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Fig. 4 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 4. Planktotrophic (feeding) y-nauplius of morphospecies Type A*. A. Ventral view. B. Lateral view. C. Naupliar feeding apparatus of right side. D. Postero-lateral spines of left side, dorso-caudal organ, dorso-caudal spine and furcal spines. The naupliar feeding apparatus, postero-lateral spines, dorsocaudal organ and dorso-ventrally flattened body (especially the first of these) are the key characters for separating planktotrophic y-nauplii from lecithotrophic y-nauplii. Abbreviations: Bas = basis; Cox = coxa; En = endopod; 1–3 = postero-lateral spine rows on trunk.

Fig. 11 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 11. Last-stage nauplii of two different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–G. Y-nauplius Type W. H–M. Y-nauplius Type AD. Shown either in life (A–C, H–J) or as slide-mounted exuviae (D–G, K–M). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 8. Last-stage nauplii of three different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–D. Type F. E–G. Type G. H–J. Type H. Shown either in life (A–B, E–F, H–I) or as slide-mounted exuviae (C–D, G, J). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 10 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 10. Last-stage nauplii of two different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–F. Y-nauplius Type E*. G–K. Y-nauplius Type AG*. Shown either in life (A–B, G–H) or as slide-mounted exuviae (C–F, I–K). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 3. Example of canvasses used to sort images of more than 500 last-stage y-nauplii obtained during field work at Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan) in 2018 and 2019 into morphospecies. This canvas shows different developmental stages of 52 specimens of a particularly distinctive morphospecies, Type C (nicknamed 'Bumblebee' due to its distinct color pattern), with color codes indicating each specimen's manner of preservation and storage.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 7. Last-stage nauplii of two different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–G. Type D* ("Big brown"). H–M. Type B. Shown either in life (A–B, H–J) or as slide-mounted exuviae (C–G, K–M). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 2. Y in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 2. Y-naupliar (Facetotecta) diversity at Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A. Schematic life cycle of y-larvae (modified from Itô 1991; Glenner et al. 2008). B. Overview of 34 morphospecies of lecithotrophic last-stage y-nauplii obtained by laboratory rearing of earlier-stage nauplii collected in the plankton; three of them represent formally described species while 31 remain undescribed. C. Nine types of planktotrophic y-larvae, of which only Type A* is treated in detail in this paper. All photos in B and C are to the same scale. Figure also used in Olesen (2004). Examples of live video of most of the y-naupliar morphospecies can be seen at https://youtu.be/er0mYLswV-c and are also deposited at Figshare.com: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24953568.v1.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of three significantly different kinds of last-stage lecithotrophic (non-feeding) y-nauplii (Facetotecta) illustrating key characters (general body size and shape, and morphology of labrum and caudal spines) used herein to separate and describe 34 y-naupliar morphospecies, with various measurements explained directly on the figure. A–B. Hansenocaris demodex Olesen et al., 2022, ventral view with detail of labral area. C. Hansenocaris cristalabri Olesen & Grygier, 2022 (holotype, NHMD), lateral view. D–F. Type K, lateral view with details of labrum and caudal spines. A–B from Olesen et al. (2022); C from Olesen & Grygier (2022).

Fig. 12 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 12. Last-stage nauplii of two different morphospecies of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–D. Y-nauplius Type U*. E–G. Y-nauplius Type V. Shown either in life (A, E–G) or as slide-mounted exuviae (B–D). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 1. Field work to collect y-larvae (Facetotecta) at Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan) in 2018 and 2019. A. Example of newly collected y-nauplii (19 specimens) and y-cyprids (1 specimen). B. Seven lecithotrophic y-nauplii showing internal yolk and pigment, too early in development to be identified except for a specimen of Type AM and possible specimens of Types K and AG. C. Two common morphospecies of planktotrophic nauplii, Types A* and I*. D. Tray with code-labelled petri dishes used for rearing. E. Sesoko Island. F. Pier of Sesoko Station. G. Sorting and photography of y-larvae in the lab. A–C from Olesen et al. (2002).

Fig. 6 in Taxonomic diversity of marine planktonic 'y-larvae' (Crustacea: Facetotecta) from a coral reef hotspot locality (Japan, Okinawa), with a key to y-nauplii

Fig. 6. Last-stage nauplii of two different (morpho)species of y-larvae (Facetotecta) from Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan). A–F. Hansenocaris demodex Olesen et al., 2022 (all paratypes). G–L. Type C ('Bumblebee'). Shown either in life (A–B, G–H) or as slide-mounted exuviae (C–F, I –L). Abbreviations: A1 = first antenna; A2 = second antenna; Md = mandible.

Figure 14 in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 14. Ranges of benthic invertebrate families identified from the base of the Vikinghøgda Formation. Grey bars = range extensions based on this study; black bars = previously known unequivocal ranges of families; dashed lines = ghost ranges. Chang. = Changhsingian. G = Griesbachian, D = Dienerian, Sm = Smithian. Radiometric ages (bottom) after Lehrmann et al. (2006), Galfetti et al. (2007) and Shen et al. (2011). Late Permian mass extinction event is indicated by a vertical dark grey bar.

Figure 13 in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 13. Sinuarbullina yangouensis (Pan et al., 2003). A, B, lateral views; C, D, views of the protoconch. Scale bars = 1 mm, except D. Note: specimen lost by WJF after photography.

Figure 11 in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 11. Glabrocingulum parvum sp. nov. A, B, apertural view; A, holotype, NHMUK PI MG 1531; B, paratype, NHMUK PI MG 1518; C–E, NHMUK PI MG 1531; C, lateral view; D, side view of initial whorls; E, apical view; F, apertural view of a larval shell, NHMUK PI MG 1520. Scale bars = 1 mm, except F.

Figure 10. Warthia zakharovi Kaim, 2009. A in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 10. Warthia zakharovi Kaim, 2009. A, NHMUK PI MG 1502, apertural view; B, C, NHMUK PI MG 1505; B, apertural view; C, lateral view; D, E, NHMUK PI MG 1509; D, lateral view; E, apertural view; F, NHMUK PI MG 1508, apical view; G, H, NHMUK PI MG 1504; G, apical view; H, protoconch. Scale bars = 500 µm, except H.

Figure 8 in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 8. Unionites aff. subrectus (Bittner, 1901). A, NHMUK PI MB 1246, external view, right valve; B, NHMUK PI MB 1245, external view, left valve; C, NHMUK PI MB 1246, internal view, right valve; D, NHMUK PI MB 1245, internal view, left valve; E, NHMUK PI MB 1195, external view, right valve; F, hinge margin, NHMUK PI MB 1245, left valve; G, hinge margin, NHMUK PI MB 1246, right valve. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 9 in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 9. Neoschizodus laevigatus (Goldfuss, 1837). A, NHMUK PI MB 1251, external view, left valve; B–G, J, larval shells; B, NHMUK PI MB 1256, external view, right valve; C, NHMUK PI MB 1259, external view, left valve; D, NHMUK PI MB 1257, external view, right valve; E, NHMUK PI MB 1260, internal view, left valve; F, NHMUK PI MB 1258, internal view, left valve; G, NHMUK PI MB 1255, internal view, right valve; H, I, beak of adult specimen, NHMUK PI MB 1251; J, hinge plate of a larval shell, NHMUK PI MB 1260. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B–G, I = 200 µm; H = 1 mm; J = 50 µm.

Figure 12 in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 12. Pseudozygopleuridae gen et sp. indet., larval shell. A, B, NHMUK PI MG 1532; A, apertural view; B, lateral view; C, NHMUK PI MG 1533, apical view; D, side view of initial whorl, NHMUK PI MG 1532. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 5 in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 5. Austrotindaria antiqua sp. nov. A, holotype, NHMUK PI MB 1240, external view, right valve; B, paratype, NHMUK PI MB 1241, external view, right valve; C, holotype, NHMUK PI MB 1240, internal view, right valve; D, NHMUK PI MB 1191, external view, right valve; E, NHMUK PI MB 1199, external view, left valve; F, NHMUK PI MB 1196, external view, right valve; G, NHMUK PI MB 1242, hinge plate of left valve; H, NHMUK PI MB 1194, dorsal view, right valve; I, articulated specimen, NHMUK PI MB 1243; J, larval shell, NHMUK PI MB 1244, left valve. Scale bars: A–C, G = 500 µm; D–F = 1 mm; I, J = 100 µm.

Figure 6 in A silicified Early Triassic marine assemblage from Svalbard

Figure 6. Austrotindaria svalbardensis sp. nov. A, paratype, NHMUK PI MB 1231, external view, left valve; B, holotype, NHMUK PI MB 1223, external view, right valve; C, NHMUK PI MB 1190, left valve, external view; D, larval shell, NHMUK PI MB 1234, external view, right valve; E, NHMUK PI MB 1225, internal view, left valve; F, NHMUK PI MB 1227, internal view, left valve; G, larval shell, NHMUK PI MB 1237, internal view, right valve; H, paratype, posterior and anterior hinge plate junction, NHMUK PI MB 1231. Scale bars = 500 µm.