, Grotta del Conzo, 26.VI.2019 (Syracuse). 327, male, right chela, antiaxial view; 328, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 329, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 330, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 331, female, right chela, antiaxial view; 332, female, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 333, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 334, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 266–273. Chthonius italicus Beier, 1930 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 266–273. Chthonius italicus Beier, 1930, Grotta dei Surgentin, 29.III.2015 (Pigna, Imperia) (unless otherwise stated). 266, male, anterior margin of carapace; 267, female, id.; 268, male, carapace; 269, male, right chelicera; 270, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 271, male (Buco del Dré, Roaschia), id.; 272, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view; 273, female, id.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 289–296. Chthonius jonicus Beier, 1931 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 289–296. Chthonius jonicus Beier, 1931, Riserva Naturale dello Zingaro, 31.XII.1994 (Scopello, Trapani). 289, male, right chela, antiaxial view; 290, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 291, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 292, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 293, female, right chela, antiaxial view; 294, female, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 295, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 296, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 394–401. Chthonius stammeri Beier, 1942 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 394–401. Chthonius stammeri Beier, 1942, Grava dell'Occhio, 3.II.1999 (Laurino, Salerno). 394, male, right chela, antiaxial view; 395, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 396, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 397, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 398, female, right chela, antiaxial view; 399, female, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 400, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 401, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 245–252 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 245–252. Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804), Castiglione delle Stiviere (Mantova). 245, male, right chela, antiaxial view (hand granulation omitted); 246, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 247, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 248, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 249, female, right chela, antiaxial view (hand granulation omitted); 250, female, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 251, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 252, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 237–244 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 237–244. Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804), Castiglione delle Stiviere (Mantova). 237, male, anterior margin of carapace; 238, female, id.; 239, male, carapace; 240, male, right ocular area; 241, male, right chelicera (dorsal granulation omitted); 242, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 243, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view (granulation omitted); 244, female, id. (granulation omitted).

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 221–228. Chthonius ilvensis Beier, 1963 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 221–228. Chthonius ilvensis Beier, 1963, Capoliveri (Elba Isl.). 221, male, right chela, antiaxial view; 222, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 223, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 224, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 225, female, right chela, antiaxial view; 226, female, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 227, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria st-t, antiaxial view; 228, female, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 282–288. Chthonius jonicus Beier, 1931 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 282–288. Chthonius jonicus Beier, 1931, Riserva Naturale dello Zingaro, 31.XII.1994 (Scopello, Trapani). 282, male, anterior margin of carapace; 283, female, id.; 284, male, carapace; 285, male, right chelicera; 286, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 287, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view; 288, female, id.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 253–265 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 253–265. Chthonius ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804), Meje (Split, Croatia) (unless otherwise stated). 253, male, anterior margin of carapace; 254, male, carapace; 255, male, right chelicera; 256, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 257, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view; 258, male, right chela, antiaxial view; 259, male, detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 260, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 261, male, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 262, male paralectotype of Chthonius rayi ("Hauenstein"), detail of fingers at the chelal tip, antiaxial view; 263, id., detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 264, id., detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view; 265, male (Guldenbachtal bei Seibersbach, Germany), right chela, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 233–236. Chthonius inguscioi n in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 233–236. Chthonius inguscioi n. sp., male holotype. 233, right chela, antiaxial view; 234, detail of dentition at the right chelal fingers tip, antiaxial view; 235, detail of fingers at level of trichobothria est-it and st-t, antiaxial view; 236, detail of fingers at level of trichobothrium sb, antiaxial view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

FIGURES 212–220. Chthonius ilvensis Beier, 1963 in The Italian species of the Chthonius ischnocheles group (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), with reference to neighbouring countries

FIGURES 212–220. Chthonius ilvensis Beier, 1963, Capoliveri (Elba Isl.) (unless otherwise stated). 212, male, anterior margin of carapace; 213, female, id.; 214, male, carapace; 215, male, right chelicera; 216, female, movable finger of right chelicera; 217, male, right chelal hand, dorsal view; 218, female, id.; 219, male, genital opening; 220, male, id. (Pietre Strette, Mt. Portofino, Camogli).

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

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Last verified 2026-04-30Open record

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dandi-nwb
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Last verified 2026-04-30Open record

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