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opennotspecifiedJun 2019View details →

FIGURE 1 in Larval development of Petrolisthes tuberculatus (Guérin, 1835) (Decapoda, Anomura, Porcellanidae) reared in laboratory

FIGURE 1. Petrolisthes tuberculatus. Laboratory culture control. Percentage of living larvae (curve), dead larvae (histogram) and occurrence of larval stages after hatching (upper solid line). Z I = first zoea; Z II = second zoea; M = megalopa.

opennotspecifiedJun 2019View details →

FIGURE 6. Petrolisthes tuberculatus. Second maxilliped, zoea I, A in Larval development of Petrolisthes tuberculatus (Guérin, 1835) (Decapoda, Anomura, Porcellanidae) reared in laboratory

FIGURE 6. Petrolisthes tuberculatus. Second maxilliped, zoea I, A; Second maxilliped, zoea II, B; Second maxilliped, megalopa, C. Third maxilliped, zoea II, D; Third maxilliped, megalopa, E. Scale bars: A-C, E = 0.5 mm; D = 0.2 mm.

opennotspecifiedJun 2019View details →

FIGURE 3. Petrolisthes tuberculatus. Antennule, zoea I, A in Larval development of Petrolisthes tuberculatus (Guérin, 1835) (Decapoda, Anomura, Porcellanidae) reared in laboratory

FIGURE 3. Petrolisthes tuberculatus. Antennule, zoea I, A; Antennule, zoea II, B; Antennule, megalopa, C. Antenna, zoea I, D.1, D.2; Antenna, zoea II, E; Antenna, megalopa, F. Scale bars: A-D = 0.2 mm; E, F = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 11 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 11 Schematic drawing depicting rearrangement and reshaping of endoderm cells during AP axis development seen from two mutually perpendicular planes. Upper row (a–f) represents a cut along the AP axis; lower row (a′–f′) represents a cut perpendicular to the AP axis. Ectoderm is green, endoderm cells are purple. After gastrulation (a, a′), endoderm cells acquire a two-row organization by getting polarized perpendicular to the AP axis (b, b′, c, c′). Later on, the opposite cells intercalate between each other (d, d′) resulting in the elongation and curling of the endodermal core (e, e′), which finally forces the whole body of the larva to elongate (f, f′). At this stage, all endoderm cells are lined up in a single cell row (f, f′)

Fig. 10 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 10 Schematic representation of embryonic and larval development of Lucernaria. Blastomeres are yellow, ectoderm cells are green (cnidoblasts are cyan) and endoderm cells are purple. Cell number is indicated in blue font. (a–c) Cleavage. (d) Stereoblastula. (e, f, g) Early, mid-, and late gastrulae, respectively. (h, i) Beginning of morphological differentiation of the AP body axis: the endoderm cells elongate perpendicular to the future AP axis. (j) Beginning of intercalation of

Fig. 8 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 8 Hatchling stage. Cell cortices and myonemes are labeled with phallacidin (green), nuclei are labeled with DAPI (blue), cilia and cnidoblasts are labeled with anti-tubulin antibodies (red) on the CLSM image (b). Ectoderm cells are artificially colored in green (cnidoblasts are cyan) and endoderm cells are artificially colored in purple on the TEM images (a, c–e). The pole of the hatchlings with cnidoblasts is oriented to the right. (a, b) Longitudinal sections through the body axis. The endoderm rod straightens, endoderm cells are coin-shaped, and ectoderm cells are of irregular shape. Sparse сilia are observed for the first time at this

Fig. 12 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 12 The set of developmental pathways available for medusozoan cnidarians. Blastomeres are yellow, ectoderm cells are green, and endoderm cells are purple. (a–e) Developmental trajectory of Lucernaria. (a) Cleavage, (b) stereoblastula, (c) gastrulation by ingression of just a few cells, (d) gastrula, (e) planula. (f, g and h– k) Developmental trajectories of other medusozoan cnidarians leading to development of multicellular planula (k). (f) Gastrulation by primary (cellular) delamination followed by proliferation of both ectoderm and endoderm cells (g). (h) Blastula containing multiple cells and having the blastocoel (coeloblastula). (i) Gastrulation by ingression of multiple cells. (j) Gastrulation by invagination

Fig. 6 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 6 Morphological differentiation of the primary body axis: development of the endoderm rod. Cell cortices are labeled with phallacidin (green) and nuclei are labeled with DAPI (blue) on the CLSM images (a, a1–a4). Ectoderm cells are artificially colored in green (round cells are in cyan) and endoderm cells are artificially colored in purple on the TEM images (b, c). Future poles of AP body axis are marked with asterisks. (a) 3D reconstruction of a spherical embryo. (a1–a4) Planes of the longitudinal optical sections. (a1) Section of the embryo in the plane of the endoderm rod bending: the endoderm rod of the spherical embryo has a V shape. (a2–a4) Optical sections through the embryo in the planes perpendicular to the axis of the rod bending, which

Fig. 5 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 5 Morphological differentiation of the AP body axis: beginning of endoderm cell reshaping. CLSM of phallacidin staining (a, b, f, g) and TEM (c–e, h–j). Ectoderm cells are artificially colored in green (rounded basiepithelial cells are in cyan) and endoderm cell are artificially colored in purple on the TEM images. (a–e) Primary elongation of endoderm cells. (a) Very beginning of the axis development: some endoderm cells start elongating. (b) Embryos at a bit later stage: longitudinal section (left) and cross section (right). Endoderm cells are elongated perpendicular to the body axis. As they are packed in two rows, only two or three cells (asterisks) are visible on a cross section. Rounded cells lacking the contact with the embryo surface appear in the ectoderm. (c) An embryo at the same stage as on (b), longitudinal section. Purple arrows show the direction of elongation of the endoderm cells. Note plenty of vacuoles in their cytoplasm. (d) The endoderm core with characteristic pairwise arrangement of cells. (e) Ultrastructure of an endoderm cell. A purple double-

Fig. 3 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 3 Stereoblastula: CLSM of phallacidin staining (a, b) and TEM (c– f). (a) A 16-cell stage embryo, maximum intensity projection; cell cortices are labeled with phallacidin (green). (b) Central optical section through the stereoblastula: all blastomeres are roughly of the same size and shape. (c) Section through the center of an embryo showing that there is no blastocoel inside the blastula. Two blastomeres are artificially colored in yellow. (d) A blastomere has multiple yolk granules and vacuoles;

Fig. 4 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 4 The dynamics of gastrulation: CLSM of phallacidin staining (a, h) and TEM (b–g, i–k). Embryos are oriented with the gastrulation pole (yellow arrowheads) down. Prospective ectoderm cells are artificially colored in green and prospective endoderm cells are artificially colored in purple on the TEM images. (a–a‴) Successive stages of gastrulation, central optical sections. Note the columnarized (a) and then bottle-shaped (a′–a‴) presumptive endoderm cells marked with asterisks and stretching ectoderm cells (green arrowheads) adjacent to the site of ingression. (b) An embryo at the early gastrula stage (corresponds to a′). Presumptive ectoderm cells situated near the ingressing cells are stretched towards the pole of gastrulation, while the cells beyond this area have a cuboid shape. (c) Close-up of the region framed on B showing ultrastructure of an ingressing cell. White arrows demonstrate the constriction of the cell apex. A purple arrow shows the direction of squeezing of the enlarged basal portion of the cell inside the embryo and a green arrow shows the

Fig. 1 in How to build a larval body with less than a hundred cells? Insights from the early development of a stalked jellyfish (Staurozoa, Cnidaria)

Fig. 1 Timing of the development of Lucernaria embryo up to the planula larva stage: in vivo light microscopy imaging. The time of development at +8 °C is given in hours post fertilization (hpf). Note that neither embryo nor planula have cavity. The name of developmental stage is indicated on the top of each image. White

opennotspecifiedFeb 2022View details →

TABLE 1 in Description of the complete larval development of Lysmata amboinensis (De Man) (Decapoda: Lysmatidae) reared under laboratory conditions

TABLE 1. Comparison of selected morphological zoeal stages characters of Lysmata sp. Z—Zoea. Decap.—Decapodite. ZI, ZII, etc.—First zoea, second zoea, etc. Pl—Plumose seta. Si—Simple setae. NA —Not Available. a In ZV it wasn’t yet; b In ZIV it had almost reached it.<table><tbody><tr><th>Morphological feature</th><th>L. amboinensis</th><th>L. amboinensis</th><th>L. ensirostris</th><th>L. vittata</th><th>L. galapagensis</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Present study</td><td>Wunsch 1996</td><td>Bensam&Kartha 1967; Pillai 1974</td><td>Yang&Kim 1999</td><td>Bartilotti et al. 2012</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>10 Z +1 decap.</td><td>11 Z</td><td>9 Z+1 decap.</td><td>9 Z</td><td>7 Z</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific, South Pacific Ocean, Mozambique Channel</td><td>Indo-Pacific, Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean</td><td>Indo-Pacific</td><td>Indo-Pacific</td><td>E Pacific</td></tr><tr><th>ZI, Total length, mm</th><td>2.8–2.98</td><td>2.70–2.80</td><td>1.89–2.23</td><td>NA</td><td>2.46–2.89</td></tr><tr><th>ZI, carapace length, mm</th><td>0.9–1</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>0.33–0.37</td><td>0.92–1.00</td></tr><tr><th>ZIV, carapace length, mm</th><td>0.64–1</td><td>NA</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.44</td><td>1.61–2.15</td></tr><tr><th>ZVII, carapace length, mm</th><td>0.84–1.42</td><td>NA</td><td>1.40–1.41</td><td>0.62–0.68</td><td>4.08–4.32</td></tr><tr><th>Last Z, carapace length, mm</th><td>ZX: 2.81–4.35</td><td>ZXI: NA</td><td>ZIX: 3.5</td><td>ZIX: 0.784–0.832</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>First Zoea:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Carapace: Pterigostomian spine</th><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Number of marginal denticles</th><td>3–5</td><td>3–4</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>Eyes sessile</th><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Antennule: peduncle and exopod</th><td>Entire</td><td>Entire</td><td>Entire</td><td>Entire</td><td>Entire</td></tr><tr><th>Antennal exopod: 5–6 articles</th><td>11Pl + 1Si</td><td>12Pl + 1Si</td><td>9Pl</td><td>10Pl + 1Si</td><td>11Pl + 1Si</td></tr><tr><th>Pair of dorsal spines on 5th pleomere</th><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Pleopods</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td></tr><tr><th>Uropods</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td></tr><tr><th>Older Zoeas:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Eyes stalked and pedunculate</th><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td></tr><tr><th>Carapace without marginal denticles</th><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIX</td><td>ZV</td></tr><tr><th>Carapace with cervical carinae</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td></tr><tr><th>Rostrum first dorsal spine</th><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVI</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZII</td></tr><tr><th>Antennal exopod entire</th><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td></tr><tr><th>First pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Biramous bud</th><td>ZII (small bud: ZI)</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZI</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Present study</td><td>Wunsch 1996</td><td>Bensam&Kartha 1967; Pillai 1974</td><td>Yang&Kim 1999</td><td>Bartilotti et al. 2012</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>10 Z +1 decap.</td><td>11 Z</td><td>9 Z+1 decap.</td><td>9 Z</td><td>7 Z</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific, South Pacific Ocean, Mozambique Channel</td><td>Indo-Pacific, Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean</td><td>Indo-Pacific</td><td>Indo-Pacific</td><td>E Pacific</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZII</td></tr><tr><th>Second pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Biramous bud</th><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV</td></tr><tr><th>Third pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Biramous bud</th><td>ZV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV (unir. rud)</td><td>ZV</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZVI</td><td>ZVI</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVI</td></tr><tr><th>Fourth pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Biramous bud</th><td>ZVI</td><td>ZVI</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV (unir. rud)</td><td>ZV</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVI</td><td>ZVIII</td><td>ZVI</td></tr><tr><th>Fifth pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Uniramous bud</th><td>ZIII (small bud: ZII)</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZI</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZII</td></tr><tr><th>Pereiopods with paddled-like propodus</th><td>3 rd, 4 th and 5 th</td><td>3 rd, 4 th and 5 th</td><td>5th</td><td>5th</td><td>5th</td></tr><tr><th>5th pleomere without dorso-lat spines</th><td>ZVIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>NA</td><td>ZV</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><th>3rd pleomere with curved spine</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Pleopods:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Small buds</th><td>ZVIII</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZVI</td></tr><tr><th>Biramous buds</th><td>ZIX</td><td>ZIX (day 40)</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVII</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Differentiated protopod</th><td>ZX</td><td>ZX (day 80)</td><td>ZVIII</td><td>ZIX</td><td>ZVII</td></tr><tr><th>With appendix interna</th><td>-</td><td>ZXI (day 120)</td><td>ZIX</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><th>Telson margins laterally parallel</th><td>ZV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZV</td></tr></tbody></table>......continued on the next pageTABLE 1. (Continued)......continued on the next page

opennotspecifiedJul 2005View details →

FIGURE 3 in Larval development of Symphurus atramentatus (Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes) from the Gulf of California

FIGURE 3. Size at metamorphosis of seven species of eastern Pacific Symphurus with maximum depth distribution.

opennotspecifiedSep 2017View details →

Figure 2 in The salinity during larval development affects the dispersion in adults of the tree-climbing crab Aratus pisonii

Figure 2. Survival analysis of Aratus pisonii. Survival percentage of 30 megalopae until juvenile metamorphosis or death in five salinity treatments. Circles with numbers represent events. Events represent metamorphosis to juvenile stage.

opennotspecifiedSep 2017View details →

Figure 1 in The salinity during larval development affects the dispersion in adults of the tree-climbing crab Aratus pisonii

Figure 1. Survival analysis of Aratus pisonii. Survival percentage of 100 zoea larvae until megalopa metamorphosis or death in five salinity treatments. Circles with numbers represent number of events. Events represent metamorphosis to megalopae stage.

Figure 3 in Larval development of the spider crab Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825), (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Epialtidae)

Figure 3. Megalopa of Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825). (A) lateral view; (B) dorsal view; (C) antennule, with aesthetascs shown truncated; (D) antenna; (E), left mandible, with enlargement of distal palp segment; (F) maxillule; (G) maxilla. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 4 in Larval development of the spider crab Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825), (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Epialtidae)

Figure 4. Megalopa of Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825). (A) maxilliped I; (B) maxilliped II, with enlargement of distal endopod segments; (C) maxilliped III; (D) pleopods 1–4 and uropod (natatory setae shown truncated, without setules), distal setae shown truncated; (E) cheliped and pereiopods; (F) sternum; (G) dorsal view of abdomen and telson. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 1 in Larval development of the spider crab Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825), (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Epialtidae)

Figure 1. First zoea of Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825). (A) lateral view and magnified ventrolateral carapace margin (maxilliped natatory setae shown truncated); (B) antennule; (C) antenna (endopod bud stippled); (D) right mandible; (E) maxillule, with enlargement of coxal and basial endites; (F) maxilla, with enlargement of coxal and basial endites; (G) maxilliped I, with enlargement of distal endopod segment; (H) maxilliped II; (I) dorsal view of abdomen and telson. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 2 in Larval development of the spider crab Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825), (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Epialtidae)

Figure 2. Second zoea of Menaethius monoceros (Latreille, 1825). (A) lateral view and magnified ventrolateral carapace margin (maxilliped natatory setae shown truncated); (B) antennule; (C) antenna; (D) right mandible; (E) maxillule, with enlargement of coxal and basial endites; (F) maxilla, with enlargement of coxal and basial endites; (G) chela and pereopods; (H) dorsal view of abdomen and telson. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.