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2,315 results for “maintainability”
The ecological stage maintains preference differentiation and promotes speciation
<p>Influential models of speciation by sexual selection posit either a single shared preference for a universal display, expressed only when males are locally adapted and hence in high condition, or that shared loci evolve population-specific alleles for displays and preferences. However, many closely related species instead show substantial differences across categorically different traits. We present a model of secondary contact whereby females maintain preferences for distinct displays that indicate both male condition and their match to distinct environments, fostering reproductive isolation among diverging species. This occurs even with search costs and with independent preference loci targeting independent displays. Such preferences can also evolve from standing variation. Divergence occurs because condition-dependent display and female preference depend on local ecology, and females obtain different benefits of choice. Given the ubiquity of ecological differences among environments, our model could help explain the evolution of striking radiations of displays seen in nature.</p>
Negative frequency dependent selection maintains shell banding polymorphisms in two marine snails (Littorina fabalis and L. saxatilis)
<p>The presence of shell bands is common in gastropods. The marine snails, <i>Littorina fabalis</i> and <i>L. saxatilis</i>, are<i> </i>both polymorphic for this trait. Such polymorphism would be expected to be lost by the action of genetic drift or directional selection, but it appears to be widespread at relatively constant frequencies. This suggests it is maintained by balancing selection on the trait or on a genetically linked trait. Using long time-series of empirical data, we compared potential effects of genetic drift and negative frequency-dependent selection, in the two species. The contribution of genetic drift to changes in the frequency of bands in <i>L. fabalis</i> was estimated using the effective population size estimated from microsatellite data, while the effect of genetic drift in <i>L. saxatilis</i> were derived from previously published study. Frequency-dependent selection was assessed comparing the cross-product estimator of fitness with the frequency of the polymorphism across years using a regression analysis. Both studied species showed patterns of negative frequency-dependent selection. In addition, in <i>L. fabalis</i>, contributions from genetic drift could explain some of the changes in banding frequency. Overdominance and heterogeneous selection did not fit well to our data. The possible biological explanations resulting on the maintenance of the banding polymorphism are discussed.</p>
Dewlap color variation in Anolis sagrei is maintained among habitats within islands of the West Indies
<p>Animal signals evolve in an ecological context. Locally adapting animal sexual signals can be especially important for initiating or reinforcing reproductive isolation during the early stages of speciation. Previous studies have demonstrated that dewlap color in Anolis lizards can be highly variable between populations in relation to both biotic and abiotic adaptive drivers at relatively large geographical scales. Here, we investigated differentiation of dewlap coloration among habitat types at a small spatial scale, within multiple islands of the West Indies, to test the hypothesis that similar local adaptive processes occur over smaller spatial scales. We explored variation in dewlap coloration in the most widespread species of anole, Anolis sagrei, across three characteristic habitats spanning the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands, namely beach scrub, primary coppice forest and mangrove forest. Using reflectance spectrometry paired with supervised machine learning, we found significant differences in spectral properties of the dewlap between habitats within small islands, sometimes over very short distances. Passive divergence in dewlap phenotype associated with isolation-by-distance did not explain our results. On the other hand, these habitat-specific dewlap differences varied in magnitude and direction across islands, and thus our primary test for adaptation -- parallel responses across islands -- was not supported. We suggest that neutral processes or selection could be involved in several ways, including sexual selection. Our results shed new light on the scale at which signal color polymorphism can be maintained in the presence of gene flow, and the relative role of local adaptation and other processes in driving these patterns.</p>
Dung beetles maintain phylogenetic divergence but functional convergence across a highly fragmented tropical landscape
<p>Understanding how human-modified landscapes affect the phylogenetic composition and assembly mechanisms of biological communities is critical for effectively managing and restoring tropical ecosystems. We evaluated how forest coverage loss, fragmentation, and landscape heterogeneity affect the phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles and their assembly mechanisms in Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, a protected but highly fragmented tropical landscape. We calculated Faith's phylogenetic diversity, mean pairwise phylogenetic distance, and mean nearest taxon distance for 5,388 individuals in 36 species. The standardised effect sizes of these metrics were estimated to control their correlation with species richness. Phylogenetic diversity was also assessed separately for each dung beetle functional group. Finally, we compared the mean functional and phylogenetic pairwise distance and mean nearest taxon distance and measured the phylogenetic signal among dung beetle functional traits to determine the influence of niche conservatism on the phylogenetic structure of species assemblages. Faith's phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles was positively correlated with forest coverage, while their mean phylogenetic and nearest taxon distance values decreased with increasing landscape fragmentation. Necrophagous beetles and forest specialists responded most negatively to forest coverage loss and fragmentation. Alpha and beta diversity values showed phylogenetic overdispersion but functional convergence and weak phylogenetic signals in their functional traits, suggesting low niche conservatism. Landscapes with moderate forest coverage (≥ 40%) favoured higher phylogenetic beta diversity, whereas phylogenetic and functional beta diversity decreased significantly in landscapes with low forest coverage (< 30%).</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications:</em> Forest habitats in fragmented landscapes are essential for safeguarding the evolutionary history of dung beetles, reducing biotic homogenisation processes by favouring phylogenetic overdispersion and complementarity between sites. Therefore, to secure the phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles within fragmented tropical reserves, we recommend protecting the existing forests, preventing further fragmentation of continuous forest areas, and increasing matrix quality by implementing biodiversity-friendly production systems. Finally, managers should consider assessing different functional groups in other species, as their response to landscape disturbance may not be phylogenetically similar. The above will allow more effective management practices to protect the species most susceptible to disturbances.</p>
Distribution. Turkey, S Russia (Daghestan and Chechnya), NE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, N Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan. A free-roaming population introduced in 1970 in SC New Mexico, USA, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting. in Bovidae
Distribution. Turkey, S Russia (Daghestan and Chechnya), NE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, N Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan. A free-roaming population introduced in 1970 in SC New Mexico, USA, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting.
Restoring faith in conservation action: maintaining wild genetic diversity through the Tasmanian devil insurance program
<p>Conservation breeding programs aim to maintain 90% wild genetic diversity, but rarely assess functional diversity. Here, we compare both genome-wide and functional diversity (in over 500 genes) of Tasmanian devils (<em>Sarcophilus harrisii</em>) within the insurance metapopulation and across the species' range (64,519 km<sup>2</sup>). Populations have declined by 80% since 1996 due to a contagious cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). However, predicted local extinctions have not occurred. Recent suggestions of selection for "resistance" alleles in the wild precipitated concerns that insurance population devils may be unsuitable for translocations. Using 830 wild samples collected at 31 locations between 2012-2021, and 553 insurance metapopulation devils, we show that the insurance metapopulation is representative of current wild genetic diversity. Allele frequencies at DFTD-associated loci were not substantially different between captive and wild devils. Methods presented here are valuable for others investigating evolutionary potential in threatened species, particularly ones under significant selective pressures.</p>
Intelligent Tutoring System for Code Maintainability - Supplementary material
<p>Data from a field study concerning the empirical evaluation of an intelligent tutoring system specialized for code maintainability. The paper will be referenced once published.</p>
Sexual conflict does not maintain female colour polymorphism in a territorial damselfly
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Female-limited dimorphism is commonly hypothesized to be an adaptation resulting from male harassment or sexual conflict over female mating rate. We examined whether males discriminate be- tween female colour morphs of the beautiful Hawaiian damselfly, Megalagrion calliphya, in order to evaluate whether male harassment could explain the existence and/or maintenance of this dimorphism. Previous studies of this species suggest that spatially varying ecological selection maintains the dimorphism, but these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. Here, we used a common method of measuring male behaviour towards secured females at mating sites under naturally occurring conditions, using five populations that range in male-like female morph frequency from 0 to 0.86. We found very low rates of interaction in a total of 64 one-hour trials, and male behaviour towards females did not differ significantly between colour morphs. By comparing the populations that vary in female morph fre- quency, we found no evidence of frequency-dependent sexual selection on colour, suggesting that this polymorphism is maintained by selective forces other than sexual conflict.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Two type I topoisomerases maintain DNA topology in human mitochondria
<p>Raw image data from the article "Two type I topoisomerases maintain DNA topology in human mitochondria" by Katja E. Menger et al.</p>
Fig. 3 in Lack of well-maintained natural history collections and taxonomists in megadiverse developing countries hampers global biodiversity exploration
Fig. 3 Correlation between the number of taxonomists and biodiversity collections in the 17 biologically megadiverse developing countries (see legend of Fig. 1 for details). Shown are the correlations between species
Fig. 2 in Lack of well-maintained natural history collections and taxonomists in megadiverse developing countries hampers global biodiversity exploration
Fig. 2 Locations of holotype deposition of 1427 newly described animal species from the 17 biologically megadiverse countries. Data including all taxa from amphipods to mammals were gathered by surveying all
QIBC code: "NEAT1 Modulates the TIRR/53BP1 Complex to Maintain Genome Integrity"
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Ketterer et al. "The putative Type 4 secretion system effector BspD is involved in maintaining envelope integrity of the pathogen Brucella"
<p>Supplementary Data to Ketterer et al. "<span>The putative Type 4 secretion system effector BspD is involved in maintaining envelope integrity of the pathogen <em>Brucella"</em></span></p>
Southern Brazilian grassland diversity: anti-disturbance regimes are not ideal and grazing maintains plant diversity
<p><strong>"Teste_Rhill"</strong> - This dataset is the general spreadsheet of grassland species abundance obtained using the Londo scale. The data have been compartmentalized according to the analysis focus into tabs by region (HG and PG) or sites (ACE, ALE, ARA, LAV, TAI, TAV, VAC). The treatments are defined as CONV (CG - Continuous grazing), CONS (DG - Deferred grazing), and EXCL (GE - Grazing exclusion).</p> <p><strong>"dados2"</strong> - General dataset used.</p> <p>The remaining files are RStudio or RMarkdown analyses, as already specified in their own scripts.</p>
Importance of Longwave Radiative Forcing by Icy Clouds in Maintaining Miocene High-latitude Warmth
<p>Supporting Information for<strong> Importance of Longwave Radiative Forcing by Icy Clouds in Maintaining Miocene High-latitude Warmth</strong></p> <p>NetCDF files: B.MIO_400_C5.cam2.h0.last50yr_climo_monthly.nc is from our control experiment, and B.MIO_400_C5_MK_TeoKor_Dem1SLF_2.cam2.h0.last50yr_climo_monthly is from our modified experiment.</p> <p>cldwat2m_micro.F90, microp_aero.F90, microp_driver.F90, and zm_conv.F90 are the source code used in our modified experiment. </p> <p> </p>
Figure 3 in The role of artificial ponds in maintaining dragonfly populations in an intensified farmland landscape. A case of study in Zamora, Spain
Figure 3. MDS two-dimensional plot (stress = 0.17) representing the samples of the four systems (Bray-Curtis index, square-root transformed abundances).
Figure 2 in The role of artificial ponds in maintaining dragonfly populations in an intensified farmland landscape. A case of study in Zamora, Spain
Figure 2. Estimated mean ± SE of dragonfly (A) richness, (B) abundance, and (C) Shannon's index values for each system (pond, reservoir, stream, and river).
Genomic time-series data show that gene flow maintains high genetic diversity despite substantial genetic drift in a butterfly species
<p>Effective population size affects the efficacy of selection, rate of evolution by drift, and neutral diversity levels. When species are subdivided into multiple populations connected by gene flow, evolutionary processes can depend on global or local effective population sizes. Theory predicts that high levels of diversity might be maintained by gene flow, even very low levels of gene flow, consistent with species long-term effective population size, but tests of this idea are mostly lacking. Here, we show that Lycaeides butterfly populations maintain low contemporary (variance) effective population sizes (e.g., ~200 individuals) and thus evolve rapidly by genetic drift. In contrast, populations harbored high levels of genetic diversity consistent with an effective population size several orders of magnitude larger. We hypothesized that the differences in the magnitude and variability of contemporary versus long-term effective population sizes were caused by gene flow of sufficient magnitude to maintain diversity but only subtly affect evolution on generational time scales. Consistent with this hypothesis, we detected low but non-trivial gene flow among populations. Furthermore, using short-term population-genomic time-series data, we documented patterns consistent with predictions from this hypothesis, including a weak but detectable excess of evolutionary change in the direction of the mean (migrant gene pool) allele frequencies across populations, and consistency in the direction of allele frequency change over time. The documented decoupling of diversity levels and short-term change by drift in Lycaeides has implications for our understanding of contemporary evolution and the maintenance of genetic variation in the wild.</p>
A combination of morphological and photosynthetic functional traits maintains the vertical distribution of bryophytes in a subtropical cloud forest
<p><span>The distribution and performance of bryophyte species are known to vary with vertical gradients, due to changes in environmental factors, especially light conditions. However, the morphological and physiological drivers of bryophyte distribution along forest vertical gradients are poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span><span><b>Methods</b><b>:</b> We conducted a comparative analysis of 28 morphological and photosynthetic functional traits in 18 species of mosses and liverworts distributed among three vertical microhabitats (ground, tree trunk, and branch) to analyze trait variance among the microhabitats and bryophyte life–forms in a subtropical cloud forest in Ailao Mountain, Yunnan, southwest China. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to summarize trait differences among bryophyte species.</span></span></p> <p><span><b>Key Results: </b></span><span>In contrast to trunk and ground dwellers, branch dwellers tend to reduce light interception (smaller leaf and cell sizes, lower chlorophyll content); protect against damage from intense irradiation (higher ratios of carotenoids to chlorophyll); raise light energy utilization (higher photosynthetic capacity) and cope with lower environmental moisture conditions (pendant life-forms, thicker cell wall). Principal component analysis showed that ecological strategies of bryophytes in response to levels of irradiation were specialized in branch–dwellers, although those in ground and trunk–dwelling species were less distinct.</span></p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Environmental filtering shaped the functional traits combination and spatial distribution of bryophytes along the vertical gradients. Bryophyte species from upper canopy of cloud forests show narrow variation in functional traits under intense light , whereas species in the lower vertical strata associated with low levels of light intensity exhibited contrasting, but more diverse ecological strategies.</p>
A Mechanism for Automatically Extracting Reusable and Maintainable Code Idioms from Software Repositories
<p>The provided dataset contains the data used by "A Mechanism for Automatically Extracting Reusable and Maintainable Code Idioms from Software Repositories", in order to extract maintainable and reusable code idioms from the most popular GitHub repositories. The dataset includes the code snippets, the Abstract Syntax Trees and repositories information about Control Flow Statements (if-blocks, for-blocks, enhanced-for-blocks, try-blocks, while-blocks, switch-blocks and do-blocks) data coming from the top GitHub projects.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.