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Рис. 1. Вероятность обнаружения меченых животных (среΑнее ± ошибка) при пяти- и Αесятиметровых интерваΛах межΑу прикормочными станциями в Αвух экспериментах. По второму эксперименту расчеты сΑеΛаны ΑΛя резуΛьтатов отΛова в течение первых трех и поΛных Αесяти Αней. Значение «p» отражает уровень статистической значимости разΛичий межΑу ΑоΛями животных с меткой при Αвух интерваΛах Fig. 1. Probability of finding marked animals (average±standard error) between feeding stations placed at intervals of five and ten meters in the two experiments. In the second experiment, calculations were made for the results of trapping during the first three days and during the whole period of ten days. The p value reflects the statistical significance of differences between the fractions of animals with a mark for two types of intervals in Verification of the bottle-based method for estimating abundance of small mammals using biomarkers

Рис. 1. Вероятность обнаружения меченых животных (среΑнее ± ошибка) при пяти- и Αесятиметровых интерваΛах межΑу прикормочными станциями в Αвух экспериментах. По второму эксперименту расчеты сΑеΛаны ΑΛя резуΛьтатов отΛова в течение первых трех и поΛных Αесяти Αней. Значение «p» отражает уровень статистической значимости разΛичий межΑу ΑоΛями животных с меткой при Αвух интерваΛах Fig. 1. Probability of finding marked animals (average±standard error) between feeding stations placed at intervals of five and ten meters in the two experiments. In the second experiment, calculations were made for the results of trapping during the first three days and during the whole period of ten days. The p value reflects the statistical significance of differences between the fractions of animals with a mark for two types of intervals

FIGURE 6 in Pleistocene record of mammals and pollen from Mexico (Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla) and their paleoenvironmental interpretation

FIGURE 6. Pollen diagram of the locality Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla, Mexico. Showing on the right in dark green the arboreal elements vs in light green the herbaceous elements. Area delimited by grey lines indicates the layers with the presence of vertebrate remains (bone silhouette). Diagram was made in Tilia 3.0.1.

FIGURE 2 in Pleistocene record of mammals and pollen from Mexico (Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla) and their paleoenvironmental interpretation

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphic column of the locality Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla, indicating the layer with the fossil vertebrate materials.

FIGURE 1 in Pleistocene record of mammals and pollen from Mexico (Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla) and their paleoenvironmental interpretation

FIGURE 1. Location of Las Tazas site (white star) near to Valsequillo lagoon in the middle of Puebla State, and the location of the fossil site in a regional geological map (Servicio Geológico Mexicano, 2014; 1:50 000).

FIGURE 3 in Pleistocene record of mammals and pollen from Mexico (Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla) and their paleoenvironmental interpretation

FIGURE 3. Fossil material of pampathere and horses from Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla. Pampatherium mexicanum: A, movable osteoderm (BUAPAL 768); B, movable osteoderm fragment (BUAPAL 767); C, fixed scapular shield (BUA- PAL 769); D, fixed scapular shield (BUAPAL 779). Equus conversidens: E, left M2 (BUAPAL 773); F, right M3 (BUAPAL 774). Equus sp.: G, right p3 (BUAPAL 771); H, right m2 (BUAPAL 772); I–J, left mandible (BUAPAL 780). Figures A–D in dorsal view; E–H and J in occlusal view; I in labial view.

FIGURE 5 in Pleistocene record of mammals and pollen from Mexico (Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla) and their paleoenvironmental interpretation

FIGURE 5. Fossil material of camel and mammoth from Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla. Camelops cf. C. hesternus: A–B, left calcaneus (BUAPAL 757). Mammuthus columbi: C, left femur (BUAPAL 775). Figure A in medial view; B in lateral view; C in caudal view.

FIG. 11 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 11. — Distribution in percent of specimens by order and species from Mas de Gimel and Naples elaborated from data of Tables 2 and 3: A, color pie chart of Mas de Gimel collection; B, color pie chart of Naples collection. White sections correspond to specimens of indeterminate order or, within an order, of indeterminate specific attribution. Each identified species presents a color variation of the order color section. Percentage number are indicated when superior to one.

FIG. 9 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 9. — Upper deciduous (DP4), premolar (P4) and molars (M1-2-3) of Hartenbergeromys pailladensis n. sp. from the two closely related localities: MGL, Mas de Gimel (Hérault), and NAP, Naples (Hérault): A, UM-MGL-647, right DP4; A1, occlusal view; A2, lingual view; B, UM-NAP-57, enamel cover of a left DP4, unworn: B1, lingual view; B2, occlusal view; C, UM-NAP-59, left P4: C1, occlusal view; C2, labial view; D, UM-NAP-58, left P4, occlusal view; E, MicroCTScan of UM-MGL-601, holotype, unworn left M1: E1, occlusal view; E2, lingual view; E3, labial view; E', same as E (UM-MGL-601), but drawings, to compare both figurations; F, UM-MGL-639, worn right M1: F1, occlusal view; F2, lingual view; G, UM-NAP-47, unworn left M1: G1, occlusal view; G2, lingual view; H, UM-NAP-55, right M1-2, moderately worn, roots partially preserved, occlusal view; I, UM-NAP-48, left M2, moderately worn, roots partially preserved: I1, occlusal view; I2, lingual view; I3, labial view; J, UM-NAP-56, left M3, weakly worn, roots broken; J1, occlusal view; J2, lingual view; J3, labial view; K, UM-NAP-52, right M3, nearly unworn: K1, occlusal view; K2, lingual view; K3, labial view; L, UM-NAP-64, right M3, nearly unworn, roots absent, occlusal view. Scale bar: 1 mm. The background of the profiles is greyed out. On Fig. F open cracks are filled with horizontal stripes.

FIG. 8 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 8. — Equoidea from Mas de Gimel, Naples and Naples 2: A-F, teeth of Propalaeotherium gaudryi (Lemoine, 1878) in occlusal views: left m1-m2 UM-MGL-77 (A), right M1 UM-NAP-103 (B), left M1 UM-NAP2-72L (C), right p4 UM-MGL-26 (D), left p4 UM-MGL-32 (E) and left p3 UM-MGL-73 (F); G-J, teeth of Pachynolophus cf. ruscasseriensis Remy, Krasovec, Lopez, Marandat & Lihoreau, 2019 in occlusal views: broken left M3 UM-MGL-361 (G), right M3 UM-NAP-99 (H), left m2 UM-MGL-369 (I) and right p3 UM-MGL-372 (J). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 7. — Large perissodactyl taxa from Mas de Gimel, Naples and Naples 2: A-C, teeth of Hyrachyus stehlini (Depéret, 1904) in occlusal view: right M1 UM-NAP-110 (A), right P3 UM-MGL-515 (B) and right m2 UM-MGL-513 (C); D-F, dental row of Lophiodon cf. leptorhynchum Filhol, 1888: mandible with right and left p2-m3 UM-NAP2-09 in lateral view (D) and occlusal focus on left side (F), right P2-M3 UM-NAP2-73 (E). Scale bars: A-C, 10 mm; D-F, 50 mm.

FIG. 3 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 3. — Apatotheria, Chiroptera, Pantolesta, and Plesiadapiformes from Mas de Gimel and Naples: A, B, molars of Heterohyus sp.: left m1 UM-NAP-16 in occlusal (A1) and labial (A2) views, left m2 UM-MGL-810 in occlusal (B1) and labial (B2) views; C, D, molars of Palaeochiropterygidae gen. et sp. indet.: left m3 UM-MGL-107 in occlusal (C1) and labial (C2) views, right M1 or M2 UM-NAP-19 in occlusal (D1) and lingual (D2) views; E, left P4 UM-MGL-456 of?Icaronycteridae sp. indet. in lingual (E1) and occlusal (E2) views; F, right m1-2 UM-MGL-449 of Palaeochiropteryx cf. tupaiodon Revilliod, 1917 in occlusal (F1) and labial (F2); G, H, molars of Icaronycteris sp.: right m1 or m2 UM-NAP-20 in occlusal (G1) and labial (G2) views, left UM-NAP-21 in occlusal (H1) and labial (H2) views; I, left M1 or M2 UM-MGL-424 of Pantolestidae gen. et sp. indet. in occlusal view; J, left M3 UM-NAP-1 of?Pantolestes sabatieri Smith, 2001 in occlusal view; K, right m2 UM-MGL-741 of Arcius lapparenti in occlusal (K1) and labial (K2) views. Scale bars: A-H, K, 0.5 mm; I, J, 1 mm.

FIG. 6 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 6. — Artiodactyla from Mas de Gimel, Naples and Naples 2: A, B, molars of Protodichobune oweni Lemoine, 1878: right M3 UM-MGL-27 in occlusal view (A), left m1 UM-NAP-78 in occlusal view (B); C-F, teeth in occlusal view of Cuisitherium lydekkeri (Lemoine, 1891): left M1 UM-NAP-82 (C), right p4 UM-NAP2-73L (D), right m3 UM-NAP-76 (E) and right m1 UM-NAP-77 (F); G, right p4 of Eurodexis cf. russelli Sudre & Erfurt, 1996 UM-MGL-491 in occlusal (G1) and lingual (G2) views; H, I, molars of Diacodexis cf. varleti Sudre, Russel, Louis & Savage, 1983: right m2 UM-MGL-811 in occlusal view (H) and left M2 UM-NAP-84 in occlusal view (I); J, talonid of a left m3 UM-MGL-33 of cf. Haplobunodontidae indet. in occlusal view. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 5 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 5. — Hyaenodontidae and Carnivoraformes from Mas de Gimel: A, trigonid of right lower m1? of Matthodon peignei Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau, 2020 UM-MGL-70 in occlusal (A1) lingual (A2) and labial (A3) views; B, left m3 of Leonhardtina meridianum Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau, 2020 UM-MGL-707 in lingual (B1) and occlusal (B2) views; C, talonid of a left m1 of Lesmesodon gunnelli Solé, Morlo, Schaal & Lehmann, 2021 UM-MGL-36 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views; D, left M3 of Uintacyon cf. hookeri Solé, 2014 UM-MGL-108 in occlusal (D1) and labial (D2) views. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, C, 1 mm; D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 10 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 10. — Lower deciduous (dp4), premolars (p4) and molars (m1-2-3) of Hartenbergeromys pailladensis n. sp. from the two closely related localities: MGL, Mas de Gimel (Hérault), and NAP, Naples (Hérault): A, UM-MGL-664, right dp4, showing the diverging roots: A1, occlusal view; A2, labial view; A3, lingual view; B, UM-NAP-53, right p4, nearly unworn: B1, occlusal view; B2, labial view, enamel cover partially erased, dentine blackened; B3, lingual view; C, UM-NAP-44, left p4: C1, occlusal view; C2, labial view; C3, lingual view, enamel cover partially erased, dentine blackened; two strong vertical roots, fused at their upper part; D, UM-MGL-648, right m1, nearly unworn, MicroCTscan, occlusal view; D', same as D, drawings; E, UM-NAP-43, left m1, nearly unworn, incomplete roots: E1, occlusal view; E2, labial view; F, UM-NAP-39, left m1, weakly worn, incomplete roots: F1, occlusal view; F2, lingual view; G, UM-MGL-618, worn left m2, occlusal view; H, UM-NAP-35, unworn left m2: H1, occlusal view; H2, lingual view; I, UM-NAP-33, moderately worn right m2: I1, occlusal view; I2, lingual view; J, UM-NAP-41, worn m2 with labial side damaged, occlusal view; K, UM-NAP-34, unworn right m2: K1, occlusal view; K2, lingual view; L, UM-NAP-38, right m3, occlusal view; M, UM-NAP-46, left m3, unworn: M1, occlusal view; M2, lingual view; M3, labial view; N, UM-NAP-37, left m3, weakly worn, incomplete roots: N1, occlusal view; N2, lingual view; O, UM-NAP-36, right m3: O1, occlusal view; O2, labial view. Scale bar: 1 mm. The background of the profiles is greyed out on E2, F2, H2, M2.

FIG. 1 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 1. — Geographic (A) and geological map (B) showing the location of Mas de Gimel, Naples, and Naples 2 (Montpellier, Herault). Numbers: 1, Callovian; 2, lower Oxfordian; 3, upper Oxfordian; 4, lower Kimmeridgian; 5, Maastrichtian; 6, Paleocene ["Vitrollian"]; 7, late Ypresian; 8, Ypresian/Lutetian; 9, Oligocene; 10, Miocene; 11, Pliocene; 12, Holocene. Actual view (C) and schematic diagram in 1968 (D, modified from Cappetta et al. 1968) of Mas de Gimel outcrop, showing that fossiliferous deposits are now inaccessible (under the road level); Numbers: 1, lower Kimmeridgian; 2, late Ypresian brecciated limestone; 3, late Ypresian brownish marl; 4, late Ypresian/early Lutetian lacustrine limestone. View of Naples and Naples 2 localities in 1988 during urban development works (E) and detailed view of Naples 2 fossiliferous level, showing two mandibles of Lophiodon Cuvier, 1822 during excavations (F).

FIG. 4 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 4. — Primates and Rodentia from Mas de Gimel and Naples: A-C, teeth of cf. Protoadapis curvicuspidens (Lemoine, 1878): A, left p4 UM-MGL-548 in occlusal (A1) and lingual (A2) views; B, left m2 UM-MGL-740 in occlusal (B1) and labial (B2) views; C, right M2 UM-MGL-542 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views; D, right m1 UM-NAP-31 of Anchomomys sp. in occlusal (D1) and labial (D2) views; E-H, teeth of Nannopithex zuccolae Godinot, Russel & Louis, 1992: E, left p3 UM-MGL-408 in labial (E1) and occlusal (E2) views, left p4 UM-MGL-413 in labial (F1) and occlusal (F2) views, right m1 UM-MGL-401 in labial (G1) and occlusal (G2) views, left upper molar UM-MGL-743 in occlusal (H1) and lingual (H2) views; I, right m1 UM-MGL-219 of Pseudoparamys sp. indet. in occlusal view. Scale bars: A-D, I, 1 mm; E-H, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 2 in A revision of the late early Eocene mammal faunas from Mas de Gimel and Naples (Montpellier, Southern France) and the description of a new theridomorph rodent

FIG. 2. — Metatheria and Eulipotyphla from Mas de Gimel and Naples: A, left m1 UM-MGL-310 of Peratherium matronense Crochet, 1979 in occlusal view; B, left m1 UM-MGL-143 of Peratherium matronense or Peratherium monspeliense Crochet, 1979 in occlusal view; C, labial fragment of right M2 UM-MGL-716 of cf. Peradectes sp. in Marandat (1986) in occlusal view; D, right m4 UM-MGL-320 of Peradectes cf. mutigniensis in occlusal view; E, right M1 UM-NAP-125 of cf. Amphiperatherium bastbergense Crochet, 1979 in occlusal view; F-I, Teeth of Macrocranion cf. nitens: right m3 UM-MGL-455 in labial (F1) and occlusal (F2) views (small morph); left p4 UM-MGL-439 in labial (G1) and occlusal (G2) views, left m1 or m2 UM-NAP-2 in labial (H1) and occlusal (H2) views, left M2 UM-NAP-3 in occlusal view (I) (large morph); J-L, teeth of Macrocranion sp.: right m3 UM-MGL-425 in occlusal (J1) and labial (J2) views, right M2 UM-NAP-6 in occlusal view (K), left M3 UM-NAP-7 in occlusal view (L); M, N, teeth of Leptacodon sp.: left M1 or M2 UM-MGL-105 in occlusal (M1) and lingual (M2) views, left m1 or m2 UM-MGL-802 in labial (N1) and occlusal (N2) views. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Palaeoecology and sea level changes: Decline of mammal species richness during late Quaternary island formation in the Montebello Islands, north-western Australia

FIGURE 10. Number of species identified from each spit in Morgan's Cave, illustrating the increasing loss of species from spits four to one.

FIGURE 9 in Palaeoecology and sea level changes: Decline of mammal species richness during late Quaternary island formation in the Montebello Islands, north-western Australia

FIGURE 9. Species-area plot for islands on the north-west continental shelf (filled circles) (data from Abbott and Burbidge, 1995), and spits one to seven in Morgan's Cave (open circles).

FIGURE 8 in Palaeoecology and sea level changes: Decline of mammal species richness during late Quaternary island formation in the Montebello Islands, north-western Australia

FIGURE 8. Log non-volant species vs log area plot for the north-west islands (filled circles) and the super-island at sea level 10 m below present (open circle).